De acordo com a teoria de finanças, gestão de riscos financeiros pode gerar valor para o acionista, em função das imperfeições do mercado. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa examinou se existe relação entre a gestão de riscos financeiros e geração de valor ao acionista. Utilizou-se a base de dados Economática® e as notas explicativas de forma a obter informações das variáveis indicadas pela literatura internacional e nacional. Foram analisadas, manualmente, 1.681 notas explicativas e o Q de Tobin foi utilizado como proxy do valor da empresa. A amostra foi composta por empresas não financeiras no período de 2006 a 2014. Nesse período de análise, ocorreram dois eventos relevantes: crise subprime de 2008 e a adoção completa das IFRS em 2010. No total, foram 1.794 observações analisadas nesta pesquisa. Foram utilizadas cinco estratégias de estimação dos parâmetros: MQO, Efeitos Fixos e Efeitos Aleatórios, dados em painel com termos de erro AR(1) e GMM com objetivo de contornar os problemas encontrados nas estimações, tais como: heterocedasticidade, autocorrelação e endogeneidade. Dessa forma, após a análise das estimações econométricas, verificou-se que as empresas que utilizaram derivativos não agregaram valor nesse período de análise. Uma explicação para esse resultado é que, aparentemente, as empresas utilizam derivativos com objetivo de controlar o caixa e não o de criar valor. Esta pesquisa não encontrou evidências de que a decisão de fazer Hedge Accounting afeta o valor das empresas. Quanto aos impactos da crise, verificou-se que as empresas usuárias de derivativos foram afetadas positivamente pelas oscilações do Ibovespa. Porém, ao analisar os efeitos globais da crise, constatou-se que a crise impactou negativamente o valor de todas as empresas da amostra. Por fim, os resultados não mostraram consistência acerca dos efeitos da adoção de IFRS sobre o valor das empresas / According to the finance theory, financial risk management can create value for the shareholder, due to market imperfections. Thus, this research examined if there is a relationship between financial risk management and the generation of value for the shareholder. The Economática® database and the explanatory notes were used in order to obtain informations about the variables indicated by the international and national literature. 1,681 explanatory notes were manually analyzed and the Tobin\'s Q was used as proxy for the company\'s value. The sample was composed by non-financial companies during the period of 2006 to 2014 and two significant events happened during this period: the 2008 subprime crisis and the full adoption of IFRS in 2010. In total, 1,794 observations were analized in this research and five strategies adopted for the estimation of the parameters: OLS, Fixed and Random Effects, panel data with error terms of AR (1) and GMM in order to overcome estimation problems, such as heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation and endogeneity. Thus, from the econometrics estimations, it was found that the companies which used derivatives did not create value during the period analysed. Apparently, one explanation for this result is that most of the companies use derivatives in order to manage cash flow and not create value. Furthermore, this research found no evidence that hedge accounting affects the value of companies. Regarding to the impacts of the crisis, it was found that companies using derivatives were positively affected by the fluctuations in Ibovespa. However, when the overall effects of the crisis are considered, it was found that the crisis negatively impacted the value of all the companies studied. Finally, the results were not consistent about the effects of the adoption of the IFRS on the value of companies

De acordo com a teoria de finanças, gestão de riscos financeiros pode gerar valor para o acionista, em função das imperfeições do mercado. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa examinou se existe relação entre a gestão de riscos financeiros e geração de valor ao acionista. Utilizou-se a base de dados Economática® e as notas explicativas de forma a obter informações das variáveis indicadas pela literatura internacional e nacional. Foram analisadas, manualmente, 1.681 notas explicativas e o Q de Tobin foi utilizado como proxy do valor da empresa. A amostra foi composta por empresas não financeiras no período de 2006 a 2014. Nesse período de análise, ocorreram dois eventos relevantes: crise subprime de 2008 e a adoção completa das IFRS em 2010. No total, foram 1.794 observações analisadas nesta pesquisa. Foram utilizadas cinco estratégias de estimação dos parâmetros: MQO, Efeitos Fixos e Efeitos Aleatórios, dados em painel com termos de erro AR(1) e GMM com objetivo de contornar os problemas encontrados nas estimações, tais como: heterocedasticidade, autocorrelação e endogeneidade. Dessa forma, após a análise das estimações econométricas, verificou-se que as empresas que utilizaram derivativos não agregaram valor nesse período de análise. Uma explicação para esse resultado é que, aparentemente, as empresas utilizam derivativos com objetivo de controlar o caixa e não o de criar valor. Esta pesquisa não encontrou evidências de que a decisão de fazer Hedge Accounting afeta o valor das empresas. Quanto aos impactos da crise, verificou-se que as empresas usuárias de derivativos foram afetadas positivamente pelas oscilações do Ibovespa. Porém, ao analisar os efeitos globais da crise, constatou-se que a crise impactou negativamente o valor de todas as empresas da amostra. Por fim, os resultados não mostraram consistência acerca dos efeitos da adoção de IFRS sobre o valor das empresas / According to the finance theory, financial risk management can create value for the shareholder, due to market imperfections. Thus, this research examined if there is a relationship between financial risk management and the generation of value for the shareholder. The Economática® database and the explanatory notes were used in order to obtain informations about the variables indicated by the international and national literature. 1,681 explanatory notes were manually analyzed and the Tobin\'s Q was used as proxy for the company\'s value. The sample was composed by non-financial companies during the period of 2006 to 2014 and two significant events happened during this period: the 2008 subprime crisis and the full adoption of IFRS in 2010. In total, 1,794 observations were analized in this research and five strategies adopted for the estimation of the parameters: OLS, Fixed and Random Effects, panel data with error terms of AR (1) and GMM in order to overcome estimation problems, such as heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation and endogeneity. Thus, from the econometrics estimations, it was found that the companies which used derivatives did not create value during the period analysed. Apparently, one explanation for this result is that most of the companies use derivatives in order to manage cash flow and not create value. Furthermore, this research found no evidence that hedge accounting affects the value of companies. Regarding to the impacts of the crisis, it was found that companies using derivatives were positively affected by the fluctuations in Ibovespa. However, when the overall effects of the crisis are considered, it was found that the crisis negatively impacted the value of all the companies studied. Finally, the results were not consistent about the effects of the adoption of the IFRS on the value of companies

Regulators have long disagreed whether regulation would reduce hedge funds’ financial misreporting. On the one hand, critics have stated that hedge funds are unlikely to misreport because their investors are highly sophisticated financial players who can detect and deter financial misconduct. On the other hand, recent changes in the composition of hedge funds’ investors have led many to question this argument. In this paper, I test whether hedge fund regulation reduces misreporting by using a quasi-natural experiment in which a subset of hedge funds was regulated, deregulated, and then regulated again. Unique features of the setting permit me to study not only whether hedge fund regulation reduces financial misreporting—but, if so, why the regulation reduces misreporting. The results show that regulation reduces misreporting at hedge funds and that the imposition of disclosure requirements, even without other concurrent changes in regulation, can reduce hedge funds’ misreporting. The result seems surprising, because hedge funds’ investors are commonly thought to have access to far more information than is required by disclosure rules. Further inquiries suggest that disclosure requirements led funds to make changes in their internal governance, and that these changes in governance induced funds to report their financial performance more honestly and accurately.

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a escolha contábil da aplicação de hedge accounting no mercado brasileiro. O trabalho contribui com duas novas proxies para avaliação da prática de hedge accounting. A primeira é obtida pela razão de nocional de hedge accounting e derivativos e não derivativos e a segunda pela clusterização, dessa razão histórica de designação de hedge acccounting em relação ao volume total de derivativos e não derivativos. Na Hipótese 1, investiga-se se as empresas que designam um maior volume de instrumentos para hedge accounting apresentam maior valor da firma. A literatura de determinantes de hedge mapeia como principal objetivo a otimização do valor da firma em função do gerenciamento de riscos empresariais, todavia, ainda existe pouca evidência empírica sobre padrões de hedge accounting. Visando endereçar tal questionamento, foi composta uma amostra dos anos de 2010 a 2017 com as empresas que utilizaram derivativos ou não derivativos em, pelo menos, um dos anos. Por meio desses dados, as empresas foram divididas em clusters considerando o nível médio de designação de hedge accounting em relação ao total de derivativos e não derivativos e analisado a influência sobre o valor da firma. Os principais resultados obtidos foram que as empresas que estão no cluster que e apresentaram um maior nível de designação de hedge accounting nos períodos têm uma relação positiva e significante com a maior valorização do valor da firma.. Na Hipótese 2, verifica-se se as empresas que suavizam os resultados por meio de acumulações discricionárias apresentam menor volume de designação de instrumentos para hedge accounting, e por meio de uma análise com empresas que utilizavam derivativos entre os anos de 2010 a 2017 foram encontradas evidências de que as empresas que adotam um maior volume ou a prática de hedge accounting apresentam uma menor prática de suavização dos resultados. Esses achados corroboram com a literatura e apresentam a prática de hedge accounting, por suavizar os resultados em virtude do casamento temporal dos derivativos e objeto protegido, as empresas teriam uma menor propensão para práticas de suavização de resultados. Na hipótese 3, foi analisada a escolha contábil de adoção de hedge accounting em decorrência da violação de covenants, conforme amplamente estudado na literatura de escolhas contábeis (Watts e Zimmerman, 1986; Smith e Warner, 1979; Holthausen e Leftwich, 1983). Não se tem notícia de trabalhos que tenham testado essa hipótese. Com base nos resultados, o único modelo em que a Proximidade de Covenants apresentou significância foi por nível de hedge accouting e com a variável não defasada, porém com uma relação negativa. De forma oposta ao esperado na teoria, não se consegue aceitar a hipótese 3 de proximidade de covenants como uma determinante para a adoção nem para o nível maior de adoção de derivativos para contabilidade de hedge. Como análise adicional foram encontradas 66 empresas que utilizaram hedge de fluxo de caixa e tinham cláusulas de covenants que permitiam o recálculo, a fim de identificar se algumas delas deixaram de violar a cláusula em decorrência da contabilidade de hedge, foram encontrados duas empresas que conseguiram atender à cláusula de covenant por meio da adoção do hedge accounting. / This study aimed to analyze the accounting choice of hedge accounting in the Brazilian market. This paper contributes with two new proxies for the assessment of hedge accounting practice. The first is obtained by the notional ratio of hedge accounting and derivatives and non-derivatives and the second by the clustering of this historical hedge acccounting ratio in relation to the total volume of derivatives and non-derivatives. In Hypothesis 1, we investigate whether companies that designate a higher volume of hedge accounting instruments have a higher firm value. The literature on hedge determinants has as its main objective to maximize of firm value based on corporate risk management However, there is still little empirical evidence on hedge accounting standards. In order to address this question, a sample from 2010 to 2017 was composed with companies that used derivatives or non-derivatives in at least one of this years. Through these data, the companies were divided into clusters considering the average level of hedge accounting designation in relation to the total of derivatives and non-derivatives and analyzed the influence on the firm value. The main results obtained were that the companies in the cluster that presented a higher level of hedge accounting designation in the periods have a positive and significant relationship with the higher value of the firm. In Hypothesis 2, it is verified that the Companies that smooth the earnings through discretionary accruals have a lower volume of hedge accounting instruments, and from an analysis of companies that used derivatives between 2010 and 2017, we found evidence that companies that adopt a higher volume or hedge accounting practice have a lesser practice of smoothing results. These findings corroborate the literature, and show that the practice of hedge accounting by smoothing the results due to the time matching of derivatives and hedged object, companies would have a lower propensity to practice smoothing results. In hypothesis 3, the accounting choice of hedge accounting due to covenant violation was analyzed, as widely studied in the accounting choice literature (Watts and Zimmerman, 1986; Smith and Warner, 1979; Holthausen and Leftwich, 1983). There is no news of works that have tested this hypothesis. Based on the results, the only model in which Covenants Proximity was significant was by hedge accouting level and with the non-lagged variable, but with a negative relationship. Contrary to theory, hypothesis 3 of covenant proximity cannot be accepted as a determinant for adoption or for the higher level of hedge accounting derivative adoption. As an additional analysis, 66 companies that used cash flow hedges and had covenant clauses that allowed recalculation were found. In order to identify if some of them failed to breach the clause due to hedge accounting, two companies were found that were able to meet covenant clause through the adoption of hedge accounting.

<p>The purpose of the thesis has been to explore the use of hedge fund styles when constructing portfolios of hedge funds (i.e. funds of hedge funds). The central question is if the use of hedge fund styles can significantly explain and improve risk adjusted returns (characterized by Sharpe ratios). The study has been done in collaboration with Optimized Portfolio Management AB who desire further knowledge and evaluation of hedge fund styles for their fund of hedge funds.</p><p>To be able to create successful ex ante portfolios we have explored various prediction models for both risk and return. Our findings indicate that return prediction is problematic using simple models such as regression since the risk exposure of the indices appear to change significantly over time. One can however using exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) achieve relatively promising estimations of future returns. </p><p>Covariance matrix estimation seems to be more straightforward. We have achieved promising results using both traditional EWMA models as well as improved estimators using principal component analysis.Covariance prediction models were evaluated separately using a minimum-variance portfolio optimization technique and provided a significant risk reduction compared to the aggregated hedge fund universe (represented by a naively diversified portfolio). Combinations of risk and return prediction models were evaluated using traditional mean-variance portfolio construction methods, which were optimized for Sharpe ratios. These provided a significant increase in risk adjusted returns relative to the aggregated hedge fund universe. The allocation is however discouraging due to serious instability over time.</p><p>Our findings indicate that there indeed is an advantage of taking hedge fund styles into consideration when constructing funds of hedge funds in a risk adjusted perspective. However, further research into return prediction needs to be done in order to stabilize portfolio allocation. An alternative seems to be tactical style allocation on a more fundamental analysis basis.</p>

The purpose of the thesis has been to explore the use of hedge fund styles when constructing portfolios of hedge funds (i.e. funds of hedge funds). The central question is if the use of hedge fund styles can significantly explain and improve risk adjusted returns (characterized by Sharpe ratios). The study has been done in collaboration with Optimized Portfolio Management AB who desire further knowledge and evaluation of hedge fund styles for their fund of hedge funds. To be able to create successful ex ante portfolios we have explored various prediction models for both risk and return. Our findings indicate that return prediction is problematic using simple models such as regression since the risk exposure of the indices appear to change significantly over time. One can however using exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) achieve relatively promising estimations of future returns. Covariance matrix estimation seems to be more straightforward. We have achieved promising results using both traditional EWMA models as well as improved estimators using principal component analysis.Covariance prediction models were evaluated separately using a minimum-variance portfolio optimization technique and provided a significant risk reduction compared to the aggregated hedge fund universe (represented by a naively diversified portfolio). Combinations of risk and return prediction models were evaluated using traditional mean-variance portfolio construction methods, which were optimized for Sharpe ratios. These provided a significant increase in risk adjusted returns relative to the aggregated hedge fund universe. The allocation is however discouraging due to serious instability over time. Our findings indicate that there indeed is an advantage of taking hedge fund styles into consideration when constructing funds of hedge funds in a risk adjusted perspective. However, further research into return prediction needs to be done in order to stabilize portfolio allocation. An alternative seems to be tactical style allocation on a more fundamental analysis basis.

Examensarbetet studerar möjligheterna att använda en statisk cross hedge för att prissäkra etanol. Situationen som analyseras är hämtad från Lantmännen Agroetanol. Agroetanol är Sveriges största producent av etanol och driver den första anläggning i Sverige där vete omvandlas till etanol. Anläggningen är Sveriges största och byggs för närvarande ut så att kapaciteten kommer under år 2008 kommer att öka med 300 procent. Priset på spannmål har stigit dramatiskt under år 2007 samtidigt som etanolpriset har sjunkit något. Mot bakgrund av dessa båda negativa prisrörelser utvärderas hedging med hjälp finansiella instrument som en möjlighet för Agroetanol att skydda sin produktion. Genom att använda futurekontrakt, med socker som underliggande tillgång, kan Agroetanol minska sin marknadsrisk. Efter en analys av Lantmännens befintliga riskmått i form av stresstest, konstateras att Lantmännen bör överväg att använda sig av Expected Shortfall för att mäta koncernens marknadsrisk. Expected Shortfall bygger på det mycket populära Value at Risk, men uppvisar ytterligare några fler positiva egenskaper. Vi rekommenderar att Lantmännenkoncernen använder sig av Expected Shortfall i arbetet med att kvantifiera sin finansiella marknadsrisk inom samtliga affärsområden och bolag. På detta sätt kan riskerna associerade med varje verksamhet enkelt analyseras. Slutligen kan den metodik för cross hedging som presenteras i examensarbetet användas i flera olika sammanhang och problemställningen är inte unik för groetanol. Författarna hoppas på detta sätt att undersökningen kan fungera som en vägledning även vid andra liknande projekt. / This master thesis studies the application of a static cross hedge when hedging ethanol. The case studied has been provided by Lantmännen Agroetanol, operator of the largest ethanol plant in Sweden. The plant produce ethanol from grain and the capacity is currently being expanded by 300 percent. Changes in the price of both grain and ethanol have been dramatic during 2007, with a decrease in the price of ethanol and a sharp increase in the price of wheat. These changes both have a negative impact on the operations of Agroetanol and this thesis look to hedging with futures as a method to lessen the exposure to price changes. Using future contracts derived on sugar prices we conclude that Agroetanol can decrease its market risk. An analysis of the methods for measuring financial risks at Lantmännen concludes that the use of Expected Shortfall, a measurement derived from Value at Risk, have a number of advantages. We therefore recommend that this measure is implemented throughout the corporation providing a consistent measure of financial risks. This enables every part of the organization to be analyzed based on its contribution to the total risk exposure. Finally the method used in the thesis can be used in a number of situations and the difficulties observed at Agroetanol are by no means unique. We hope that this study can provide an example for studies that aim to solve similar difficulties.

<p>Examensarbetet studerar möjligheterna att använda en statisk cross hedge för att prissäkra etanol. Situationen som analyseras är hämtad från Lantmännen Agroetanol. Agroetanol är Sveriges största producent av etanol och driver den första anläggning i Sverige där vete omvandlas till etanol. Anläggningen är Sveriges största och byggs för närvarande ut så att kapaciteten kommer under år 2008 kommer att öka med 300 procent. Priset på spannmål har stigit dramatiskt under år 2007 samtidigt som etanolpriset har sjunkit något. Mot bakgrund av dessa båda negativa prisrörelser utvärderas hedging med hjälp finansiella instrument som en möjlighet för Agroetanol att skydda sin produktion.</p><p>Genom att använda futurekontrakt, med socker som underliggande tillgång, kan Agroetanol minska sin marknadsrisk. Efter en analys av Lantmännens befintliga riskmått i form av stresstest, konstateras att Lantmännen bör överväg att använda sig av Expected Shortfall för att mäta koncernens marknadsrisk. Expected Shortfall bygger på det mycket populära Value at Risk, men uppvisar ytterligare några fler positiva egenskaper. Vi rekommenderar att Lantmännenkoncernen använder sig av Expected Shortfall i arbetet med att kvantifiera sin finansiella marknadsrisk inom samtliga affärsområden och bolag. På detta sätt kan riskerna</p><p>associerade med varje verksamhet enkelt analyseras. Slutligen kan den metodik för cross hedging som presenteras i examensarbetet användas i</p><p>flera olika sammanhang och problemställningen är inte unik för groetanol. Författarna hoppas på detta sätt att undersökningen kan fungera som en vägledning även vid andra liknande projekt.</p> / <p>This master thesis studies the application of a static cross hedge when hedging ethanol. The case studied has been provided by Lantmännen Agroetanol, operator of the largest ethanol plant in Sweden. The plant produce ethanol from grain and the capacity is currently being expanded by 300 percent. Changes in the price of both grain and ethanol have been dramatic during 2007, with a decrease in the price of ethanol and a sharp increase in the price of wheat. These changes both have a negative impact on the operations of Agroetanol and this thesis look to hedging with futures as a method to lessen the exposure to price changes.</p><p>Using future contracts derived on sugar prices we conclude that Agroetanol can decrease its market risk. An analysis of the methods for measuring financial risks at Lantmännen concludes that the use of Expected Shortfall, a measurement derived from Value at Risk, have a number of advantages. We therefore recommend that this measure is implemented throughout the corporation providing a consistent measure of financial risks. This enables every part of the organization to be analyzed based on its contribution to the total risk exposure.</p><p>Finally the method used in the thesis can be used in a number of situations and the difficulties observed at Agroetanol are by no means unique. We hope that this study can provide an example for studies that aim to solve similar difficulties.</p>

Techn. Univ., Diss./08--Darmstadt, 2007.

X / X