The diploma thesis is focused on a phenomenon of power in therapy relationship in way of Gestalt approach. It's based on a relationship concept between psychotherapist and client which is a fundamental factor in psychoteraphy change. The power is perceived in accordance with Michela Foucalt's theory as a natural and necessary relational phenomenon. In Gestalt approach intentions we pursue ways, in which the psychoterapist is aware his power, how he gets in touch and how he deals with it. Diploma thesis has got a theoretical empirical character, the theoretical part sumarizes knowledge about power, relationship like a base of helping professions work and basic knowledge from Gestalt therapy field. Empirical part uses design of qualitative metodology. We got data about Gestalt therapists' attitudes, perception and understanding of the power phenomenon. These gained data are processed by the grounded theory method and compared with other data. Next possibilities of broadening gained informations and working with them in therapy field are mentioned in the conclusion. Our results broaden knowledge about therapy relationship characteristics and bring an inspiration for psychotherapy training attenders, practising therapists and other helping professionals.

A study was conducted to examine if people’s sensitivity to the magnitude to which somebody helps depends on how the help is framed. To test this, participants read vignettes about moral agents whose help had one of three different magnitudes: a base level, a medium level (the base level times 5) and a high level (the base level times 10). The moral agents’ help was also framed in one of three ways. They either helped victims, volunteered a number of hours, or donated an amount to charity. To measure the sensitivity, participants rated how likeable they found the agent. It turned out that if the help was framed as helping victims, the participants were not at all sensitive to the different magnitudes of help. That is, an agent was not liked more if they helped a high or medium number of victims than if they helped a low number; neither were they liked more if they helped a high number than if they helped a medium number. However, in the two other types of framing, participants were more sensitive. When help was framed as volunteering a number of hours, participants liked an agent more if they volunteered a medium or high number of hours than if they only volunteered a low number of hours. But they did not like a participant more if they volunteered a high number of hours than if they volunteered a medium number of hours. The same exact pattern was found when framing help as donating to charity. A possible explanation for the result is given in the discussion.

Les odeurs affectent nos jugements, nos perceptions voire nos comportements, et plus particulièrement les comportements d’aide spontanés (Baron, 1997), même si ce champ de recherches reste peu exploré en psychologie sociale. Dans une première série de recherches, nous avons tout d’abord répliqué l’effet de l’odeur (vanille versus camphre, toutes deux pré-testées comme des odeurs agréables) d’un demandeur sur les comportements d’aide subséquents. Puis dans une seconde série de recherches, nous avons exploré expérimentalement l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’humeur médiatise la relation odeur-comportement, dans le paradigme de soumission sans pression du pied-dans-la-porte (Freedman & Fraser, 1966) avec demande implicite (Uranowitz, 1975). Rappelons que le pied-dans-la-porte (cf. méta-analyse) est une procédure éprouvée consistant à faire précéder une requête-cible généralement coûteuse d’une requête dite préparatoire qui l’est moins. Les effets de pied-dans-la-porte sont classiquement interprétés en termes d’engagement (Kiesler, 1971) ou en termes d’auto-perception (Bem, 1966, 1972). Les résultats obtenus dans ce paradigme attestent que l’efficacité du pied-dans-la-porte est affectée par l’odeur portée par le demandeur : lorsque celui-ci porte une odeur de camphre, les effets de pied-dans-la-porte ne sont plus observés, sans pour autant valider que l’odeur a un impact sur l’humeur des sujets. Difficilement interprétables en termes d’engagement ou d’auto-perception, nous avons exploré dans une troisième série de recherches une interprétation alternative de nos résultats : l’odeur d’autrui véhicule per se des informations sociales et ce sont ces informations qui orientent les comportements d’aide, et qui peuvent sous certaines conditions contrecarrer les effets pourtant robustes du pied-dans-la-porte. Pris globalement, les résultats recueillis auprès de mil-quatre-cents sujets pour la plupart en milieu écologique, articulés à une méta-analyse actualisant celle plus ancienne (Burger, 1999) nous ont amené à proposer un modèle intégratif permettant de rendre compte de l’impact des caractéristiques des demandeurs sur l’efficacité du pied-dans-la-porte. / Although this field of research remains poorly investigated in social psychology, some data indicates that odors modify our judgments, our perceptions, our behaviors, and more particularly our spontaneous helping behaviors (Baron, 1997). In a first series of experiments, we replicated a study aimed at evaluating the effect of a perfumed experimenter (vanilla versus camphor, both pre-tested as pleasant odors) on helping behaviors. In a second series of studies, we experimentally investigated the hypothesis according to which mood is a mediator variable of odors influence on helping behavior, in the foot-in-the-door paradigm without pressure compliance (Freedman & Fraser, 1966) with implicit demand (Uranowitz, 1975). Foot-in-the-door paradigm (cf. meta-analysis) is a well-tested procedure consisting in asking for a small request, and then asking for a larger one. Foot-in-the-door effects are classically interpreted in terms of commitment (Kiesler, 1971) or self-perception (Bem, 1966, 1972). Results obtained in this paradigm give evidence that the foot-in-the-door efficiency is affected by the experimenter’s odor: when the experimenter is perfumed with camphor, classical foot-in-the-door effects are not observed any more. However, the results do not confirm the hypothesis according to which odor influence subject’s mood. Neither the self-perception theory nor the commitment theory can account for these results. Thus, in a third series of experiments, we investigated an alternative interpretation: other people’s odors serve as social informations, which influence helping behaviors, which can cancel, under some requirements, the strong foot-in-the-door effects. An update of a meta-analysis (Burger, 1999), conducted on the data collected over four hundred thousand subjects in a naturalistic setting, lead us to propose an integrative model that would explain the influences of the experimenter’s characteristics on the foot-in-the-door efficiency.

The primary purpose of this study was to explore and identify the meaning and importance of service for health professionals. Those who participated in this study are all registered nurses who each have between 10 and 40 years of clinical nursing and nurse lecturing experience. The participants each wrote two stories, one about the meaning of service and the other about the importance of service. Definitions of service generally suggest organised labour involving an act of help or assistance. Our intent was to understand what constituted service for each of us in the healthcare - and specifically the nursing practice/education - context.A secondary purpose of this qualitative research was guided by participatory and critical theory paradigms. Seven participants and I (as the initiating researcher) formed a co-operative inquiry group to undertake the research using a collaborative process. Within this method the leader and the group became co-participants and co-researchers. Nurses and women are identified as marginalised people and by honouring the principles of co-operative inquiry we were empowered through this process. While the initial data was analysed thematically by the lead researcher, the original 19 sub-themes were refined by participants into five themes.The findings of the participants are consistent with overseas studies on emotional labour and sentimental work. The five themes that emerged as the meaning of service are helping, giving, elements of service, acts of doing, and pride in work. Helping was defined as an attitude and an action, which often results in a spiritual connection. Giving involves stretching yourself, and altruistic behaviour that also incorporated a spiritual component. Five sub-themes merged to form the third theme elements of service; working with people, being a public servant, being a servant, need and duty. The complexity and hidden aspect of service work was expressed in acts of doing where being professional was paramount. The final theme, pride in work, acknowledged childhood conditioning and a sense of contributing to the greater good through our unique work as nurses. This study affirmed that service has much importance to those involved and deepened our understanding of the blend of meanings service expresses.

<p>Antalet återvinningscentraler har ökat de senaste åren och vid utformning av dessa finns det en god möjlighet att utnyttja kunskap från industri och forskning inom arbetsplatsutformning och godshantering. Inom återvinningsbranschen finns det många arbetsmiljöproblem som visar sig i arbetsskadestatistiken. Ett problem är bristen på ergonomiskt lämpliga hjälpmedel för personal och besökare. Denna brist på hjälpmedel leder till arbetsskador och olyckor på ÅVC:erna. I dagsläget kan man bryta ner dessa problem i fem uppgifter,</p><p>1. Ta fram förslag på transporthjälpmedel som besökare och personal kan använda för transport av material till olika containrar. Hjälpmedlet helst utrustad med funktion som underlättar lyft av kasserad produkt/avfall.</p><p>2. Ta fram förslag på hjälpmedel för upplockning av lättare felplacerade kasserade produkter.</p><p>3. Ta fram förslag på hjälpmedel för hantering av tyngre felplacerade kasserade produkter. Både lyfthjälpmedel till anläggningsmaskiner och hjälpmedel som inte kräver anläggningsmaskiner bör beaktas. Hjälpmedlen måste bland annat vara flyttbara och smidiga att använda för personalen samt kunna hantera tyngre vikter.</p><p>4. Ta fram förslag på lämpliga lyft- och transporthjälpmedel för hantering av kasserade tv-apparater och bildskärmar.</p><p>5. Ta fram förslag på lämpliga hjälpmedel för lyft och transport av vitvaror och kylmöbler.</p><p>Resultatet från examensarbetet visar att de olika uppgifterna kräver olika typer av hjälpmedel. För uppgifterna är följande hjälpmedel rekommenderade,</p><p>1. Slaslyftvagn vilket är ett hjälpmedel som underlättar lyft och transport av kasserade produkter.</p><p>2. Lång griptång med krok som är en sammanslagning av en skräpplockare och upplockningskrok.</p><p>3. Kompaktlastare eller redan existerande maskin beroende på tillgång till maskiner på ÅVC.</p><p>4. Vakuumlyft vilket är ett lyfthjälpmedel som klarar av tunga lyft och gör så på ett smidigt sätt utan att uppehålla andra aktiviteter i närheten.</p><p>5. Styckegodskran utrustat med gripdon som klara av hantering av både vitvaror och kylmöbler.</p><p>Rekommendationerna i examensarbetet bygger på en produktutvecklingsmetodik som är baserad på existerande metoder. Vid redovisningen av examensarbetet uppgav tjänstemän vid Tekniska Verken i Linköping att delar av resultaten av examensarbetet kan komma till användning på återvinningscentralerna i Linköpings kommun.</p> / <p>The number of recycling centers has increased rapidly during the last few years. When designing recycling centers, there is a good opportunity to utilize knowledge from industry and research within workplace design and material handling. Within the recycling trade, there are many working environment problems that are evident in the occupational injury statistics. One problem is the lack of ergonomically-suitable helping aids for employees and visitors. This lack of helping aids leads to occupational injuries and accidents at the recycling centers. At present, this problem can be broken down into five tasks.</p><p>1. Develop concepts for transporting helping aids that visitors and employees can use for transportation of material between the containers. Preferably, the helping aid shall be equipped with a function that facilitates the lifting of waste.</p><p>2. Develop concepts for helping aids that can lift lighter misplaced waste.</p><p>3. Develop concepts for helping aids that can lift heavier misplaced waste. Lifting aids that require support from machines, as well as those which do not, shall be considered. The helping aids must be movable, flexible and able to handle heavier weights.</p><p>4. Develop concepts for suitable lifting and transporting aids that can handle discarded TV sets and computer screens.</p><p>5. Develop concepts of convenient helping aids for the lifting and transporting of white goods, refrigerators and freezers.</p><p>The results from the master thesis show that the different tasks demand various types of helping aids. For each task, a number of helping aids are recommended.</p><p>1. “Slaslyftvagn”, which is a helping aid that simplifies the lifting and transporting of waste.</p><p>2. Long “grabbing tongs” equipped with a hook which is a hybrid of a waste-picker and pick-up hook.</p><p>3. Compact loading tractor or already existing machine, depending on access to machines at the recycling centre.</p><p>4. Vacuum lift system, which is a lifting aid that can handle heavy loads and do so in a smooth way without delaying other activities in the vicinity.</p><p>5. General cargo crane equipped with gripper that can handle both white goods, refrigerators and freezers.</p><p>Recommendations in the master thesis are built on a product development methodology that is based on existing methods. At the presentation of the master thesis, officials working at Tekniska Verken claimed that parts of the master thesis could be useful when applied to operations at recycling centers in Linköping municipality.</p>

Antalet återvinningscentraler har ökat de senaste åren och vid utformning av dessa finns det en god möjlighet att utnyttja kunskap från industri och forskning inom arbetsplatsutformning och godshantering. Inom återvinningsbranschen finns det många arbetsmiljöproblem som visar sig i arbetsskadestatistiken. Ett problem är bristen på ergonomiskt lämpliga hjälpmedel för personal och besökare. Denna brist på hjälpmedel leder till arbetsskador och olyckor på ÅVC:erna. I dagsläget kan man bryta ner dessa problem i fem uppgifter, 1. Ta fram förslag på transporthjälpmedel som besökare och personal kan använda för transport av material till olika containrar. Hjälpmedlet helst utrustad med funktion som underlättar lyft av kasserad produkt/avfall. 2. Ta fram förslag på hjälpmedel för upplockning av lättare felplacerade kasserade produkter. 3. Ta fram förslag på hjälpmedel för hantering av tyngre felplacerade kasserade produkter. Både lyfthjälpmedel till anläggningsmaskiner och hjälpmedel som inte kräver anläggningsmaskiner bör beaktas. Hjälpmedlen måste bland annat vara flyttbara och smidiga att använda för personalen samt kunna hantera tyngre vikter. 4. Ta fram förslag på lämpliga lyft- och transporthjälpmedel för hantering av kasserade tv-apparater och bildskärmar. 5. Ta fram förslag på lämpliga hjälpmedel för lyft och transport av vitvaror och kylmöbler. Resultatet från examensarbetet visar att de olika uppgifterna kräver olika typer av hjälpmedel. För uppgifterna är följande hjälpmedel rekommenderade, 1. Slaslyftvagn vilket är ett hjälpmedel som underlättar lyft och transport av kasserade produkter. 2. Lång griptång med krok som är en sammanslagning av en skräpplockare och upplockningskrok. 3. Kompaktlastare eller redan existerande maskin beroende på tillgång till maskiner på ÅVC. 4. Vakuumlyft vilket är ett lyfthjälpmedel som klarar av tunga lyft och gör så på ett smidigt sätt utan att uppehålla andra aktiviteter i närheten. 5. Styckegodskran utrustat med gripdon som klara av hantering av både vitvaror och kylmöbler. Rekommendationerna i examensarbetet bygger på en produktutvecklingsmetodik som är baserad på existerande metoder. Vid redovisningen av examensarbetet uppgav tjänstemän vid Tekniska Verken i Linköping att delar av resultaten av examensarbetet kan komma till användning på återvinningscentralerna i Linköpings kommun. / The number of recycling centers has increased rapidly during the last few years. When designing recycling centers, there is a good opportunity to utilize knowledge from industry and research within workplace design and material handling. Within the recycling trade, there are many working environment problems that are evident in the occupational injury statistics. One problem is the lack of ergonomically-suitable helping aids for employees and visitors. This lack of helping aids leads to occupational injuries and accidents at the recycling centers. At present, this problem can be broken down into five tasks. 1. Develop concepts for transporting helping aids that visitors and employees can use for transportation of material between the containers. Preferably, the helping aid shall be equipped with a function that facilitates the lifting of waste. 2. Develop concepts for helping aids that can lift lighter misplaced waste. 3. Develop concepts for helping aids that can lift heavier misplaced waste. Lifting aids that require support from machines, as well as those which do not, shall be considered. The helping aids must be movable, flexible and able to handle heavier weights. 4. Develop concepts for suitable lifting and transporting aids that can handle discarded TV sets and computer screens. 5. Develop concepts of convenient helping aids for the lifting and transporting of white goods, refrigerators and freezers. The results from the master thesis show that the different tasks demand various types of helping aids. For each task, a number of helping aids are recommended. 1. “Slaslyftvagn”, which is a helping aid that simplifies the lifting and transporting of waste. 2. Long “grabbing tongs” equipped with a hook which is a hybrid of a waste-picker and pick-up hook. 3. Compact loading tractor or already existing machine, depending on access to machines at the recycling centre. 4. Vacuum lift system, which is a lifting aid that can handle heavy loads and do so in a smooth way without delaying other activities in the vicinity. 5. General cargo crane equipped with gripper that can handle both white goods, refrigerators and freezers. Recommendations in the master thesis are built on a product development methodology that is based on existing methods. At the presentation of the master thesis, officials working at Tekniska Verken claimed that parts of the master thesis could be useful when applied to operations at recycling centers in Linköping municipality.

Abstract The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate and compare the effects of coworkers¡¦ relational demographic similarities and guanxi base on coworkers¡¦ helping behavior. Moreover, the mediation mechanisms of social liking between coworkers¡¦ relational demographic similarities and helping behavior, and guanxi obligation between coworkers¡¦ guanxi base and helping behavior were examined. Furthermore, the moderation effect of interdependent self on the relationship between relational demographic similarities and helping behavior, and the moderation effect of individual traditionality on the relationship between guanxi base and helping behavior were examined. There were three studies in this dissertation, and the data were collected by scenario experimental design combined with questionnaire survey. The subjects were working employees sampled from different industries. Results showed that both coworkers¡¦ relational demographic similarities and guanxi base have significant effects on the interpersonal-related helping behavior, but not on work-related helping behavior. Moreover, the mediation effects of social liking towards coworker, and guanxi obligation were significant in both study 1 and study 2. The moderation effect was not significant in study 1, but was significant in study 2. The individual traditionality moderated the relationship of guanxi base and guanxi obligation. The results of study 3 showed that coworkers with guanxi base have stronger effect on both interpersonal-related and work-related coworkers¡¦ helping behavior than coworkers with relational demographic similarities. The results were discussed and the limitations and suggestions for future research were proposed.

This study was undertaken as an explorative, qualitative study to explore the motives for foreign volunteers to volunteer at an NGO in South Africa. Increasing numbers of young adults and adolescent school leavers from developed countries are choosing to take a sabbatical year to engage in volunteer work in foreign, often developing countries. In South Africa, much of this work takes place in the Non-governmental sector, around environmental and humanitarian issues including HIV and AIDS. The incentives underlying this behaviour are of interest to try to understand what motivates altruistic, pro-social behaviour. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

The rapidly increasing number of AIDS orphans and vulnerable children in sub-Saharan Africa has raised much concern. The combination of HIV/AIDS, poverty and associated risk factors place children at risk for developing emotional, social, cognitive and behavioural difficulties. Resilience literature has emphasised the role of psychosocial support in buffering risk and boosting resilience in children. A holistic intervention programme, designed to empower and mobilise communities at grass-roots level, aims to address the psychosocial needs of vulnerable children. Such community interventions rely heavily on the support of volunteers. Previous initiatives conducted in South Africa have experienced difficulties in recruiting and retaining volunteers. The literature points out that understanding what motivates individuals to offer their services to others is crucial for the survival and effectiveness of any community-based programme that relies on volunteer support. Guided by the qualitative methodology of grounded theory, this research explored the motivations of volunteers offering their services to vulnerable children in peri-urban communities in KwaZulu-Natal. This inductive method enabled the researcher to identify motivating factors and interpret the underlying processes within and among these. The perspective of systems theory further explained the categories of motivations in relation to the social context. It was anticipated that the findings of this research would enhance existing training programmes designed for volunteer workers. Recommendations for both research and practice were put forward. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

This qualitative study is an exploratory investigation aimed at understanding the expectations and experiences of volunteers offering psychosocial support to vulnerable children. It serves as an evaluation of one aspect of the Structured Group Therapy Programme (SGTP) implemented within peri-urban and rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal. Volunteers from within these communities are involved in facilitating this community-based programme, and in order to ensure the long-term sustainability of this project, it is important to understand what (i) motivates an individual to volunteer in the programme, and (ii) what keeps them involved. Two groups of research participants were selected to participate in this study. The first group comprised of five volunteers who were more experienced in their work with vulnerable children than the second group of participants. The first group of participants had been involved in the Vulnerable Children's Programme (VCP) for a longer duration, across all the communities in which the programme operates, and were involved in training new facilitators. The second group of participants consisted of eight community facilitators, who were involved in implementing the programme within their local community alone, and were less experienced than the first group. The nature of this study required careful consideration of ethical principles before, during, and even after the study was complete. A focus group was run with each of the groups with the aim of exploring the volunteers' expectations before entering the programme and their experiences within the programme. The focus groups were transcribed and analysed within an interpretive, phenomenological framework. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.