A existência de especificidade temporal na produção do confinamento de bovinos, que limita o período de negociação e busca por preços mais atrativos, corrobora com a necessidade do uso de mecanismos de hedge. Este pode ser feito pelo confinador com o uso da BM&F Bovespa, via contratos futuros e de opções, ou diretamente com os frigoríficos, por meio de contratos a termo. O objetivo desta dissertação é identificar fatores determinantes para a utilização de hedge (contratos futuros, de opções e termo) por confinadores. Foram realizadas pesquisas com confinadores participantes de eventos realizados em Ribeirão Preto-SP, em 2012 e 2013, e por telefone em 2014. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas. Em seguida, com uso do Teste Exato de Fisher, foi analisada a associação das características dos confinamentos e pecuaristas ao uso do hedge. Com o intuito de identificar os determinantes para o uso de ferramentas de gestão de preços, foram elaborados modelos de regressão logística. Os resultados indicaram que o tamanho do confinamento, a escolaridade do gestor, o controle acurado de custos, o confinamento exclusivo, a utilização de hedge para os grãos, uso anterior de ferramentas e a parceria com frigoríficos têm relação com a utilização de uma ou mais formas de gestão de risco de preços do boi gordo. / The existence of temporal specificity in the production of feedlot cattle, which limits the period of negotiation and search for more attractive prices, confirms the necessity of using hedging mechanisms by feedlot cattle producers. The hedging can be done via BM&F Bovespa, through futures and options, or directly with slaughterhouses, through forward contracts. The aim of this study is identify determinants for using hedge (futures contracts, options contracts and forward contracts) by feedlot cattle producers. Surveys were applied to participants of events in Ribeirão Preto-SP, in 2012 and 2013, and via phone in 2014. Descriptive statistics of data were obtained and the determinants for using hedge were investigated using hypothesis tests. The relations between the producer\'s and feedlot\'s characteristics with hedging use were tested by Fisher Exact Test. In order to identify the determinants for the use of hedge, logistic regression models were implemented. The results have indicated that the size of the confinement, the manager\'s educational level, the high cost control, the feedlot as the only activity, the use of hedging for grains, the prior use of these tools and the partnership with slaughterhouses are related to the use of one or more ways to manage price risk of cattle.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto das variáveis da \"Teoria da Estocagem\", como custo de oportunidade e estoque, sobre a \"base\" dos contratos futuros de soja negociados na BM&FBOVESPA, para um período de cinco anos e com dados diários, de outubro de 2013 a março de 2017. Foi proposta uma análise semelhante à de Fama e French (1987) a qual verificou o impacto dos custos de oportunidade do capital e de uma proxy para o estoque de soja, visando capturar os custos de estocagem e o benefício de conveniência, derivados da teoria da estocagem. Verificou-se que o custo de oportunidade dos agentes de mercado impacta positivamente a base, da mesma forma, o estoque também impacta de forma positiva a base. Os resultados encontrados estão em conformidade com a teoria de estocagem proposta por Working (1949). Assim, a principal contribuição do trabalho é fornecer à literatura evidências empíricas que sustentem o comportamento da base de soja no Brasil / The study aimed to evaluate the impact of the \"Theory of Storage\" variables based on the soybean futures contracts traded on BM&FBOVESPA for a period of five years with daily data, from October 2013 to March 2017. An analysis similar to that of Fama and French (1987) was proposed, which verified the impact of the opportunity costs of capital and a proxy for the soybean stock, aiming to capture the storage costs and the benefit of convenience, derived from the theory of storage. It was verified that the opportunity cost of market agents has a positive impact on the basis, in the same way, the stock also has a positive impact on the basis. The results found are in accordance with the \"Theory of Storage\" proposed by Working (1949). Thus, the main contribution of the work is to provide the literature with empirical evidence to support the behavior of the soybean basis in Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Carlos Payan.pdf: 5505672 bytes, checksum: f581d36a76f7ed1bfa5464e4ec091617 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Companies can use derivative instruments for covering risks. With the use of these instruments the problems appear in the measurement, accounting, and the disclosures. This project s objective based on a case study is to analyze the Derivative Instrument (Foreign Exchange Swap) as the countable theory and international norms of the FASB, IASB and Brazilian Norms. The Brazilian Norms are published by the CPC and together these norms are the make up of the CVM. This case study demonstrated the process of the operation, the criteria for the measurement, as well as the accounting aspect. The reasons behind this project are first, the significant volume in the transactions of Swap at the end of 2008, which reached R$ 12,6 billion. Second the risk involving these operations, the difficulty encountered by accounting for the recognition, measurement and disclosure. The collected data applied from the systems of calculations and evaluations of the instruments are then compared to the collected data reported by the company. There are no significant differences in these calculations except having discrepancy in the use of accounts, which results in the registration in Swap Accounting. Three situations dealing with assets were compared by the Derivatives Instrument: a) traditionally for the curve of the paper: the financial accounts and results of the period are affected; b) recording the marking to market without hedge accounting: it showed different balances in the item accounts; c) recording the marking to market with hedge accounting: there were alterations in the result of the period, in the financial accounts and in the total shareholder s equity / As empresas podem utilizar instrumentos derivativos para cobertura de riscos. Na utilização destes instrumentos surgem os problemas para a mensuração, contabilização e divulgação. Este trabalho tem por objetivo, através de um estudo de caso, analisar o instrumento derivativo swap cambial à luz da teoria contábil e normas internacionais do FASB, IASB e normas brasileiras publicadas pelo CPC, juntamente com os pareceres normativos da CVM. O estudo de caso demonstrou os procedimentos desta operação, os critérios para mensuração bem como sua contabilização. O tema deste trabalho tem sua justificativa, primeiramente pelo volume expressivo das operações de swap, que ao final de 2008, atingiu R$ 12.6 bilhões e também pelo risco envolvendo estas operações e a dificuldade encontrada pela Contabilidade para o reconhecimento, mensuração e evidenciação. Foram pesquisados sistemas de cálculos e de avaliação deste instrumento e aplicados aos dados coletados comparando-se com os registrados pela empresa. Não houve diferenças significativas nos cálculos, havendo apenas divergência na utilização de contas de resultado para o registro da contabilização do swap. Compararam-se três situações patrimoniais na contabilização do instrumento: a) contabilizados tradicionalmente pela curva do papel: afetaram as contas de financiamentos e resultados do período; b) contabilizados com marcação a mercado sem hedge contábil: apresentaram saldos diferentes nas contas do item a; c) contabilizados com marcação a mercado e com hedge contábil: houve alterações do resultado do período, nas contas de financiamentos e no total do grupo do Patrimônio Líquido

During the work of this research project we were interested in mathematical techniques that give us an insight to the following questions: How do we understand the trading decisions made by a manager of a hedge fund and what influences these decisions? In what way does an illiquid market affect these decisions and the performance of the fund? And how does the payment scheme affect the investor's decisions? Based on existing work on hedge fund management, we start with a fund that can be modelled with one risky investment and one riskless investment. Next, subject to the hedge fund special reward scheme we maximise the expected utility of wealth of the manager, by controlling the percentage invested in the risky investment, namely the portfolio. We use stochastic control techniques to derive a partial differential equation (PDE) and numerically obtain its corresponding viscosity solution, which provides a weak notion of solutions to these PDEs. This is then taken to a liquidity constrained scenario, to compare the behaviour of the two scenarios. Using the same approach as before we notice that due to the liquidity restriction we cannot use a simple model to combine the risky and riskless investments as a total amount, and hence the PDE is one order higher than before. We then model an investor who is investing in the hedge fund subject to the manager's optimal portfolio decisions, with similar mathematical tools as before. Comparisons between the investor's expected utility of wealth and the utility of having the money invested in the risk-free investment suggests that, in some cases, the investor is paying more to the manager than the return he is receiving for having invested in the hedge fund, compared to a risk-free investment. For that reason we propose a strategic game where the manager's action is to allocate the money between the two assets and the investor's action is to add money to the fund when he expects profit. The result is that the investor profits from the option to reinvest in the fund, although in some extreme cases the actions of the manager make the investor receive a negative value for having the option.

Die Elektronisierung der Finanzmärkte ist in den letzten Jahren weit vorangeschritten. Praktisch jede Börse verfügt über ein elektronisches Handelssystem. In diesem Kontext beschreibt der Begriff Algorithmic Trading ein Phänomen, bei dem Computerprogramme den Menschen im Wertpapierhandel ersetzen. Sie helfen dabei Investmententscheidungen zu treffen oder Transaktionen durchzuführen. Algorithmic Trading selbst ist dabei nur eine unter vielen Innovationen, welche die Entwicklung des Börsenhandels geprägt haben. Hier sind z.B. die Erfindung der Telegraphie, des Telefons, des FAX oder der elektronische Wertpapierabwicklung zu nennen. Die Frage ist heute nicht mehr, ob Computerprogramme im Börsenhandel eingesetzt werden. Sondern die Frage ist, wo die Grenze zwischen vollautomatischem Börsenhandel (durch Computer) und manuellem Börsenhandel (von Menschen) verläuft. Bei der Erforschung von Algorithmic Trading wird die Wissenschaft mit dem Problem konfrontiert, dass keinerlei Informationen über diese Computerprogramme zugänglich sind. Die Idee dieser Dissertation bestand darin, dieses Problem zu umgehen und Informationen über Algorithmic Trading indirekt aus der Analyse von (Fonds-)Renditen zu extrahieren. Johannes Gomolka untersucht daher die Forschungsfrage, ob sich Aussagen über computergesteuerten Wertpapierhandel (kurz: Algorithmic Trading) aus der Analyse von (Fonds-)Renditen ziehen lassen. Zur Beantwortung dieser Forschungsfrage formuliert der Autor eine neue Definition von Algorithmic Trading und unterscheidet mit Buy-Side und Sell-Side Algorithmic Trading zwei grundlegende Funktionen der Computerprogramme (die Entscheidungs- und die Transaktionsunterstützung). Für seine empirische Untersuchung greift Gomolka auf das Multifaktorenmodell zur Style-Analyse von Fung und Hsieh (1997) zurück. Mit Hilfe dieses Modells ist es möglich, die Zeitreihen von Fondsrenditen in interpretierbare Grundbestandteile zu zerlegen und den einzelnen Regressionsfaktoren eine inhaltliche Bedeutung zuzuordnen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigen, dass man mit Hilfe der Style-Analyse Aussagen über Algorithmic Trading aus der Analyse von (Fonds-)Renditen machen kann. Die Aussagen sind jedoch keiner technischen Natur, sondern auf die Analyse von Handelsstrategien (Investment-Styles) begrenzt. / During the last decade the electronic trading on the stock exchanges advanced rapidly. Today almost every exchange is running an electronic trading system. In this context the term algorithmic trading describes a phenomenon, where computer programs are replacing the human trader, when making investment decisions or facilitating transactions. Algorithmic trading itself stands in a row of many other innovations that helped to develop the financial markets technologically (see for example telegraphy, the telephone, FAX or electronic settlement). Today the question is not, whether computer programs are used or not. The question arising is rather, where the border between automatic, computer driven and human trading can be drawn. Conducting research on algorithmic trading confronts scientists always with the problem of limited availability of information. The idea of this dissertation is to circumnavigate this problem and to extract information indirectly from an analysis of a time series of (fund)-returns data. The research question here is: Is it possible to draw conclusions about algorithmic trading from an analysis of (funds-)return data? To answer this question, the author develops a complete definition of algorithmic trading. He differentiates between Buy-Side and Sell-Side algorithmic trading, depending on the functions of the computer programs (supporting investment-decisions or transaction management). Further, the author applies the multifactor model of the style analysis, formely introduced by Fung and Hsieh (1997). The multifactor model allows to separate fund returns into regression factors that can be attributed to different reasons. The results of this dissertation do show that it is possible to draw conclusions about algorithmic trading out of the analysis of funds returns. Yet these conclusions cannot be of technical nature. They rather have to be attributed to investment strategies (investment styles).

Bakgrund: De flesta svenskarna sparar i form av värdepapper för att investera sina pengar och få en avkastning. Vilket placeringsalternativ ska de välja mellan investering i traditionella eller speciella fonder? De traditionella fonderna har en relativ avkastning och en stor risk, medan de speciella eller hedgefonderna har en lägre risk och en absolut positiv avkastning oavsett marknadsläge.I denna studie kommer att undersökas om hedgefonders avkastningsmönster är trovärdig, och om deras målsättning har uppnåtts under åtta års period. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan olika svenska hedgefonders investeringsstrategier och avkastningsmönster samt undersöka hur dessa hedgefonder skiljer sig från de traditionella fonderna och marknadsindexet. Delsyftet är att studera två olika perioder och urskilja hur fonderna presterar under hög respektive låg konjunktur läge. Metod: Studien är baserad på forskningsstrategin kvantitativa metoden. Sekundär data i form av historiska avkastningssiffror för åttaårsperiod är avhämtad. Olika nyckeltal är valda för uträckningen och analysen. Korrelation, regression och hypotesprövning är de utvalda statistiska metoder som ska leda författaren att analysera och dra slutsats. Slutsats: De hedgefonderna har under de olika perioderna genererat en genomsnittlig positiv avkastning trots de låga värden. De har lägre totalrisk samt marknadsrisk än de traditionella, och en låg korrelation mellan varandra. Vidare har studien visat att räntearbitrage och marknadsneutrala strategier har presterat bäst under låg konjunktur.Sammanfattningsvis hedgefonders avkastningsmönster skiljer sig mellan de olika strategierna och inom varje strategi. Trots på den låga positiva avkastningen anses hedgefonder ett bättre placeringsalternativ än traditionella fonder i tider där marknaden går ner.Avkastningsmönster är en fördom på kortsikt men anses vara en verklighet långsiktigt. / Background: The majority of the Swedish population saves in the form of securities to invest and receive a return. Which investment option should they choose? Should they invest in mutual or special funds? The mutual funds have a relative return and come with a high risk, while the special funds, also known as hedge funds, have an absolute positive return regardless of the market situation and this fund type accounts for a lower risk. This study will investigate whether the return pattern in the hedge funds are valid or not, and if their objective was achieved during this 8 year period. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate if there is a relationship between Swedish hedge funds' investment strategies and their return pattern as well as examining how these hedge funds differ from the mutual funds and the market index. The sub focus is studying two different periods and discerns how the funds perform under high and low economic situation. Methodology: The study is based on results obtained from the research strategy, of a quantitative character. Secondary data in the form of historical returns for the eight-year period is utilized. Different ratios are utilized for calculations and analysis. Correlation, regression, and hypothesis testing are the chosen statistical methods that will lead the author to analyze and draw conclusions. Conclusions: The hedge funds have in the different periods generated an average positive return despite the low values. They have lower total risk and market risk than mutual ones, and a low correlation between each other. Furthermore, the study has shown that rate arbitrage and market neutral strategies perform best under low economy context.In summary, hedge funds' return pattern differs between the diverse strategies and within each strategy. Despite the low positive returns hedge funds are considered a better investment option than mutual funds in times when the market is unstable.The return pattern does not apply to short term investments but it does apply to long term investments.

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-05-10T13:35:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 343o FGV - Gustavo Ribas).pdf: 1032541 bytes, checksum: d5326372e73d2653dad404e2e9fc68a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-05-10T13:36:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 343o FGV - Gustavo Ribas).pdf: 1032541 bytes, checksum: d5326372e73d2653dad404e2e9fc68a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-10T13:36:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 343o FGV - Gustavo Ribas).pdf: 1032541 bytes, checksum: d5326372e73d2653dad404e2e9fc68a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / This paper aims to analyze the results of an operation to hedge a diversified credit portfolio through the use of equity. Initially, a reference to the main theoretical aspects of this dissertation with their definitions and literature review will be made. Furthermore, there will be an explanation about the basic parameters of the selection of the sample used and the period during which such protection strategy will be implemented. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os resultados de uma operação de hedge de um diversificado portfólio de crédito de empresas brasileiras através do uso de ativos de equity. Inicialmente, faz-se uma alusão aos principais aspectos teóricos da presente dissertação com suas definições e revisão bibliográfica. Posteriormente, são apresentados os parâmetros básicos da seleção da amostra utilizada e do período durante o qual tal estratégia de proteção será implementada.

Submitted by ANDERSON TEIXEIRA (andisu_7@hotmail.com) on 2014-08-28T23:41:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final.pdf: 2749375 bytes, checksum: aeb92d2552a8d73a4a238d90bce0e3af (MD5) / Rejected by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: Anderson, o titulo "resumo" e "Abstrat" deverá ser em letra maiúscula, por gentileza ajustar esse procedimento. Aguardo. on 2014-08-29T20:14:52Z (GMT) / Submitted by ANDERSON TEIXEIRA (andisu_7@hotmail.com) on 2014-08-29T20:57:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final.pdf: 2750834 bytes, checksum: b056c57b7f07fe0bfb7a7aff0ba04ff5 (MD5) / Rejected by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: Anderson, Esta faltando a pagina da assinatura dos professores. Seu prazo para a entrega da versão final expira hoje 01/09/2014. Aguardo a correção. on 2014-09-01T12:24:23Z (GMT) / Submitted by ANDERSON TEIXEIRA (andisu_7@hotmail.com) on 2014-09-01T15:04:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final.pdf: 2752315 bytes, checksum: 1f4757805c3cf85bc5bd201146f9b6cb (MD5) / Rejected by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: Anderson, A pagina das assinaturas não está nos padrões adequados. on 2014-09-01T15:09:53Z (GMT) / Submitted by ANDERSON TEIXEIRA (andisu_7@hotmail.com) on 2014-09-01T20:00:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final.pdf: 2753769 bytes, checksum: 5b3fdf9115d83d697763f83b0a85dad9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2014-09-01T20:25:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final.pdf: 2753769 bytes, checksum: 5b3fdf9115d83d697763f83b0a85dad9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-01T20:28:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final.pdf: 2753769 bytes, checksum: 5b3fdf9115d83d697763f83b0a85dad9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-01 / Leverage in hedge funds has been a matter of concern for investors and scholars in past years. Recent examples of such strategies have proved advantageous in periods of low uncertainty in the economy, but disastrous in times of crisis. In the field of quantitative finance, researchers have been trying to find a level of leverage that optimizes the return of an investment given the risk. In the literature, studies have been more qualitative than the quantitative , and have made little use of computational methods. One way to assess whether a leverage strategy earns higher returns than another is to define the objective function that relates risk and return for each strategy, find the constraints for the problem and solve it numerically through Monte Carlo simulations. This dissertation has adopted this approach to treat the investment in a long-short equity strategy in different scenarios: different forms of leverage, stock prices dynamics and levels of correlation between these prices. Dynamics simulations of invested capital due to changes in stock prices over time were made. Some criteria of credit guarantee, the possibility of buying and selling stocks during the investment period and the risk profile of the investor were considered in the simulations. Finally, we studied the distribution of the return on investment for different levels of leverage and it was possible to quantify which of these levels is more advantageous to the investment strategy given the constraints of risk. / Alavancagem em hedge funds tem preocupado investidores e estudiosos nos últimos anos. Exemplos recentes de estratégias desse tipo se mostraram vantajosos em períodos de pouca incerteza na economia, porém desastrosos em épocas de crise. No campo das finanças quantitativas, tem-se procurado encontrar o nível de alavancagem que otimize o retorno de um investimento dado o risco que se corre. Na literatura, os estudos têm se mostrado mais qualitativos do que quantitativos e pouco se tem usado de métodos computacionais para encontrar uma solução. Uma forma de avaliar se alguma estratégia de alavancagem aufere ganhos superiores do que outra é definir uma função objetivo que relacione risco e retorno para cada estratégia, encontrar as restrições do problema e resolvê-lo numericamente por meio de simulações de Monte Carlo. A presente dissertação adotou esta abordagem para tratar o investimento em uma estratégia long-short em um fundo de investimento de ações em diferentes cenários: diferentes formas de alavancagem, dinâmicas de preço das ações e níveis de correlação entre esses preços. Foram feitas simulações da dinâmica do capital investido em função das mudanças dos preços das ações ao longo do tempo. Considerou-se alguns critérios de garantia de crédito, assim como a possibilidade de compra e venda de ações durante o período de investimento e o perfil de risco do investidor. Finalmente, estudou-se a distribuição do retorno do investimento para diferentes níveis de alavancagem e foi possível quantificar qual desses níveis é mais vantajoso para a estratégia de investimento dadas as restrições de risco.

Submitted by Leandro Farias Aguiar (leandro.aguiar@itau-unibanco.com.br) on 2014-12-18T21:11:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Leandro Farias Aguiar.pdf: 1287260 bytes, checksum: 097e9c6f1a265980f82a58af67b081c8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2014-12-19T11:49:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Leandro Farias Aguiar.pdf: 1287260 bytes, checksum: 097e9c6f1a265980f82a58af67b081c8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-19T13:52:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Leandro Farias Aguiar.pdf: 1287260 bytes, checksum: 097e9c6f1a265980f82a58af67b081c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-25 / Ao se reportar resultados voláteis e, sem a devida evidenciação contábil (disclosure), pode-se transmitir uma imagem negativa aos investidores e levantar dúvidas em relação aos resultados futuros, a transparência e a capacidade de gerenciamento do risco por parte dos gestores das instituições financeiras. Nas últimas décadas, a utilização da contabilidade de hedge para a gestão do risco e resultado tem estado em evidência nos grandes bancos do Brasil e do exterior. Isto ocorre pois é onde se dá a convergência das demonstrações financeiras tanto em 2005 na Europa quanto em 2010 no Brasil para o novo padrão contábil internacional (IFRS) aplicado pelo IASB. Este padrão tem exigido dos bancos grandes esforços para estar em conformidade com as novas regras estabelecidas. Nesta mesma lógica, enquanto a contabilidade de hedge nos bancos assume um papel de destaque na gestão dos riscos e resultados; a divulgação precisa e concisa das demonstrações financeiras fornece aos acionistas, investidores e demais usuários importantes informações sobre o desempenho e a condução do negócio. Isto proporciona ao mercado uma melhor condição de avaliar os riscos envolvidos e de estimar os resultados futuros para a tomada de decisão de investimento. Dentro deste contexto, foi avaliado a qualidade e o grau de evidenciação das demonstrações contábeis dos principais bancos brasileiros e europeus aos requisitos do IFRS 7, IFRS 9 e outros mais de elaboração do próprio autor. Todos esses requisitos referem-se à divulgação de informações qualitativas e quantitativas pertinentes a contabilidade de hedge. Portanto, estão associados a estratégias de gestão de risco e resultado. A avaliação do grau de evidenciação das demonstrações financeiras ao IFRS 7 e IFRS 9 foi feita através de um estudo exploratório onde se analisou as notas explicativas em IFRS dos dez maiores bancos no Brasil e na Europa pelo critério 'tamanho dos ativos'. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam que 59,6% das instituições analisadas cumprem as exigências do IFRS7. Outra descoberta é que o índice de cumprimento dos bancos brasileiros é maior que os bancos europeus; 68,3% vs. 50,8%. Em relação ao IFRS 9 o percentual é de apenas 23% o que é explicado pelo fato da norma ainda não estar em vigor em ambas as regiões onde poucas instituições tem se antecipado de forma voluntária para atendê-la. A avaliação da qualidade das notas explicativas referente ao hedge contábil foi feita de maneira discricionária através da observação das informações prestadas para atender aos requisitos do IFRS 7 e 9 e dos demais requisitos adicionados pelo autor. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as notas carecem de maior detalhamento dos instrumentos de hedge utilizados, bem como os objetivos de cada hedge, para dar maior transparência ao usuário da informação sobre os riscos protegidos nos respectivos balanços. O crescimento do volume de informações prestadas nas notas explicativas dos grandes bancos brasileiros e europeus após a adoção do IFRS não configurou um aumento proporcional do conteúdo informacional, prevalecendo, ainda, a forma sobre a essência. Este movimento abre espaço para discussões futuras com os agentes de mercado sobre o tamanho e o conteúdo informacional adequado nas notas explicativas, com o intuito de buscar um equilíbrio entre o custo e o benefício da divulgação da informação sob a ótica da relevância e da materialidade. / When reporting volatile results without the proper accounting disclosure, you can convey a negative image to investors and raise doubts in relation to future results, transparency and risk management capacity on the part of managers of financial institutions. In recent decades, the use of hedge accounting for risk management and result has been in evidence in the large banks of Brazil and abroad. This occurs because it is where the convergence of both financial statements in 2005 in Europe as in 2010 in Brazil for the new international accounting standard (IFRS) applied by the IASB. This pattern has required large banks ' efforts to comply with the new rules. In this same logic, while the hedge accounting assumes an important role in managing of risks and results; an accurate and concise disclosure of the financial statements provides to shareholders, investors and other users, important information about the performance and the conduct of business. This gives the market a better condition to assess the risks involved and to estimate the future results to investment decision-making. Within this context, it was evaluated the quality and the degree of evidencing of the financial statements of the main European and Brazilian banks to the requirements of IFRS 7 and IFRS 9 and other more elaborated by author. All these requirements relate to disclosure of qualitative and quantitative information pertinent to hedge accounting. Therefore are associated with risk and result management strategies. The assessment of the degree of disclosure of the financial statements to IFRS 7 and IFRS 9 was made through an exploratory study which examined the explanatory notes under IFRS of the ten largest banks in Brazil and in Europe by the criterion 'asset size'. The results obtained in this study indicate that 59.6% of the analyzed institutions meet the requirements of IFRS7. Another discovery is that the index of performance of Brazilian banks is greater than European banks; 68.3% vs. 50.8%. In relation to IFRS 9 the percentage is only 23%, which is explained by the fact that the standard has not yet come into force in both regions where few institutions has been anticipated voluntarily to server her. The quality evaluation of the explanatory notes relating to hedge accounting was made discretionary manner through observation of information supplied to meet the requirements of IFRS 7 and 9 and of other requirements added by the author. The results obtained indicate that the notes require further details of hedging instruments used and the objectives of each hedge, to give greater transparency to the user information about the risks protected in their balance sheets. The growth in the volume of information provided in the explanatory notes of the great European and Brazilian banks after the adoption of the IFRS did not configure a proportional increase of informational content, still prevail, the form over the essence. This move makes room for future discussions with the market players about the proper size and informational content in the explanatory notes, in order to seek a balance between the cost and the benefit of disclosure of information from the perspective of relevance and materiality.

Submitted by Laura Simonsen Leal (arula@fgvmail.br) on 2016-06-22T12:59:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 laura_tese14(final).pdf: 1036208 bytes, checksum: eac8007047195b00593f30884e72a3e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2016-06-22T13:18:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 laura_tese14(final).pdf: 1036208 bytes, checksum: eac8007047195b00593f30884e72a3e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-06-29T13:38:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 laura_tese14(final).pdf: 1036208 bytes, checksum: eac8007047195b00593f30884e72a3e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T13:39:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 laura_tese14(final).pdf: 1036208 bytes, checksum: eac8007047195b00593f30884e72a3e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-21 / The main purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology to obtain a hedge fund tail risk measure. Our measure builds on the methodologies proposed by Almeida and Garcia (2015) and Almeida, Ardison, Garcia, and Vicente (2016), which rely in solving dual minimization problems of Cressie Read discrepancy functions in spaces of probability measures. Due to the recently documented robustness of the Hellinger estimator (Kitamura et al., 2013), we adopt within the Cressie Read family, this specific discrepancy as loss function. From this choice, we derive a minimum Hellinger risk-neutral measure that correctly prices an observed panel of hedge fund returns. The estimated risk-neutral measure is used to construct our tail risk measure by pricing synthetic out-of-the-money put options on hedge fund returns of ten specific categories. We provide a detailed description of our methodology, extract the aggregate Tail risk hedge fund factor for Brazilian funds, and as a by product, a set of individual Tail risk factors for each specific hedge fund category.