Submitted by Isac Almeida Terceiro (isacterceiro@gmail.com) on 2016-07-07T17:48:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IsacTerceiro_Dissertação_2016.pdf: 3446936 bytes, checksum: dd377a9e84c301816ac765fe0cf282e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marivalda Araujo (masilva@ufba.br) on 2016-07-08T16:27:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 IsacTerceiro_Dissertação_2016.pdf: 3446936 bytes, checksum: dd377a9e84c301816ac765fe0cf282e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-08T16:27:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IsacTerceiro_Dissertação_2016.pdf: 3446936 bytes, checksum: dd377a9e84c301816ac765fe0cf282e5 (MD5) / Esta dissertação buscou estudar a relação existente entre fatores de riscos financeiros e atributos das empresas e o hedge accounting em empresas brasileiras não financeiras. Por meio de um método empírico exploratório, foram analisadas as notas explicativas de 290 empresas com ações negociadas na BM&F Bovespa, para as demonstrações contábeis de 2013 e 2014. Então foram realizadas estatísticas descritivas e desenvolvida uma equação de regressão logística com análise de dados em painel. Os resultados apontam que as maiores fontes de exposição a riscos financeiros de mercado são o risco de taxa de juros, risco cambial e o risco de preços de commodities, nesta ordem. Contudo o maior nível de contratação de derivativos foi dedicado ao risco cambial, seguido pelo risco de taxa de juros. Foram encontradas evidências de que o tamanho do ativo, a emissão de ADR, a remuneração global dos administradores e a exposição bruta a riscos financeiros são associados significativamente à adoção ao hedge accounting. Por outro lado, fatores como o endividamento e a classificação das empresas em grupos diferenciados de governança corporativa não se mostraram estatisticamente significativos. / This dissertation attempted to study the relationship between financial risk fators and companies attributes with hedge accounting adoption by brasilian non financial companies. Through an empirical and exploratory method, the notes of 290 companies listed on the BM&F Bovespa were analyzed, about the financial statements for 2013 and 2014. So were performed descriptive statistics and developed a logistic regression, on panel data analysis. The results show that the largest sources of exposure to market financial risks are the risk of interest rate, foreign exchange risk and the risk of commodity prices, in that order. However the highest level of use of derivatives was dedicated to foreign exchange risk, followed by the risk of interest rate. Evidences was found that the total asset size, the issue of ADR, the executive compensation and the gross exposure to financial risks are significantly associated with the adoption of hedge accounting. On the other hand, factors such as debt and classification of companies in differentiated group of corporate governance were not statistically significant.

Submitted by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2015-03-24T19:30:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação Silas Adolfo Potin.pdf: 973304 bytes, checksum: 6ccbd43d221108cae9f474583440deb9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elizabete Silva (elizabete.silva@ufes.br) on 2015-04-30T19:58:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação Silas Adolfo Potin.pdf: 973304 bytes, checksum: 6ccbd43d221108cae9f474583440deb9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-30T19:58:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação Silas Adolfo Potin.pdf: 973304 bytes, checksum: 6ccbd43d221108cae9f474583440deb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-24 / Este trabalho investiga, no mercado acionário brasileiro, o efeito da contabilidade de hedge na qualidade das informações contábeis divulgadas, no disclosure dos instrumentos financeiros derivativos e na assimetria de informação. Para medir a qualidade da informação contábil, foram utilizadas as métricas de relevância da informação contábil e informatividade dos lucros contábeis. Para a execução deste trabalho, foi constituída uma amostra geral com empresas brasileiras, não financeiras, listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo, compreendendo as 150 empresas com maior valor de mercado em 01/01/2014. A partir da amostra geral, foram constituídas amostras para a aplicação dos modelos de value relevance, informativeness, disclosure e assimetria de informação. A amostra para relevância contou com 758 observações firmas-anos, para o período de 2008 a 2013. A amostra para informatividade contou com 701 observações firmas-anos, para o período de 2008 a 2013. A amostra para disclosure contou com 100 observações firmas-anos, para o período de 2011 a 2012. A amostra para assimetria de informação contou com 100 observações firmas-anos, para o período de 2011 a 2012. Para as análises dos dados, utilizou-se regressões com errospadrão robustos com abordagem POLS e Efeitos Fixos, aplicadas sobre dados em painel. Complementarmente, para as análises do efeito do hedge accounting sobre o disclosure e assimetria de informação, foi aplicado o método de Propensity Score Matching. As evidências encontradas para a influência da contabilidade de hedge na relevância da informação contábil apontaram uma relação positiva e significante na interação com o LL. Na análise da informatividade dos lucros contábeis, a pesquisa evidenciou uma relação negativa e estatisticamente significante do lucro quando interagido com a variável dummy de hedge accounting. Quanto às evidências encontradas para a influência do hedge accounting sobre o disclosure dos derivativos, verificou-se uma relação positiva e estatisticamente significante da dummy de hedge accounting com o indicador de evidenciação dos derivativos. Em relação às evidências para a assimetria de informação, embora os coeficientes se mostrassem no sentido esperado, os mesmos não foram estatisticamente significativos. Adicionalmente, incorporamse às análises econométricas uma análise descritiva, na amostra geral, da utilização do hedge accounting no Brasil, para o ano de 2013. Dentre as 150 empresas da amostra, 49 empresas utilizaram hedge accounting, onde 41 empresas adotam apenas 1 tipo de hedge. O hedge de fluxo de caixa é o tipo de hedge mais adotado pelas empresas, sendo utilizado por 42 companhias. / This work investigates, in the Brazilian stock market, the effect of hedge accounting on the quality of accounting information disclosed, in the disclosure of derivative financial instruments and information asymmetry. To measure the quality of accounting information, the metrics of relevance of accounting information and accounting earnings informativeness were used. For the execution of this work, a general sample consisted of non-financial Brazilian companies, listed on São Paulo’s Stock Market, comprising 150 companies with the highest market value in 01/01/2014. From the overall sample, samples were set up for the implementation of models of value relevance, informativeness, disclosure and information asymmetry. The relevance sample included 758 firms–years observations for the period ranging from 2008 to 2013. The sample for informativeness included 701 firms–years observations for the period from 2008 to 2013. The sample for disclosure had 100 firms–year observations, for the period from 2011 to 2012. The sample for information asymmetry had 100 firms–years observations for the period 2011 to 2012. For the statistical analysis, we used regressions with robust standard errors with POLS approach and Fixed Effects, applied to panel data. In addition to the analysis of the effect of hedge accounting on the disclosure and information asymmetry, we applied the method of propensity score matching. The evidence for the influence of hedge accounting on the relevance of accounting information showed a positive and significant relationship in the interaction with earnings. In the informativeness of accounting earnings analysis, the research showed a negative and statistically significant relationship between earnings when interacted and the hedge accounting dummy variable. As for the evidence found for the influence of hedge accounting on the disclosure of derivatives, there was a positive and statistically significant relationship between the hedge accounting dummy and the disclosure indicator of derivatives. Regarding evidence for information asymmetry, although the coefficients showed the expected effect, they were not statistically significant. Additionally, we incorporated, to the econometric analyzes, a descriptive analysis, in the overall sample, of the use of hedge accounting in Brazil for 2013. Among the 150 companies in the sample, 49 companies used hedge accounting, where 41 companies adopt only one type hedge. The cash flow hedge is the type of hedge more adopted by companies, being used by 42 companies.

abstract: I study the performance of hedge fund managers, using quarterly stock holdings from 1995 to 2010. I use the holdings-based measure built on Ferson and Mo (2012) to decompose a manager's overall performance into stock selection and three components of timing ability: market return, volatility, and liquidity. At the aggregate level, I find that hedge fund managers have stock picking skills but no timing skills, and overall I do not find strong evidence to support their superiority. I show that the lack of abilities is driven by the large fluctuations of timing performance with market conditions. I find that conditioning information, equity capital constraints, and priority in stocks to liquidate can partly explain the weak evidence. At the individual fund level, bootstrap analysis results suggest that even top managers' abilities cannot be separated from luck. Also, I find that hedge fund managers exhibit short-horizon persistence in selectivity skill. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Business Administration 2013

No presente estudo é descrito e implementado um modelo para estimar a razão de hedge, que indica a proporção da posição em contratos futuros em relação à posição à vista, que um agente deve assumir para se proteger de oscilações desfavoráveis dos preços. A aplicação é feita para alguns produtos agropecuários que têm contratos negociados na Bolsa de Mercadorias & Futuros, quais sejam, o açúcar cristal, o algodão em pluma, o boi gordo e o café arábica. Com as operações de hedge, o agente pode estar buscando travar em algum instante futuro um valor a receber por cada unidade que esteja transacionando no mercado físico. Devido à existência de um comportamento aleatório no diferencial entre os preços dos mercados físico e de futuros, o valor a receber pela operação não pode ser fixado com exatidão, o que abre espaço para a discussão de modelos que minimizam a variância do retorno obtido com as operações de hedge. Os modelos de minimização da variância de uma carteira são expostos em um capítulo que também trata de modelos que maximizam a utilidade esperada do retorno da função de riqueza dos agentes. Assim, este trabalho faz uma revisão de alguns dos principais modelos de tomada de decisão de hedge, esclarecendo pressupostos e limitações desses. Para a estimação da regra de decisão derivada nos modelos teóricos são revistos os modelos de heterocedasticidade condicional e os modelos de correção de erro, que levam em consideração a relação de co-integração entre as variáveis. Os resultados obtidos com a implementação de tais modelos indicam que estratégias elaboradas com modelos econométricos mais simples, baseados em regressões simples ou múltiplas das séries, podem garantir bons resultados se comparados com modelos mais complexos, analisando algumas estatísticas relacionadas com a redução percentual da variância do retorno desses modelos em relação à estratégias ingênuas. Os modelos de heterocedasticidade condicional parecem não garantir uma melhora expressiva nas estratégias ajustadas diante de alguns custos de transação. Por fim, foi constatado que para períodos diferentes do vencimento dos contratos futuros a razão de hedge assume valores relativamente baixos, entre 20% e 35%, com exceção do café arábica que chegou à 65% / not available

This study investigates the brand of shareholder activism hedge funds deploy by reference to a unique hand-collected dataset of 11 years’ activist hedge funds’ campaigns across 25 countries. The analysis has two core elements, one of which is to chart the emergence of hedge fund activism outside the United States and the other being to account why hedge fund activism has developed differently across the sample countries. Both issues have been to date only tangentially explored. This study is the first one to seek to determine the extent to which corporate law is a determinant of the hedge fund activism phenomenon using a fresh approach which combines theoretical and comparative legal analysis with empirical methods. While a single variable is unlikely to account for the emergence of hedge fund activism, the study describes hedge fund activism as a game of three sequential stages as a heuristic device and identifies market and legal parameters for each stage. To test the hypotheses advanced for the emergence of hedge fund the study draws upon the law and finance literature. For instance, to account to what extent the rights bestowed on shareholders by corporate law influence hedge fund activism the study uses the CBR shareholder rights index. The results indicate that the extent to which law matters depends on the stage which activism has reached. The study also puts hedge fund activism in its corporate governance context. Activist hedge funds’ interventions have been envisioned as a mechanism for ensuring effective control of managerial discretion. Opponents of hedge fund activism contend, however, that this new breed of activists has a dark side that raises various concerns. Activist hedge funds have been considered: as exacerbating short-termism; as being mainly aggressive to the incumbents; as bearing similarities to the 1980s-raiders; and as engaging in distorting equity decoupling techniques. The study presents new empirical data that shows that the perceived negative side-effects of hedge funds activism are greatly exaggerated: they are myths. Cumulatively, these findings question whether hedge fund activism warrants any type of legislative response so far as the goal of shareholder value maximization is succeeded.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to theoretically describe the risks connected to entrepreneurship. Stress is put mainly on financial risks that are related to price shifts of agricultural commodities and to changes in the exchange rates. The basis lies in theoretical identification of the nature of possible risks, methods of risk evaluation and description of instruments that serve for the risk elimination. This theoretical knowledge is further applied in case studies dealing with hedging of commodity and currency risks of firms that conduct business in agricultural basic industry. The analysis of firm's position, demonstration of hedging and final evaluation of efficiency are included.

Companies dependent on commodities for their production have to deal with volatile commodity prices and should employ measures for risk reduction as unfavourable spot price development may cause significant losses. A useful tool for diminishing the risk is hedging on futures market; however, this approach faces a crucial question of optimal hedge ratio determination (ratio between spot and futures units). Our thesis examines nine different ways of optimal hedge ratio estimation (naive, Sharpe, mean extended Gini coefficient, generalized semivariance, value at risk, and minimum variance through OLS, error correction, GARCH, and bivariate GARCH models) and evaluates their efficiency using the data on eight different commodities. The results differ across the respective commodities and cannot be generalized. Two conclusions resulting from the analysis refer to performance of naive and OLS hedge ratios and constant vs time varying hedge ratios. We find that complex hedge ratios, such as bivariate GARCH or VaR hedge ratios, do not outperform naive and OLS hedge ratios and that the results of constant hedge ratios are mostly as good as results of time-varying hedge ratios.

I focus on analyzing the performance of various hedge fund strategies in my diploma thesis.

Bitcoin is an asset that demonstrated a high increase in price since it was launched in 2009, meanwhile it has been a very volatile and risky asset. Previous research has indicated that an allocation of bitcoin in investor’s portfolio could increase return as well as risk adjusted return. Furthermore, bitcoin has been observed to be uncorrelated to many markets; creating diversification opportunities and in some instances acted as a hedge against various stock markets. Due to the similarities between bitcoin and gold they have often been compared as alternative investment assets. Therefore, it is of interest for investors to understand if bitcoin could be included into a stock-portfolio in the Swedish market to increase risk adjusted returns and if bitcoin is a better alternative investment, than gold. Furthermore, if bitcoin could be used as hedge against the Swedish stock market. Three different portfolios with bitcoin were created, 1% bitcoin, 4% bitcoin and 8% bitcoin, the rest of the portfolio constitutes of Stockholm gross-index (OMXSGI). The portfolios are compared to OMXSGI and similar portfolios involving gold and OMXSGI. The portfolios are created for four different periods: 2011- 2021, 2016-2021, the bear market during the pandemic and the year 2020. Results reveals that during normal market behavior an 8% allocation of bitcoin and OMXSGI generates the highest Sharpe ratio. Also, that a small allocation of bitcoin can generate higher returns to lower risk then OMXSGI. During normal market behavior portfolio with bitcoin performs higher returns and Sharp ratio than portfolios with gold but to a higher risk. Additionally, bitcoin is not correlated to the Swedish market and implies that it possibly may be used as a hedge during normal market behavior. During the corona bear market bitcoin has a high correlation to OMXSGI and has a similar negative return but to a higher volatility. Meanwhile gold act as a safe haven during turbulent market behavior. To conclude during normal market times bitcoin creates opportunities for investors to include bitcoin to the portfolio. High allocations of 8% bitcoin might be too much risk for risk averse investors. During the corona bear market bitcoin portfolios generates worse returns to a higher risk and gold is a better asset to hold. Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies are assets which have some unique risks that cannot be measured by the Sharp ratio. Thus limit the results and analysis of the study.

I takt med att stora svenska bolag expanderar verksamheter på en global marknad, medför detta till att bolag utsätts för allt högre exponeringar i diverse valutor. Således ökar kraven på att centrala treasuryfunktioner kan säkerhetsställa affärer och implementera strategier för att minimera valutariskerna. Empiriska studier påvisar fördelarna av att implementera interna och externa valutasäkringsmetoder, som leder till värdeskapande effekter på lång sikt. Tidigare forskning hävdar att stora företag valutasäkrar kassaflöden i större utsträckning än mindre bolag, vilket beror på kompetens och resurser. I denna studie kommer dock stora svenska företag vara i fokus där strategier, metoder och diverse valutaexponeringar undersöks. I samråd med studiens centrala uppdragsgivare BAE Systems Hägglunds, har bolaget identifierat ett behov av att se över möjligheterna för att förbättra deras befintliga valutahantering. För att möjliggöra detta har vi valt att utforma en komparativ studie där stora svenska bolag inom varierande branscher kommer ingå. En centraliserad treasury bidrar till stordriftsfördelar och förbättrade villkor mot banker, där det dock finns ett tydligt forskningsgap på nackdelar som uppstår av att centralisera treasury. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur stora svenska bolag inom olika branscher arbetar med sin valutahantering. Vår intention med studien är att inbringa ny kunskap och förståelse kring hur stora svenska bolag implementerar valutasäkringsmetoder och hanterar existerande valutarisker. För att möjliggöra ny kunskap och besvara forskningsfrågorna har en kvalitativ studie utformats. Det ökar möjligheterna till att identifiera nya infallsvinklar och ny kunskap till stora svenska bolag med hög valutaexponering. Studiens resultat visade på att centralisering av treasury leder till positiva stordriftsfördelar för stora svenska bolag. Slutsatsen tyder på att företag får en bättre kostnadskontroll och kan med hjälp av interna och externa derivat effektivisera hanteringen av exponeringar som uppstår i samband med internationell handel. Däremot indikerar vår studie också på potentiellt negativa påföljder som orsakas av centraliserade beslut, i de fall där koncerner omfattas av komplexa organisationsstrukturer över geografiska gränser. Det empiriska resultatet som framställts från studien visar på nackdelar med att valutasäkra sig över en lång tidsperiod, eftersom detta leder till höga kostnader och komplexiteten att optimera prognoser för valutakursfluktuationer. Ytterligare intressanta slutsatser som studien bidragit till är möjligheterna att välja optioner framför terminskontrakt vid osäkra kassaflöden. Fortsättningsvis bör optioner kunna implementeras i högre uträckning i de fall där bolag karaktäriseras av långa offert och kontraktstider, vilket innebär en större osäkerhet i kassaflödena.