Plant symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi provides many benefits for plants, including increased nutrient uptake, drought tolerance, and belowground pathogen resistance. In order to have a better understanding of the genetic architecture of mycorrhizal symbiosis, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) by phenotyping a diversity panel of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) for root colonization under inoculation with the AM fungus Rhizophagus intraradices. This mapping panel consists of 261 inbred lines that capture approximately 90% of the genetic diversity present in the cultivated sunflower germplasm. Using a mixed linear model approach with a high-density genetic map, we determined regions of the genome that are likely associated with AM colonization in sunflower. Additionally, we used a ‘core 12' set of twelve diverse lines (representing approximately 50% of the genetic diversity in the cultivated germplasm) to assess the effect that inoculation with AM fungi has on dried shoot biomass and macronutrient uptake. Colonization rate among lines in the mapping panel ranged from 0 to 70% and was not correlated with mycorrhizal growth response, shoot P response, or shoot K response among the core 12 lines. Association mapping yielded three SNPs that were significantly associated with AM colonization rate. These SNPs explained 19.0%, 14.4%, and 27.9% of the variance in three different metrics used to measure the degree of root colonization. Three genes of interest identified from the significant regions that contained these SNPs are potentially related to plant defense. Overall, our data suggests that candidate genes involved in plant defense may affect AM colonization rates within cultivated sunflower, and that these genes have a large effect size.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The great number of seeds in the sunflower head and the temporal distribution of its maturation cause the competition between whorls because of nutritional resources and, consequently, differences in the seed chemical composition from the head regions. As the competition among plants in the sowing line can influence seeds nutrient drainage, this work aimed at evaluating both the chemical composition and the physiologic quality of sunflower plants seed coming from different regions of the sunflower head and plants stemming from high, low vigor seeds that partook of intra-specific competition. Three experiments constituted dealing with seeds coming from one third of the head (peripheral, median and central) were carried out. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four repetitions, each experiment treatment being distributed on a subdivided plot. In the plots, it was evaluated five proportions of high-vigor seeds placed in the sowing line as it follows: 0,75 (3A:1B); 0,67 (2A:1B); 0,50 (1A:1B); 0,33 (1A:2B), and 0,25 (1A:3B). In the subplot, it was evaluated plants stemming from seeds of high and low vigor and two additional treatments (all plants coming from seeds of high or low vigor, 1A:1A and 1B:1B, respectively). After that, an analysis relating vigor proportions to the head thirds was made. It was evaluated the percentage of proteins, lipids, total carbohydrates, ashes, moisture degree, the weight of a thousand seeds, emergency measures (its initial, ending, and middle times, emergence and average velocity, uncertainty, synchronicity, time variation coefficient and emergency) obtained through emergency test in the sand. It concludes that: a) the proportion of vigor of the seeds in the sowing line interfere in performance of the plants and in seed quality resultant, being that the plants coming of seeds put in major proportion in the line, independently of the vigor have major competitiveness; b) the chemical composition of the sunflower seeds ranged with the position of the seeds in the head. Higher content of carbohydrates and weight of thousand seed were observed in the peripheral third, while the higher content of protein and lipids were obtained of the seeds in the middle third; c) the position of the seed in the head interfered in the variables of germination. Although sunflower head s third peripheral seeds showed a higher emergency ignition in the sand, it showed a lower final time and time variation coefficient, besides being having a higher emergency homogeneity and synchrony. The middle third seeds, on the other hand, showed low emergency homogeneity and synchrony, being more distributed in time. / O grande número de sementes presentes no capítulo de girassol e a distribuição temporal da maturação delas geram a competição entre os verticilos por recursos nutricionais e, logo, diferenças na composição química entre sementes das regiões da inflorescência. Como a competição de plantas na linha de semeadura pode influenciar na drenagem de nutrientes para as sementes, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a composição química e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de girassol oriundas de diferentes regiões do capítulo e de plantas-mãe originadas de sementes de alto vigor e de baixo vigor que sofreram competição intraespecífica. Foram conduzidos três experimentos constituídos por sementes oriundas dos terços do capítulo (periférico, mediano e central). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos em cada experimento foram distribuídos em parcelas subdivididas, na quais se avaliaram cinco proporções de sementes com alto vigor colocadas na linha de semeadura: 0,75 (3A:1B); 0,67 (2A:1B); 0,50 (1A:1B); 0,33 (1A:2B) e 0,25 (1A:3B). Nas subparcelas, foram avaliadas as plantas oriundas das sementes de cada nível de vigor (alto e baixo) e dois tratamentos adicionais (todas as plantas oriundas de sementes de vigor alto ou vigor baixo, 1A:1A e 1B:1B, respectivamente). Depois foi feita a análise relacionando-se as proporções de vigor avaliadas e os terços do capítulo. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem de proteínas, lipídeos, carboidratos totais, cinzas, grau de umidade e peso de mil sementes, além das medidas de emergência (tempos inicial, final e médio de emergência, velocidades média e de emergência, incerteza, sincronia, coeficiente de variação do tempo e emergência), obtidas por meio do teste de emergência em areia. Conclui-se que: a) a proporção de vigor das sementes na linha de semeadura interfere no desempenho das plantas e na qualidade das sementes resultantes, e as plantas oriundas de sementes colocadas em maior proporção na linha, independentemente do vigor, têm maior competitividade; b) a composição química das sementes de girassol variou com a posição das sementes no capítulo. Maior teor de carboidratos e peso de mil sementes foram observado no terço periférico, ao passo que maior teor de proteína e lipídeos foi obtido das sementes do terço central; c) a posição da semente no capítulo interferiu nas variáveis da germinação. Embora apresentem maior tempo inicial de emergência em areia, as sementes do terço periférico do capítulo de girassol apresentam menor tempo final e menor coeficiente de variação do tempo, tendo maior homogeneidade e sincronia de emergência. As sementes do terço central, em contrapartida, apresentam menor homogeneidade e sincronia de emergência, sendo mais distribuídas no tempo. / Mestre em Agronomia

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T13:15:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcirioL_DISSERT.pdf: 4044113 bytes, checksum: 9f76ed5185ec78030c1b8d17c65321c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The increase in world population in recent decades has pushed the natural resources, particularly the water. The crisis is worsening in developing countries, where the population limit coming up on food supplies, whose relationship with the availability of water is close. The lack of a management policy of water resources and growing need for food supply has sued other conservation policy and conscious, planned reuse of water. The reuse for agricultural purposes is becoming a more advantageous opportunity, when it takes water to use less restrictive, reducing the use of good quality water and increased agricultural production at low cost. This work was conducted at the Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido in Mossoró city, Rio Grande do Norte state/Brazil in order to determine the technical feasibility of a low cost modular system for the collection and treatment of domestic sewage water and reuse of treated effluent in the production ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus) cultivar 'Doble sungold'. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments and four replications, each plot consisting of four plants, grown in individual pots, the factors being tested dilution of wastewater (T1 - 100% of treated wastewater - EFD) (T2 - 75% of treated wastewater - EFD + 25% of recommended nutrient solution-SNR), (T3 - 50% of treated wastewater - EFD + 50% of recommended nutrient solution - SNR), (T3 - 25% treated domestic wastewater - EFD + 75% of recommended nutrient solution - SNR) and (T5 -100% of recommended nutrient solution - SNR). The treatment system is feasible, but there are needs to be adjusted to reduce the concentration of nitrate (NO3-) which proved to be high. Regarding the reduction of nutrients, the treatment plant has its limitations, it is necessary to engage other system of treatment, depending on the intended purpose for the effluent. For growth variables, the dilution factors were significant, however, the dilution factor 5 was higher than the effluent dilution factor 4 at the end of the cycle of sunflower cultivation, due to increased nutritional demands of culture, going the opposite for the variable stem diameter and except for plant height and number of petals, that showed growth coincidental. Also, there was no significant difference for the assessment of dry leaf, stem and chapter, and the effluent dilution factor 1 (100% EFD) had unsatisfactory results. In the evaluation of the macronutrients, only the levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) showed significant differences between the effluent dilution factors, and the effluent dilution factor 3 showed the best performance in relation to N, P, Mg, K and Ca with values well above the required culture; whereas the effluent dilution factor 1 showed a worse performance compared to N, P, Mg, and yet, despite having only used wastewater 4% of the concentration of nutrients in the recommended nutrient solution met the needs of ornamental sunflower cultivation, but the mixtures (dilution factors) diluted SNR, unbalanced as to decrease efficiency. / O aumento da população mundial tem pressionado os recursos naturais, em especial a água. A crise se agrava em países em desenvolvimento, onde o limite populacional esbarra na oferta de alimentos, cuja relação com a disponibilidade de água é estreita. A falta de uma política de gestão dos recursos hídricos e a necessidade crescente pela oferta de alimentos tem demandado outra política de conservação e de reúso consciente e planejado das águas. O reúso para fins agrícolas tem se tornado uma possibilidade vantajosa, quando aceita águas para uso menos restritivo, diminuindo o uso de água de boa qualidade e aumento da produção agrícola a baixo custo. Este trabalho foi conduzido no Campus da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido em Mossoró/RN com o objetivo de determinar a viabilidade técnica de um sistema modular de baixo custo para a coleta e tratamento de água de esgoto doméstico e reúso do efluente tratado na produção de girassol ornamental (Helianthus annuus), cultivar Doble sungold . O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo cada parcela formada por quatro plantas, cultivadas em vasos individuais, sendo testados os fatores de diluição de efluente doméstico (T1 - 100% de efluente doméstico tratado EFD), (T2 75% de efluente doméstico tratado EFD + 25% de solução nutritiva recomendada SNR), (T3 50% de efluente doméstico tratado EFD + 50% de solução nutritiva recomendada SNR), (T3 25% de efluente doméstico tratado EFD + 75% de solução nutritiva recomendada SNR) e (T5 100% de solução nutritiva recomendada SNR). O sistema de tratamento é viável, porém há necessidade de ajustes para reduzir a concentração de nitrato (NO3 -) que se mostrou elevado. Em relação à redução de nutrientes, a estação de tratamento tem suas limitações, sendo necessário acoplar outro sistema de tratamento, a depender do fim a que se destina o efluente. Para as variáveis de crescimento analisadas, os fatores de diluição foram significativos, no entanto, o fator de diluição de efluente 5 foi superior ao fator de diluição de efluente 4 no final do ciclo da cultura do girassol devido ao aumento da exigência nutricional, acontecendo o contrário para a variável diâmetro do caule e com exceção para altura de planta e numero de pétalas, que mostraram crescimento coincidente. Também não houve diferença significativa para a avaliação da matéria seca da folha, do caule e do capítulo, sendo que o fator de diluição de efluente 1 (100% EFD) obteve resultado insatisfatório. Na avaliação dos macronutrientes, apenas os teores de Nitrogênio (N), Fósforo (P) e Magnésio (Mg) apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os fatores de diluíção de efluente, sendo que o fator de diluição de efluente 3 apresentou os melhores desempenhos em relação ao N, P, Mg, K e Ca com valores bem superiores ao exigido pela cultura; já o fator de diluição de efluente 1 apresentou o pior desempenho em relação ao N, P, e Mg, mesmo assim, apesar do efluente doméstico utilizado possuir só 4% da concentração de nutrientes contidos na solução nutritiva recomendada, supriu as necessidades da cultura do girassol ornamental, mas as misturas (fatores de diluição) diluíram a SNR, desbalanceado, a ponto de diminuir sua eficiência.

NEVES, Antônia Leila Rocha.Estratégias visando o uso sustentável de água salina em um ciclo de rotação cultural feijão-de-corda/girassol. 2012. 159 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-08-01T16:31:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_alrneves.pdf: 5244793 bytes, checksum: 9b9ea12c8d4f13c6be11e4de21f8c5db (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-08-02T13:19:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_alrneves.pdf: 5244793 bytes, checksum: 9b9ea12c8d4f13c6be11e4de21f8c5db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T13:19:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_alrneves.pdf: 5244793 bytes, checksum: 9b9ea12c8d4f13c6be11e4de21f8c5db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / The world population growth and increasing demand for water to meet household consumption and other sectors of the economy, have awakened for the use of alternative sources or water of inferior quality, such as saline water and wastewater. The aim of this study was a preliminary assessment of the situation of desalination plants installed by the State Government of Ceara in the region of Pentecoste, Ceará, and then to evaluate irrigation management strategies (cyclic use of saline water, mixture of water of different salinities and use only in stages of tolerant phase of crop) and the system of crop rotation cowpea/sunflower, aiming at the sustainable use of saline water in irrigated agriculture. The experiment with the cowpea was conducted in the dry season of 2011, and followed the randomized block design, with thirteen treatments and five replications. The treatments were: T1: low salinity water (A1), throughout the cycle, T2, T3 and T4: Water with CE 2.2 (A2), 3.6 (A3) and 5.0 (A4) dS m-1, throughout the cycle, T5, T6 and T7: Water with EC of 2.2, 3.6 and 5.0 dS m-1 in the final phase of the cycle, T8, T9 and T10: Use cyclic A1 and A2, A1 and A3 and A1 and A4, starting with A1 at sowing, T11, T12 and T13: Water of EC of 2.2, 3.6 and 5.0 dS m-1 after germination until the end of cycle. To verify the residual effect of saline water applied during the experiment with the cowpea, sunflower was grown in the rainy season of 2012 in the same plots that were cultivated with cowpea, using supplementary irrigation with water of low salinity. The EC of the desalination waste in the region of Pentecoste ranged from 4.2 to 7.6 dS m-1, representing a risk for the environment, where much of the waste generated is used to feed the vast majority of population is not aware if the reject cause any harm to human health or to the environment. The results of field experiments showed that the use of saline water during the entire cycle of the cowpea up to the level of 5.0 dS m-1 and after germination until the end of the cycle inhibits leaf gas exchange, extraction of nutrients, plant growth and crop yield, while the strategies of irrigation with saline water in the final phase of the crop cycle (flowering and fruiting) and cyclically not negatively affect these variables. Further, these strategies allow a saving 34-47% water of low salinity used for irrigation. There was accumulation of salts in the soil for the cultivation of cowpea of the treatments which used water of high salinity. However, the use of strategies for managing the application of alternating high and low water salinity crop cycle and application of the salt water only in the final stage reduced the impact on soil. The irrigation water of low salinity (0.5 dS m-1) promoted excessive leaching of salts in the soil at the end of sunflower cultivation, but the amount of rainfall before seeding was not sufficient to completely eliminate the residual effect of salinity in the crop. / O crescimento da população mundial e a crescente demanda de água para atender o consumo das famílias e os demais setores da economia, têm despertado para o aproveitamento de fontes alternativas ou águas de qualidade inferior, tais como as águas salinas e residuárias. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma avaliação preliminar sobre a situação dos dessalinizadores instalados pelo Governo do Estado do Ceará na região de Pentecoste, Ceará, e, em seguida, avaliar estratégias de manejo da irrigação (uso cíclico de água salina, mistura de fontes de água de diferentes salinidades e utilização apenas nos estádios de maior tolerância da cultura) e o sistema de rotação de culturas feijão-de-corda/girassol, visando o uso sustentável de água salina na agricultura irrigada. O experimento com feijão-de-corda foi conduzido no campo na estação seca de 2011, e obedeceu ao delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com treze tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de: T1: Água de baixa salinidade (A1), durante todo o ciclo; T2, T3 e T4: Água com CE de 2,2 (A2), 3,6 (A3) e 5,0 (A4) dS m-1, durante todo o ciclo, T5, T6 e T7: Água com CE de 2,2, 3,6 e 5,0 dS m-1 na fase final do ciclo, T8, T9 e T10: Uso cíclico de A1 e A2; A1 e A3 e A1 e A4, iniciando com A1 no plantio; T11, T12 e T13: Água com CE de 2,2, 3,6 e 5,0 dS m-1 11 dias após o plantio até o final do ciclo, respectivamente. Para verificar o efeito residual de água salina aplicada durante o experimento com o feijão-de-corda, foi cultivado na estação chuvosa de 2012 o girassol nas mesmas parcelas que foram cultivadas com o feijão-de-corda, utilizando irrigação suplementar com água de baixa salinidade (A1). Os valores de CEa para o rejeito de dessalinização na região de Pentecoste variaram de 4,2 a 7,6 dS m-1, representando riscos para o ambiente, sendo que a maior parte do rejeito gerado é utilizada para alimentação animal e a grande maioria da população não tem conhecimento se o rejeito causa algum dano à saúde humana ou ao meio ambiente. Os resultados dos experimentos de campo demonstraram que a aplicação de água salina durante todo o ciclo do feijão-de-corda ao nível de 5,0 dS m-1 e após a 11 dias do plantio até o final do ciclo inibe as trocas gasosas foliares, a extração de nutrientes, o crescimento vegetativo e a produtividade da cultura, enquanto as estratégias de irrigação com água salina na fase final do ciclo (floração e frutificação) e de forma cíclica não afetam de forma negativa essas variáveis. Além disso, essas estratégias permitiram uma economia de 34 a 47% de água de baixa salinidade utilizada na irrigação. Ocorreu acúmulo de sais no solo durante o cultivo do feijão-de-corda nos tratamentos em que se utilizou água de elevada salinidade. No entanto, o uso de estratégias de manejo como a aplicação alternada de águas de baixa e alta salinidade ao longo do ciclo da cultura e aplicação da água salina apenas no estádio final reduziu o impacto sobre o solo. A irrigação com água do canal (A1) com CE de 0,5 dS m-1 durante o cultivo do girassol promoveu a lixiviação do excesso de sais no solo no final do cultivo, mas o total de chuvas antes do plantio não foi suficiente para eliminar completamente o efeito residual da salinidade nesta cultura.

PINTO, C. M. Configuração e antecipação de plantio da mamona em consórcio com a cultura do girassol. 2011. 93 f. Tese (Doutorado em Agronomia/Fitotecnia) - Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2011. / Submitted by Francisco Lacerda (lacerda@ufc.br) on 2014-06-30T21:23:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_cmpinto.pdf: 1578658 bytes, checksum: 2d37bc621ca95059055e42200cf86277 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa(jairo@ufc.br) on 2014-07-02T19:09:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_cmpinto.pdf: 1578658 bytes, checksum: 2d37bc621ca95059055e42200cf86277 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-02T19:09:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_cmpinto.pdf: 1578658 bytes, checksum: 2d37bc621ca95059055e42200cf86277 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an oil seed crop drought tolerant with its oil having several uses in industry. In the Northeast of Brazil it is commonly cultivated by small farmers intercropped with cotton, cowpea, sesamum, sunflower, sorghum or peanuts. Two field experiments were carried during 2008, 2009 and 2010, at “ Fazenda Experiental Lavoura Seca”, Quixada, Ceara, with the objective to evaluate the behavior of castor bean and sunflower under two intercropping arrangements. In experiment I, its was evaluated the intercropping castor bean (CB) x sunflower (SF) with 1CB:1SF; 1CB:2SF; 1CB:3SF; 2SB:2SF; 2CB:3SF rows, added of sole crop of castor bean and sunflower. In the experiment II, was evaluated with the early planting of castor bean in 0, 7, 14 or 21 days in relations to sunflower the intercropping systems. In both experiments it was used a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. In this study it was determined the yield, yield components and land equivalent ratio (LER) for castor bean and sunflower grown in intercropping and sole crop. The grain yield of castor bean and sunflower was significantly higher in sole crop than intercropping in both experiments. Between the intercropping systems the highest yields were observed when early planting of castor bean was of 14 or 21 days before sunflower. In experiments I and II, showed that the castor bean was the dominant crop in relation to sunflower. Rainfall lower the water requirements of castor bean and sunflower crops, showed a reduction in LER. / A mamoneira (Ricinus communis) é tolerante a seca e cultivada para produção de óleo para uso industrial. Na região Nordeste os pequenos produtores cultivam a mamona consorciada algodão, feijão caupi, gergelim, girassol, milho, sorgo ou amendoim. Dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos nos anos agrícolas 2008, 2009 e 2010, na Fazenda Experimental Lavoura Seca, Quixadá, Ceará, com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento da mamona e girasssol cultivados em dois padrões de consorciação. No experimento I avaliou-se o consorcio mamona (Ma) x girassol (Gi) com 1Ma:1Gi; 1Ma:2Gi; 1Ma:3Gi; 2Ma:2Gi; 2Ma:3Gi fileiras, acrescidos da mamona e girassol em monocultivo. No experimento II, avaliou-se o consorcio mamona x girassol com antecipação do plantio da mamona em 0, 7, 14 ou 21 dias antes do plantio do girassol. Para cada experimento adotou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições. Avaliou-se a produtividade de grãos, seus componentes e o uso eficiente da terra para a mamona e girassol consorciados e em monocultivo. A produtividade da mamona e girassol no monocultivo foi significativamente superior nos dois sistemas de consórcio. A antecipação do plantio da mamona 14 e 21 dias em comparação ao girassol mostraram vantagens em relação as demais datas de plantio. No experimentos I e II verificou-se que a mamona foi dominante sobre ao girassol. Precipitações pluviais inferiores a demanda hídrica das culturas da mamona e girassol, proporcionaram redução no uso eficiente de terra (UET).

In dieser Arbeit wird die Eignung eines Haarwurzelsystems (HR) aus transgenen Sonnenblumen-hairy roots zur biotechnologischen Produktion von α-Tocopherol untersucht. Es wurden hairy roots mit und ohne Transgene erzeugt. Transgene HR exprimieren Tocopherolbiosynthesegene aus Arabidopsis thaliana. Die HR wurden unterschiedlichen Stressoren unterworfen, um die α-Tocopherolproduktion binnen eines Zeitraums zu überprüfen. Stressoren waren verringerte Kohlenstoffquelle, Beleuchtung und der Zusatz von Zytokininen. Die Produktionsleistung des Systems ist schlussendlich ungenügend zur kostengünstigen Produktion von α-Tocopherol.

Le phoma (Phoma macdonaldii / Leptosphaeria linquistii) et le phomopsis (Phomopsis / Diaporthe helianthi) sont deux champignons pathogènes majeurs du tournesol. Dans un contexte d’objectif de réduction de la lutte chimique, une meilleure compréhension des interactions peuplement-agents pathogènes-environnement-conduite de culture est nécessaire. Des essais menés au champ et en serre à Auzeville en 2010 et 2011 ont permis de décomposer les effets de la conduite de culture du tournesol sur l’apparition et le développement des deux maladies. Les variables clés de l’architecture des plantes en peuplement et du microclimat, modifiées par la conduite de culture (choix variétal, densité de semis, fertilisation azoté, irrigation) ont été décrites et mises en relation avec les composantes de la maladie. Ainsi, pour le phomopsis, le rôle déterminant du microclimat résultant du niveau de développement de la couverture foliaire lors des phases initiales d’infection a été confirmé. La taille des feuilles et le diamètre des tiges sont des caractères déterminants de la progression des dégâts sur feuille et tige. Les conséquences des attaques de phomopsis sur feuille en termes de mécanismes de nuisibilité ont été analysées finement et modélisées. Pour le phoma, le rôle du statut nutritionnel azoté dans la progression des attaques sur tige et collet a été confirmé. La fonction régulatrice du phoma vis-à-vis des attaques de phomopsis sur feuille a été quantifiée. Sur le plan de la modélisation, plusieurs approches ont été menées : (i) Evaluation de la qualité prédictive d’Asphodel, modèle épidémiologique prévoyant les émissions de ascospores de Phomopsis ; application à différentes conduites de culture et extension au phoma pour la partie inoculum primaire ; (ii) développement d’un modèle prédictif de l’incidence du phoma prenant en compte les effets climatiques, microclimatiques et agronomiques ; (iii) proposition d’une modélisation conceptuelle des interactions plante-agent(s) pathogène(s)-environnement-conduite de culture. Ce travail pourra, à terme, contribuer à la conception de stratégies de gestion des principales maladies du tournesol, à l’échelle de la parcelle ou du territoire. / Phoma (Phoma macdonaldii / Leptosphaeria linquistii) and phomopsis (Phomopsis / Diaporthe helianthi) are two major sunflower fungal diseases. In a context of reduction of pesticides, a better understanding of the interactions between crop canopy, pathogens, environment and cropping practices is needed. Field and greenhouse experiments set up at Auzeville in 2010 and 2011 allowed to dissect the impact of sunflower crop management on disease appearance and development. Key variables of plant architecture and microclimate, modified by cropping practices (variety choice, sowing density, nitrogen fertilization, irrigation) were described and related to disease components. Thereby, for phomopsis, the key role of microclimate resulting from the level of development of leaf area during the initial stages of infection was confirmed. Leaf length and stem diameter are key characters for necrosis progression on leaf and stem. The impact of phomopsis leaf infection in term of damage mechanism was analysed and modelled. For phoma, the effect of nitrogen nutrition status on necrosis progression on stem and stem base was confirmed. The regulatory function of phoma towards phomopsis leaf infection was quantified. In terms of modelling, several approaches were developed: (i) evaluation of the predictive quality of Asphodel, an epidemiological model predicting Phomopsis ascospore release; application to different cropping practices and extension to phoma for primary inoculum; (ii) development of a predictive model for phoma incidence taking into account the climatic, microclimatic and agronomic effects; (iii) proposal of a conceptual model of the interactions between crop canopy, pathogens, environment and cropping practices. This study could contribute to the design of integrated management strategies for the main sunflower diseases, at field or at territory scale.

In dieser Arbeit wird die Eignung eines Haarwurzelsystems (HR) aus transgenen Sonnenblumen-hairy roots zur biotechnologischen Produktion von α-Tocopherol untersucht. Es wurden hairy roots mit und ohne Transgene erzeugt. Transgene HR exprimieren Tocopherolbiosynthesegene aus Arabidopsis thaliana. Die HR wurden unterschiedlichen Stressoren unterworfen, um die α-Tocopherolproduktion binnen eines Zeitraums zu überprüfen. Stressoren waren verringerte Kohlenstoffquelle, Beleuchtung und der Zusatz von Zytokininen. Die Produktionsleistung des Systems ist schlussendlich ungenügend zur kostengünstigen Produktion von α-Tocopherol.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Madelon Rodrigues Sa Braz.pdf: 319807 bytes, checksum: 61632a4a4503a071f6f23eaf16cb38e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The objective of this work was to compare different procedures of the accelerated aging and controlled deterioration tests to evaluate sunflowers achenes vigour, correlate the results of tests conducted in the laboratory with the emergence of sunflower seedlings in the field, evaluate the influence of sunflower achenes vigour on the seedlings establishment and plant performance, evaluate the effect of achenes vigour and sowing density on the sunflower plants growth, evaluate the effect of achenes vigour and sowing density on the nutrients of accumulation and the oil of yield in sunflower plants. For this were installed six experiments. The results showed that the accelerated aging test and controlled deterioration were efficient to classification the sunflowers achenes lots. Under adverse conditions, the achene vigour evaluated by accelerated aging, controlled deterioration and electrical condutivity presented a higher correlation with sunflower plant emergence in field. Sunflower achene vigour improved the development of plants beyond 60 DAS and this effect may persist until the final production, at initial population ausence. Plants originated from smaller achenes vigour showed the lower total dry matter and leaf area index to 80 and 100 DAS, as well as lower culture growth rate in the period from 60 to 100 DAS. The plants conducted under the lower density had higher total dry matter and leaf area index at 40 and 60 DAS, as well as higher culture growth rate and relative growth rate in the period from 20 to 40 DAS. To the 60 days, at flowering high accumulation of dry mater, N, P K and Ca in stem, leaves and total at density of 45,000 seeds.ha-1. The sunflower achenes oil yield and dry mater and nutrients harvest index not affected by the achenes vigour and sowing density to / Os objetivos do trabalho foram de analisar a efici?ncia dos testes de envelhecimento acelerado e deteriora??o controlada na avalia??o do vigor de lotes de aqu?nios de girassol; correlacionar os resultados dos testes conduzidos no laborat?rio com a emerg?ncia das pl?ntulas de girassol em campo; avaliar a influ?ncia do vigor de aqu?nios de girassol no estabelecimento das pl?ntulas e no desempenho das plantas; verificar a influ?ncia do vigor dos aqu?nios e da densidade de semeadura no crescimento de plantas de girassol; avaliar o efeito do vigor dos aqu?nios e da densidade de semeadura no ac?mulo de nutrientes e no rendimento de ?leo em plantas de girassol. Para isto foram instalados seis experimentos. Os resultados permitiram concluir que os testes de envelhecimento acelerado e de deteriora??o controlada foram eficientes para classificar os lotes de aqu?nios de girassol. Em condi??es adversas, a emerg?ncia das pl?ntulas de girassol em campo apresentou maior correla??o com os testes de envelhecimento acelerado, de deteriora??o controlada e de condutividade el?trica. A utiliza??o de aqu?nios vigorosos de girassol foi favor?vel ao desenvolvimento das plantas ap?s 60 DAS e esse efeito persistiu at? a produ??o, na aus?ncia de diferen?a na popula??o inicial. A utiliza??o de aqu?nios de menor vigor produziu plantas com menor massa de mat?ria seca total e ?ndice de ?rea foliar aos 80 e 100 DAS, o que proporciona menor taxa de crescimento da cultura no per?odo de 60 a 100 DAS. Sob menor densidade, as plantas produzem maior massa de mat?ria seca total e ?ndice de ?rea foliar aos 40 e 60 DAS, o que proporciona maior taxa de crescimento da cultura e taxa de crescimento relativo no per?odo de 20 a 40 DAS. Aos 60 DAS, entre o florescimento e o enchimento, ocorreu maior ac?mulo de massa de mat?ria seca e de N, P, K e Ca no caule, nas folhas e total nas plantas de girassol produzidas sob a menor densidade de 45.000 sementes.ha-1. N?o houve efeito do vigor dos aqu?nios e da densidade de semeadura no rendimento de ?leo dos aqu?nios de girassol e nos ?ndices de colheita de massa de mat?ria seca e nutrientes.

Les protéines LIM constituent une famille de molécules régulatrices possédant dans leur séquence protéique un ou plusieurs motifs en doigts de zinc – les domaines LIM – dont la fonction principale est de diriger les interactions protéine-protéine. Les protéines LIM ont ainsi la capacité d'interagir avec de multiples partenaires protéiques, et participent à l'assemblage et au maintien de certains des complexes macromoléculaires présents au sein de la cellule. La plupart des protéines LIM ont été caractérisées dans les cellules animales, où elles sont impliquées dans l'organisation du cytosquelette d'actine, ainsi que dans la régulation de la transcription. A ce jour, seules quelques protéines LIM ont été décrites chez les végétaux. La fonction de ces protéines LIM végétales reste encore à identifier. Afin de préciser le rôle des protéines LIM chez le tournesol, nous avons choisi comme modèle expérimental le protoplaste d'hypocotyle de tournesol, en raison de la possibilité de moduler son développement en fonction des conditions de culture.<br />Nous avons étudié l'expression des gènes LIM précédemment décrits chez le tournesol dans les protoplastes par RT-PCR. Nous avons détecté un transcrit pour le gène HaWLIM-1, mais pas pour les deux autres gènes HaPLIM-1 et HaPLIM-2. Des anticorps polyclonaux spécifiques de la protéine HaWLIM-1 reconnaissent en immunoblot deux polypeptides distincts, dont les masses moléculaires sont respectivement de 52 kDa et 78 kDa. Ces masses moléculaires sont nettement supérieures à la taille attendue pour la protéine HaWLIM-1. Ces résultats indiquent que la protéine n'est pas présente sous forme de monomères dans les protoplastes, mais qu'elle participe à la formation de complexes protéiques stables.<br />L'étude par immunocytologie de la localisation intracellulaire de la protéine HaWLIM-1 révèle que cette protéine est présente simultanément dans deux compartiments distincts : le noyau et le cytoplasme. Dans le noyau, elle s'accumule préférentiellement dans le nucléole, et pourrait jouer un rôle dans la régulation de la transcription des gènes des ARNr, ou dans l'assemblage des ribosomes. Dans le cytoplasme, différentes approches, incluant des expériences de double-marquage et de déstructuration de composants du cytosquelette, ont permis de mettre en évidence une très forte colocalisation de la protéine HaWLIM-1 avec les microtubules, ce qui suggère un rôle pour cette protéine dans l'organisation du cytosquelette.<br />Lors de la culture des protoplastes, le gène HaWLIM-1 s'exprime constamment, avec cependant des variations dans le niveau d'expression. Des expériences d'immunoblot utilisant les anticorps spécifiques de la protéine HaWLIM-1 indiquent que de nouveaux polypeptides, de masses moléculaires égales à 35 kDa, 42 kDa et 64 kDa, apparaissent au cours de la culture. Cette observation suggère que la protéine HaWLIM-1 possède la capacité de s'associer et de se dissocier avec de nouveaux complexes protéiques au cours du développement. La protéine HaWLIM-1 est associée aux microtubules pendant tous les stades de la division : elle est présente au niveau de la bande préprophasique à la fin de l'interphase, au niveau du fuseau mitotique pendant la mitose, et au niveau du phragmoplaste pendant la cytokinèse. Ces observations semblent indiquer que la protéine HaWLIM-1 occupe une fonction importante au niveau des microtubules.