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No description available.

Solar energy is incident on the earth's surface in both short-wave and long-wave parts of the spectrum. The short-wave part of the spectrum is of special interest to oceanographers since the vertical distribution of temperature in the top layer of the ocean is mostly determined by the vertical attenuation of short-wave radiation. There are numerous studies regarding the temperature evolution as a function of time (see Chapter 2 for details). The diurnal and seasonal variation of the heat content (and hence temperature) of the ocean is explored in this thesis. The basis for such heat budget simulation lies in the fact that the heat budget is the primary driver of ocean currents (maybe secondary to wind effects) and these circulation features affect the biological and chemical effects of that region. The vertical attenuation of light (classified to be in the 300-700 nm range) in the top layer of the ocean has been parameterized by several authors. Simpson and Dickey (1981) in their paper have listed the various attenuation schemes in use till then. This includes a single-exponential form, a bimodal exponential form, and a spectral decomposition into nine spectral bands, each with their specific exponential functions with depth. The effects of vertical light attenuation have been investigated by integrating the light models into a 1D and a 3D turbulence closure model. The main part of the thesis is the inclusion of a bottom effect in the shallow waters. Bottom serves two purposes, it reflects some light based on its albedo and it radiates the rest of the light as heat. 1-D simulation including bottom effects clearly indicates the effect of light on the temperature profile and also the corresponding effect on salinity profiles. An extension of the study includes a 3D simulation of the heat budget and the associated circulation and hydrodynamics. Intense heating due to the bottom leads to the formation of hyper-saline waters that percolate down to depths of 50 m in the summer. Such plumes have been simulated by using a 3D numerical ocean model and it is consistent with observations from the Bahamas banks.

Thesis (Sc.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Meteorology, 1980. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography: leaves 152-159. / by Long Sang Chiu. / Sc.D.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, 1982. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 218-225. / by Randall M. Dole. / Ph.D.

There is a growing need to better understand the dynamics of small and medium Mediterranean low-inflow estuaries (LIEs), which is addressed here by characterizing a heat budget and associated heat transfer processes. A one-dimensional deterministic model was developed from the advection-diffusion equation and applied to Morro Bay, CA using 15-minute water property (temperature, salinity, pressure) and meteorological (wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, irradiance) data collected over a two-year period (2020 – 2021). Seasonal variability is observed in meteorological components, water temperature, and salinity. There is strong seasonal variability in head-mouth temperature and salinity differences. Temperature differences peak in summer (daily mean 2.52 ºC, June – Sept.). Daily average salinity difference is 0.33 (hyposaline, Sept. – Apr.) with strongest gradients observed during the winter storm season following enhanced freshwater discharge. Inverse salinity develops intermittently May – Aug. Subtidal heat flux is dominated by surface heating, whose daily average is always positive (heat input). The developed model does not quantify adequate heat export from the estuary, however, a sensitivity analysis indicates that diffusive flux may be a significant heat export component. Excess heat appears to be exported to the ocean, allowing ocean-estuary temperatures to remain similar. Characterizing estuarine dynamics like these enables us to predict how Morro Bay, and other similar estuarine systems, may respond to long and short-term environmental changes, and how these responses influence estuarine circulation and environmental health.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Science, 1979. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography: leaves 114-116. / by Daniel Allen Galson. / M.S.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1981. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science / Vita. / Includes bibliographies. / by John Crowe. / Ph.D.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1980. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Vita. / Bibliography : leaves 122-129. / by Dean Howard Roemmich. / Ph.D.

La langue d'eau froide Atlantique est un refroidissement saisonnier qui affecte les eaux superficielles au sud de l'équateur entre les côtes africaines et 30°W environ, pendant la " saison froide " (entre mai et octobre). Ce phénomène se produit tous les ans, mais son intensité, sa durée, ainsi que son extension spatiale sont très variables d'une année sur l'autre. En dépit du couplage très marqué qui lie la langue d'eau froide et les premiers stades de la mousson africaine, les causes de cette variabilité interannuelle sont peu connues. Cette thèse a pour objectif de combler cette lacune en améliorant notre compréhension des processus océaniques contrôlant la variabilité interannuelle de la langue d'eau froide. Cette étude se focalise sur les événements " intenses" de la langue d'eau froide, correspondant à des refroidissements anormalement forts (faibles), précédés par des anomalies négatives (positives) de vent zonal. On se focalise ainsi sur les événements dits " canoniques ", les plus nombreux, et potentiellement similaires en terme de mécanisme. Cette classification, appliquée à une dizaine de réanalyses, permet de retenir, avec une robustesse certaine, cinq années dans chacune des classes. Ces événements sont étudiés grâce à des simulations numériques réalistes. L'utilisation de bilans de chaleur nous a permis d'accéder aux processus physiques qui contrôlent la formation des événements froids et chauds. Le mélange vertical à la base de la couche de mélange apparaît comme le processus fondamental de la variabilité interannuelle de la langue d'eau froide. Lors des événements froids, il accroît le refroidissement entre mars et juillet, alors que son rôle reste discret lors des événements chauds. Au milieu de l'été boréal, les anomalies de mélange vertical sont contrebalancées par des anomalies d'advection horizontale de signes opposés. Ainsi les événements froids comme chauds sont atténués en fin de saison. Cette thèse montre qu'il est plus pertinent de s'intéresser au flux d'énergie cinétique qui est plus directement lié à l'activation du mélange vertical, qu'à la tension de vent en surface. Le flux d'énergie cinétique semble d'autant plus pertinent qu'il joue aussi un rôle majeur lors des événements intenses " non-canoniques ", i.e. événements froids (chauds), précédés par des anomalies positives (négatives) de vent zonal. Enfin, la modulation de la vitesse verticale induite par le vent tend à ajuster i) la profondeur de la couche de mélange, ii) la pente de la thermocline, et iii) le cisaillement vertical de courant zonal. Ce sont des paramètres clés du mélange vertical et donc du taux de refroidissement. La vitesse verticale joue donc un rôle indirect dans l'établissement et la variabilité interannuelle de la langue d'eau froide. / The Atlantic cold tongue is a seasonal cooling of the sea surface temperature south of the Equator between the African coasts and around 30°W during the " cold season " (from May to October). The cooling occurs every year but its intensity, duration and spatial extent vary strongly from one year to another. In spite of the very strong coupling between the Atlantic cold tongue and the West African monsoon, the origin of the Atlantic cold tongue variability is not well described. This thesis aims at filling this gap by improving our understanding of the oceanic processes controlling the variability of the Atlantic cold tongue. This study focuses on " intense " Atlantic cold tongue events, defined by abnormally strong (weak) cooling, preceded by negative (positive) zonal wind anomalies. Thus " canonical " being studied, that are the most frequent and probably similar in terms of mechanisms. This classification is applied to ten reanalyses and allows to select with good confidence, five events in each group. These events are studied through realistic simulations. The use of on-line heat budget allows to identify the physical processes that control the formation of cold and warm events. Vertical mixing at the base of the mixed-layer is the fundamental process controlling the interannual variability of the cold tongue. During cold events, it increases the cooling between March and July, while it remains weak during warm events. During boreal summer, vertical mixing anomalies are balanced by horizontal advection anomalies of opposite sign. So cold and warm events are weakened at the end of the season. This thesis highlights that it is more appropriate to focus on the wind energy flux because it is more directly related to the activation of vertical mixing, rather than on the surface wind stress. The wind energy flux is relevant since it is also shown to play a major role during intense " non-canonical " events, i.e. cold (warm) events preceded by positive (negative) zonal wind anomalies. Finally, the modulation of the vertical velocity induced by the wind tends to adjust i) the mixed-layer depth, ii) the intensity of the thermocline, and iii) the vertical shear of the zonal current. These are key parameters of vertical mixing and therefore the cooling rate. Thus, vertical velocity plays an indirect role in the establishment and interannual variability of the Atlantic cold tongue.