Introdução: O transplante de células‐tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH) é um procedimento complexo, que envolve diferentes fatores e condições biopsicossociais. O acompanhamento dos dados desses pacientes é fundamental para a obtenção de informações que possam auxiliar a gestão, aperfeiçoar a assistência prestada e subsidiar novas pesquisas sobre o assunto. Objetivos: desenvolver um modelo de banco de dados (BD) de pacientes submetidos a TCTH, contemplando as principais variáveis de interesse na área. Métodos: Trata‐se de um estudo aplicado, onde utilizou‐se a metodologia de desenvolvimento de um BD relacional, seguindo três etapas principais (modelo conceitual, modelo relacional, modelo físico). O modelo físico proposto foi desenvolvido na plataforma Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). Um teste piloto foi realizado com dados de três pacientes submetidos a TCTH no Hospital Moinhos de Vento no ano de 2016/2017, a fim de avaliar a utilização das ferramentas e sua aplicabilidade. Resultados: Foram desenvolvidos nove formulários no REDCap: dados sociodemográficos; dados diagnósticos; histórico, dados clínicos prévios; avaliação prétransplante; procedimento; acompanhamento pós‐imediato; acompanhamento pós‐tardio; reinternações; óbito. Adicionalmente foram desenvolvidos três modelos de relatórios, com as variáveis contidas nos formulários para auxiliar na exportação de dados para as instituições envolvidas com o TCTH. Após o teste piloto foram realizados pequenos ajustes na nomenclatura de algumas variáveis e exclusão de outras devido à complexidade na sua obtenção. Conclusão: Espera‐se que com a sua utilização, o modelo de BD proposto possa servir como subsídio para qualificar a assistência prestada ao paciente, auxiliar a gestão e facilitar futuras pesquisas na área. / Introduction: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a complex procedure involving different biopsychosocial factors and conditions. Monitoring the data of these patients is fundamental for obtaining information that can help the management, improve the assistance provided and subsidize new research on the subject. Objectives: to develop a database model (DB) of patients submitted to HSCT, considering the main variables of interest in the area. Methods: it is an applied study, where the methodology of development of a relational DB was used, following three main steps (conceptual model, relational model, physical model). The proposed physical model was developed in the research electronic data capture (Redcap) platform. A pilot test was performed with data from three patients submitted to HSCT at Moinhos de Vento Hospital in 2016, in order to evaluate the use of the tools and their applicability. Results: nine forms were developed in redcap: demographic data; diagnostic data; previous clinical data; pre‐transplant evaluation; procedure; post‐immediate follow‐up; post‐late follow‐up; readmissions; death. In addition, three reporting models were developed, with the variables contained in the forms to assist in the export of data to the institutions involved with the TCTH. After the pilot test small adjustments were made in the nomenclature of some variables and others were excluded due to the complexity in obtaining them. Conclusion: it is hoped that with its use, the proposed BD model can serve as a subsidy to qualify the care provided to the patient, assist the management and facilitate research in the area.

O transplante autólogo de células progenitoras hematopoéticas (CPH) requer a mobilização dessas células da medula óssea para o sangue periférico, de onde são coletadas. Essa mobilização pode ser realizada com a administração de filgrastima (G-CSF do inglês, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) de forma isolada ou associada à quimioterapia (G-CSF / QT). Os produtos de CPH obtidos por esses dois métodos de mobilização apresentam diferenças no conteúdo celular, o que poderia resultar em diferentes desfechos clínicos, como recuperação hematológica e reações adversas (RA) à infusão do produto. Este estudo retrospectivo teve como objetivo avaliar as taxas de RA da infusão do produto de acordo com o tipo de mobilização celular, ou seja, G-CSF isolado ou associado à quimioterapia. Desenho do estudo / Método: Um total de 611 pacientes com linfoma ou mieloma múltiplo (MM) foram submetidos a mobilização e coleta de CPH para transplante autólogo nos últimos 15 anos, destes 267 utilizaram G-CSF e 344 G-CSF / QT (285 dos quais foram submetidos ao transplante em nossa instituição). O procedimento de aférese resultou em 2 bolsas (100 mL cada), conforme padronização local, que foram criopreservadas com DMSO a 10% mantidas em recipiente de nitrogênio líquido até serem descongeladas e infundidas. As RA avaliadas foram náusea / vômito, diarreia, arritmia, dispneia e anormalidades neurológicas (cefaleia e encefalopatia) (5 possibilidades de RA para cada paciente) durante a infusão celular ou logo após o seu término. Resultados: A mediana (faixa) de idade foi de 54 (46-60) e 41 (29-55) anos para os grupos G-CSF e G-CSF / QT, respectivamente (p <0,0001). O pico de células CD34 + / µL foi de 16,6 (8,88 - 29,18) e 31,1 (16,15 - 71,9) para os grupos GCSF e G-CSF / QT, respectivamente (p <0,0001). Os produtos obtidos no grupo GCSF continham um número maior de granulócitos (x 108/mL): 155,2 (113,2-205,1) vs 114,4 (68,31-178,2) (p <0,0001) e plaquetas (x 108 / mL): 1.590 (1010-2190) vs 392 (209,5-800) (p <0,001). O grupo G-CSF recebeu infusão de uma dose maior de DMSO (g/kg): 0,21 (0,14-0,57) vs 0,17 (0,11-0,71) (p = 0,012) e uma dose inferior de células CD34 (x 106 / kg): 3,28 (2,46 -3,99) vs 3,72 (2,58-5,48) (p <0,0001). A recuperação hematológica (neutrófilos >= 500 / µL) ocorreu nos dias 12 (11-14) e 11 (10-12) nos grupos G-CSF e G-CSF +QT, respectivamente (p <0,0001). As RA ocorreram em 58,27% e 50,94% dos pacientes dos grupos G-CSF e G-CSF / QT, respectivamente (p = 0,234), entretanto, o número de reações foi de 132 (em 635 possibilidades) e 126 (em 795 possibilidades) nos grupos G-CSF e G-CSF / QT, respectivamente (p = 0,016). Nos pacientes que receberam >= 2 bolsas de CPH (e dose semelhante de DMSO), observou-se maior número de RA no grupo G-CSF (122 vs 75, p = 0,02). O sexo feminino foi associado a uma maior taxa de náusea/vômito (23,84% vs 46,49%, p = 0,0001). Conclusão: a mobilização de CPH com G-CSF isoladamente, apesar de apresentar muitas vantagens, resulta em maior número de células indesejáveis, como granulócitos e plaquetas no produto final, o que poderia explicar, pelo menos em parte, a maior taxa de reações adversas observada durante a infusão celular, além de resultar em menor número de células CD34, com consequente recuperação hematológica ligeiramente mais tardia / Autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell (HCP) transplantation requires the mobilization of these cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood from which they are collected. Such mobilization may be performed with the administration of filgrastim (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) alone or in combination with chemotherapy (G-CSF / CT). The HPC products obtained by these two methods of mobilization present differences in cellular content, which could result in different clinical outcomes, such as hematological recovery and adverse reactions (RA) to infusion of the product. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the RA rates of infusion of the product according to the type of cellular mobilization, in other words, GCSF isolated or associated with chemotherapy. A total of 611 patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma (MM) underwent mobilization and collection of MCH for autologous transplantation in the last 15 years, of which 267 used G-CSF and 344 G-CSF / CT (285 of which were transplanted at our institution). The apheresis procedure resulted in 2 pockets (100 mL each), according to local standardization, which were cryopreserved with 10% DMSO kept in a liquid nitrogen container until thawed and infused. The RAs evaluated were nausea / vomiting, diarrhea, arrhythmia, dyspnea and neurological abnormalities (headache and encephalopathy) (5 possibilities of RA for each patient) during the cellular infusion or soon after its completion. Results: The median age range was 54 (46-60) and 41 (29-55) years for the G-CSF and G-CSF / CT groups, respectively (p <0.0001). The CD34 + / ?L peak was 16.6 (8.88 - 29.18) and 31.1 (16.15 - 71.9) for the G-CSF and G-CSF / CT groups, respectively (p <0.0001). The products obtained in the G-CSF group contained a greater number of granulocytes (x 108 / ml): 155.2 (113.2-205.1) vs 114.4 (68.31-178.2) (p <0, 0001) and platelets (x 108 / ml): 1590 (1010-2190) vs 392 (209.5-800) (p <0.001). The G-CSF group received infusion of a higher dose of DMSO (g / kg): 0.21 (0.14-0.57) vs 0.17 (0.11-0.71) (p = 0.012) and a lower dose of CD34 cells (x 106 / kg): 3.28 (2.46 -3.99) vs 3.72 (2.58-5.48) (p <0.0001). Haematological recovery (neutrophils >= 500 / ?L) occurred on days 12 (11-14) and 11 (10-12) in the G-CSF and G-CSF / QT groups, respectively (p <0.0001). The RAs occurred in 58.27% and 50.94% of patients in the G-CSF and G-CSF / CT groups, respectively (p = 0.234), however, the number of reactions was 132 (in 635 possibilities) and 126 (in 795 possibilities) in the G-CSF and G-CSF / CT groups, respectively (p = 0.016). In patients receiving >= 2 pockets of MHC (and similar dose of DMSO), there was a greater number of RAs in the G-CSF group (122 vs 75, p = 0.02). The female sex was associated with a higher rate of nausea / vomiting (23.84% vs 46.49%, p = 0.0001). Conclusion: mobilization of CPH with G-CSF alone, despite having many advantages, results in a higher number of undesirable cells, such as granulocytes and platelets in the final product, which could explain, at least in part, the higher rate of adverse reactions observed during the cellular infusion, in addition to resulting in a smaller number of CD34 cells, with consequent slightly later hematological recovery

Orientador: Márjorie de Assis Golim / Resumo: O sistema de qualidade é de suma importância em laboratórios clínicos para avaliação de processos analíticos de maneira que os resultados liberados sejam verdadeiros. Para a metodologia de imunofenotipagem celular por citometria de fluxo as amostras devem ser frescas e os exames realizados preferencialmente dentro de 48 horas. É relevante utilizar amostras de controle de qualidade internos (CQI) padronizadas, de modo que possam ser repetidas rotineiramente, como referencial de qualidade. No Brasil, poucos serviços comercializam amostras preservadas para uso como CQI. Deste modo, a padronização in house com validação de processo para obtenção de amostras que possam ser utilizadas para esta finalidade é relevante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver controle de qualidade interno para as rotinas de quantificação de células progenitoras hematopoéticas (CPH), utilizando solução preservante e avaliar a reprodutibilidade e estabilidade ao longo do tempo. Foram preparadas soluções preservantes contendo diferentes concentrações de anticoagulantes e fixadores, e destas, foi selecionada uma composição, originalmente padronizada neste estudo. Foram utilizados 5mL de sangue periférico, sendo este acrescido da solução a ser testada. Imediatamente, realizou-se a quantificação das populações de CPH em tubo Trucount®, usando anti-CD45, anti-CD34 e 7-AAD, conforme indicado pelo fabricante. A leitura foi realizada em citômetro de fluxo modelo FACSCalibur®-BD, para obtenção dos valores abs... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The quality system is of paramount importance in clinical laboratories for evaluating analytical processes in order to consider true the released results. The samples must be performed fresh preferably within 48 hours for the cell immunophenotyping methodology by flow cytometry. It is relevant to use standardized internal quality control (IQC) samples, thus they could be repeated routinely, as a quality benchmark. In Brazil, only a few services commercialize preserved samples for use as IQC. Therefore, it is relevant to use in-house standardization with process validation to obtain samples that can be used for this purpose. The objective of this work was to develop an IQC for a daily routine quantification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by using a preservative solution and to evaluate the reproducibility and stability over time. Preservative solutions containing different concentrations of anticoagulants and fixatives were prepared, and from these, a composition was selected, which was previously originally standardized in this study. 5mL of peripheral blood were used, which was added to the solution to be tested. The HSCs populations were immediately quantified in a Trucount® tube, using anti-CD45, anti-CD34 and 7-AAD, as indicated by the manufacturer. The reading was performed in a flow cytometer model FACSCalibur®-BD in order to obtain the absolute values of HSCs on day zero, 7, 21, 35 and 49. During this period, the samples were kept refrigerated (2 to 8ºC). The value... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The focus of this research is to describe the production and characterization of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) in insect cells, using Autographa californica buclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) as an expression vector. All three forms of biological activity of hGM-CSF. Following N-glycanase treatment, the two glycosylated hGM-CSF proteins (15.5 and 16.5 KDa) which bound to Concanavalin A affinity column ran as a 14.5-15.5 KDa band on SDS-PAGE. Western blot analysis of expression in Sf9 cells treated with tunicamycin revealed only the presence of the 14.5 KDa species. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the recombinant hGM-CSF was identical to that of natural hGM-CSF deduced from cDNA. These results demonstrate that baculovirus-produced hGM-CSF could be N-glycosylated in Sf9 cells, the signal peptide of recombinant hGM-CSF could be recognized and cleaved by infected insect cells and the resultant molecule secreted into the medium.

Background Hematopoietic stem cells located in the bone marrow interact with a specific microenvironment referred to as the stem cell niche. Data derived from ex vivo co-culture systems using mesenchymal stromal cells as a feeder cell layer suggest that cell-to-cell contact has a significant impact on the expansion, migratory potential and ‘stemness’ of hematopoietic stem cells. Here we investigated in detail the spatial relationship between hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells during ex vivo expansion. Design and Methods In the co-culture system, we defined three distinct localizations of hematopoietic stem cells relative to the mesenchymal stromal cell layer: (i) those in supernatant (non-adherent cells); (ii) those adhering to the surface of mesenchymal stromal cells (phase-bright cells) and (iii) those beneath the mesenchymal stromal cells (phase-dim cells). Cell cycle, proliferation, cell division and immunophenotype of these three cell fractions were evaluated from day 1 to 7. Results Phase-bright cells contained the highest proportion of cycling progenitors during co-culture. In contrast, phase-dim cells divided much more slowly and retained a more immature phenotype compared to the other cell fractions. The phase-dim compartment was soon enriched for CD34+/CD38− cells. Migration beneath the mesenchymal stromal cell layer could be hampered by inhibiting integrin β1 or CXCR4. Conclusions Our data suggest that the mesenchymal stromal cell surface is the predominant site of proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells, whereas the compartment beneath the mesenchymal stromal cell layer seems to mimic the stem cell niche for more immature cells. The SDF-1/CXCR4 interaction and integrin-mediated cell adhesion play important roles in the distribution of hematopoietic stem cells in the co-culture system.

Pendant l'ontogenèse, les progéniteurs hématopoïétiques sont générés en 3 vagues indépendantes. Les 2 premières (primitive, puis transitoire définitive) ont lieu dans le sac vitellin (SV), avant la génération des Cellules Souches Hématopoïétiques (CSH), qui apparaissent plus tard au niveau de la région "Aorta‐Gonad‐Mesonephros" (AGM), lors de la 3ème vague, dite définitive. Tal1/SCL et son paralogue Lyl‐1 appartiennent à un complexe transcriptionnel qui régule le développement hématopoïétique. Tal‐1/SCL est indispensable à la spécification des progéniteurs hématopoïétiques des 3 vagues. Par contre, le rôle de Lyl‐1 lors du développement hématopoïétique est mal connu. Grâce au gène rapporteur lacZ des souris Lyl‐1lacZ, nous montrons que Lyl‐1 marque et régule les progéniteurs macrophagiques primitifs (MΦPrim) du SV, ainsi que la microglie. Notre analyse en RNA‐seq montre que l'ensemble des gènes exprimés par les progéniteurs MΦPrim est bien distinct de celui des progéniteurs MΦ transitoire définitifs, plus tardifs, reflétant le statut primitif des MΦPrim. De plus, l'invalidation de Lyl‐1 influence les voies de signalisations de l'inflammation et conduit à une activation anormale des gènes de la microglie impliqués dans la régulation synaptique. Lors de la 3ème vague du développement hématopoïétique, nous montrons que l'invalidation de Lyl‐1 conduit à une diminution de l'activité des reconstitutions à long terme des CSH de l'AGM à E10 et à une réduction de la population de CSH dans le foie fœtal à E12 et E14. La réduction de la population de CSH semble liée uniquement à un taux accru d'apoptose des CSH Lyl‐1LacZ/LacZ uniquement au stade de l'AGM. En conclusion, nos résultats montrent que Lyl‐1 régule la production des progéniteurs MΦ primitifs, le développement de la microglie et celui des CSH, dont il contrôle la taille de la population, peu après leur génération. / During ontogeny, hematopoietic progenitors are generated in three independent waves, the first two (primitive and transient definitive) develop from the yolk sac (YS), before the appearance of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) that occurs later in the Aorta‐Gonad‐Mesonephros (AGM), in the third and definitive wave. Both Tal1/SCL and its paralog Lyl‐1 belong to the transcriptional complex that regulates hematopoietic progenitor development. While Tal‐1/SCL is mandatory for the specification of hematopoietic progenitors from the three embryonic waves, to date the functions of Lyl‐1 during developmental hematopoiesis remains largely unknown. By making use of the lacZ reporter from the Lyl‐1lacZ mice, we previously found that Lyl‐1 marks and regulates YS macrophage progenitors from the primitive wave (MΦPrim), and embryonic microglia. In a RNA‐seq analysis, we show that MΦPrim gene expression landscape is clearly distinct from later transient definitive MΦ　progenitors, reflecting their primitive status. Lyl‐1 invalidation also influences some inflammatory signalling pathways and also leads to the abnormal activation of microglia genes involved in synaptic regulation. In the definitive wave, we found that Lyl‐1 disruption leads to a reduced efficiency of long‐term reconstitution by HSC from embryonic day (E)10 AGM and reduced HSC pool size in E12 and E14 fetal liver. The reduction of the HSC pool results from a higher apoptosis level in Lyl‐1LacZ/LacZ HSCs restricted to the AGM stage. Together, our data establish that Lyl‐1 regulates the development of MΦPrim progenitors and HSC pool size soon after they are generated.

The primary aim of this diploma thesis was to draw attention to the issue of bone marrow donation. The thesis focuses on the level of public awareness and people's significant doubts regarding bone marrow donation, as these doubts and apprehensions might be the main reason restraining them from entering the bone marrow donor register. The theoretical part provides a comprehensive summary of findings in this area. Substantial part addresses particular types of the hematopoietic cells taking process and the following donor treatment. The empirical part of this diploma thesis constitutes of a quantitative research, in which hundereds of respondents have been reached through an electronic questionnaire. Within exactly 10 days, 576 of them filed for the survey, 496 of them were valid and processed. The outcome of the research reflects strong need for raising factual public awareness in the area of hematopoietic cells donation, especially in respect to current donation methods. 79,51 % of respondents had no knowledge of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) donation method. 50,26 % of them admitted fear of the bone marrow donation procedure itself. Respondents taking part in the research showed great interest in the topic. 85,48 % of them would appreciate further education and 82,66 % assumes that...

(English) Using flow cytometry we analyzed absolute and relative proportions of hematopoietic stem and progenitors cells (HSPC) populations including hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), multipotent progenitors (MPP), multilymphoid progenitors (MLP) and pro B cells from bone marrow of patients with mature B cell malignancies and in healthy controls. We found lower absolute and relative numbers of MLP and higher relative numbers of HSC were observed in patients when compared to age-matched controls irrespective of bone marrow (BM) involvement. On the other hand significantly decreased absolute numbers of MPP were observed only in patients who had their BM infiltrated by disease. We also confirmed published data showing increasing absolute and relative percentages of MLP with increasing age, decreasing relative percentages of HSC with increasing age, and decreasing absolute and relative pro B cell frequencies with increasing age in healthy subjects. While decreased absolute and relative pro B cell numbers were also found in patient samples as age increased, no significant correlations were detected in patients HSC, MPP or MLP populations. Age-related sub-analysis of PTs samples demonstrated that most of the disease associated changes in HSPC frequencies were observable more prominently in the elderly (>45...

An intact and fully functional innate immune system is critical in the defense against pathogens. Indeed, during systemic infection, the ability of the organism to cope with the increased demand for phagocytes depends heavily on sufficient replenishment of mature myeloid cells. This process, designated emergency or demand-adapted myelopoiesis, requires the activation of hematopoietic progenitors in the bone marrow (BM), resulting in their proliferation and differentiation toward the myeloid lineage. Failure of BM progenitors to adapt to the enhanced need for mature cells in the periphery can be life-threatening, as indicated by the detrimental effect of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression on the outcome of systemic infection. Recent advances demonstrate an important role of not only committed myeloid progenitors but also of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in emergency myelopoiesis. In this regard, pathogen-derived products (e.g., Toll-like receptor ligands) activate HSC differentiation towards the myeloid lineage, either directly or indirectly, by inducing the production of inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines and growth factors) by hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cell populations. The inflammatory mediators driving demand-adapted myelopoiesis target not only HSCs but also HSC-supportive cell populations, collectively known as the HSC niche, the microenvironment where HSCs reside. In this review, we discuss recent findings that have further elucidated the mechanisms that drive emergency myelopoiesis, focusing on the interactions of HSCs with their BM microenvironment.

The bone marrow (BM) niche provides hematopoietic stem (HSC) and progenitor cells with many exogenous cues that tightly regulate homeostasis. These cues orchestrate cellular decisions, which are difficult to dissect and analyze in vivo. This thesis introduces a novel in vitro platform that permits systematic studies of BM-relevant factors that regulate homeostasis. Specifically, the role of 3D patterned adhesion ligands and soluble cytokines were studied in a combinatorial fashion. Analysis of human HSC differentiation and proliferation at both population and single cell level showed synergistic and antagonistic effects of adhesion- and cytokine-related signals. Those effects were dependent on the cytokine concentration and the distribution and number of adhesion ligands. The aim of this thesis was to model the in vivo bone marrow with its porous 3D structure and different sized niche compartments using a microcavity culture carrier. The developed culture system presented extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion ligands to the HSCs in various defined dimensions ranging from single- to multi-cell capacity. The 3D open well geometry of the microcavity carriers also allowed HSCs to freely explore different scenarios including homing, migration, adhesion, or suspension. Furthermore, the developed setup offered straightforward accessibility to analytical methods like cytometry and quantitative microscopy. Single cell analysis of adherent HSCs showed decreased DNA synthesis and higher levels of stem cell marker expression within single cell microcavities under low cytokine conditions . This effect was reflected in a decline of proliferation and differentiation with decreasing microcavity size. When the cytokine concentration was increased2 beyond physiological levels the inhibitory effect on proliferation and differentiation due to single-cell-microcavity adherence was diminished. This result highlighted the fine balance between adhesion related and soluble cues regulating HSC fate. Within small microcavities more adhesion related receptors were engaged due to the 3D character of the culture carrier compared to multi-cell wells or conventional 2D cell culture plates. This study demonstrated that adhesion-related signal activation leads to reduced proliferation and differentiation. This geometry-based effect could be reversed by increased cytokine supplementation in the culture media. For plane substrates, HSCs attachment to fibronectin or heparin initiated early cell cycle entry compared to non-adherent cells during the initial 24h. Cytokine supplemented media favored integrin activation that induced fast adhesion, ultimately leading to early cell cycle activation. However, after prolonged cell culture the system balanced itself with a lower cycling rate of adherent versus non-adherent HSCs. Furthermore, HSCs within the 3-dimensionality of the microcavities cycled less than 2D adherent cells. These findings additionally supported the above stated idea of limited HSC proliferation as a consequence of more adhesion-related signals overwriting cytokine driven expansion. To complement the various in vitro studies, an in vivo repopulation study was performed. Cultured HSCs derived from single cell microcavities outperformed freshly isolated HSCs in a competitive repopulation assay, indicating that carefully engineered substrates are capable of preserving stem cell potential. Overall the reported findings provide a promising in vitro culture strategy that allows the stem cell field to gain a better understanding of the impact of distinct exogenous signals on human HSCs, which discloses new concepts for the wide scientific community working towards tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.:Kurzbeschreibung 4 Abstract 6 1 Introduction 8 1.1 Motivation 8 1.2 Objective 8 2 Basics 10 2.1 Stem Cells and their Role in Life 10 Stem Cells and their Niches 12 2.1.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cells 12 2.1.2 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche 14 2.1.3 The ECM Relevancy 16 2.1.4 HSC Relevant Cytokines 19 2.2 Cell Culture Scaffolds 21 2.2.1 General 2D, 3D 21 2.2.2 Substrate Engineering 22 2.2.3 Co-Culture versus the Artificial 3D Niche 23 3 Materials and Methods 25 3.1 Chemicals, Reagents and Equipment 25 3.2 Wafer Design and Surface Functionalization 29 3.3 Cell Culture and Analysis 31 3.3.1 HSC Culture in ECM-functionalized Microcavities 32 3.4 Surface Passivation 33 3.5 Mouse Bone Marrow Preparation 35 4 Results and Discussion 37 4.1 Scaffold Design and Preparation 37 4.1.1 Surface Characterization 37 4.1.2 Surface Passivation 39 Approaches for Surface Passivation 39 Efficiency of Surface Passivation 39 4.1.3 Redesigned Microcavities 43 4.2 Summarized Discussion of the Surface Passivation 44 4.3 HSC Culture inside Microcavities 45 4.3.1 HSC-ECM Interaction Reduces Proliferation 45 4.3.2 Population-wide Proliferation and Differentiation of Spatially Constrained HSCs . … 46 HSCs within Redesigned Microcavities 48 4.3.3 Colony-forming Ability of Microcavity Cultures 50 4.4 Single Cell Analysis of Differentiation 52 4.5 Cell Cycling Dependency on Cytokine Level 53 4.5.1 Plane Surfaces 54 4.5.2 Microcavities Reduce Cycling Frequency 57 4.6 Mice Repopulation of Microcavity Cultured HSCs 58 4.7 Summarized Discussion of the HSC–ECM Relation 60 4.8 Future Prospects 62 5 Summary 63 References 64 Figure Legend 73 Tables 73 Theses 74 6 Appendices I 6.1 FACS Principle I 6.1.1 HSC Staining for CD Marker and Cell Cycle Kinetics I 6.1.2 Apoptosis Test II 6.2 Differentiation and Proliferation on Redesigned Microcavities III 6.3 Colony-forming Capability of Microcavity Cultured Cells IV 6.4 Effect of Trypsin on HSC Properties in Long Term Culture IV 6.5 Surface Functionalization with SCF V 6.5.1 Analysis of the HSCs Grown on Immobilized SCF VI 6.5.2 SCF Immobilization and its Kinetics VII 6.5.3 c-kit Expression Kinetics and HSC Differentiation VIII Short Discussion on the Growth Factor Immobilization IX Publications X Posters X Proceedings XI Talks XI Patents XI Papers XI Awards XI 7 Danksagung: XII Selbstständigkeitserklärung: XIII / Die Homöostase der Hämatopoietischen Stamm- und Vorläuferzellen (HSC) in der Knochenmark Nische wird von einer Vielzahl exogener Faktoren gezielt reguliert. Diese Faktoren orchestrieren intrazelluläre Vorgänge, deren in vivo Analyse kompliziert ist. Die vorliegende These widmet sich einem neuen biotechnologischen Ansatz, der systematische Studien von Knochenmark-relevanten Faktoren ermöglicht. Im Speziellen wurde die Rolle 3D-präsentierter Zell Adhäsionsliganden in Kombination mit verschiedenen Konzentrationen löslicher Zytokine untersucht. Die Auswertung der Proliferation und Differenzierung von humanen HSC auf Einzelzell- und Populationsebene offenbarte die synergistischen und antagonistischen Effekte von Adhäsions- und Zytokinsignalen in ihrer Abhängigkeit von der Verteilung und der Anzahl von Adhäsionsliganden sowie der Zytokinkonzentration. Um die poröse Struktur des Knochenmarks in vivo-ähnlich darzustellen, wurde eine Zellkultur Plattform mit Mikrokavitäten verschiedenster Dimensionen von Multi- bis Einzelzellgröße entwickelt und mit Molekülen der extrazellulären Matrix beschichtet. Die Vorteile dieser Plattform liegen in der offenen 3D-Geometrie dieses mikrokavitäten Kultursystems, die den Zellen ermöglichte verschiedene Wachstumsbedingungen bezüglich Homing, Migration, Adhäsion oder Suspension frei zu erkunden. Das leicht zugängliche Setup eignete sich zudem hervorragend für die zytometrische Analyse der Zellen oder die quantitative Mikroskopie. Die Einzelzellanalyse adhärenter HSC ergab eine Reduktion von DNA Synthese und eine höhere Expression von Stammzelloberflächenfaktoren innerhalb der Einzelzell-Mikrokavitäten bei niedrigen Zytokinkonzentrationen . Dieser Effekt spiegelte sich auch auf Populationsebene in verminderter Proliferation und Differenzierung mit abnehmender Größe der Mikrokavitäten wider. Wurde die Zytokinkonzentration jedoch weit über physiologische Bedingungen erhöht, verminderte sich der Effekt (reduzierte DNA Synthese und höhere Stammzellfaktorexpression) beschrieben für die Einzelzellmikrokavitäten. Dieses Ergebnis verdeutlicht die empfindliche intrazelluläre Balance, vermittelt durch Adhäsionsignale und löslichen Faktoren, die das Verhalten von HSCs regulieren. Aufgrund des 3D-Charakters des Zellkulturträgers wurden innerhalb kleiner Mikrokavitäten mehr Adhäsionsrezeptoren ringsum die Zelle aktiviert. Dieser Vorteil gegenüber den Multizellkavitäten oder der herkömmlichen 2D–Zellkultur ermöglichte eine hohe Anzahl adhäsionsvermittelter Signale mit entsprechend höherer Proliferations-inhibitorischer Wirkung. Je höher die Konzentration der Zytokine war, desto stärker erfolgte die Stimulation der Proliferation und Differenzierung. Auf 2D Substraten, initiierte Adhäsion zu Fibronektin und Heparin innerhalb der ersten 24h einen frühen Zell-Zyklus-Start im Gegensatz zu nicht adhärenten Zellen. Die Zytokine im Zellmedium förderten die Integrin Aktivierung, was zu einer schnellen Zelladhäsion führte. Die Adhäsionsrezeptoren wiederum kooperieren mit Zytokinrezeptoren im Zellinneren und begünstigten damit einen zeitigeren Zell-Zyklus- Start. Allerdings stellte sich danach ein Gleichgewicht im Kultursystem ein, wobei weniger adhärente Zellen als nicht-adhärente Zellen den Zellzyklus durchliefen. Des Weiteren war die Zellzyklusrate innerhalb von 3D Mikrokavitäten niedriger verglichen mit herkömmlichen 2D Substraten. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen ferner obenstehende These, dass Zytokin-induzierte Zellexpansion durch erhöhte Zelladhäsions-vermittelte Signale überschrieben wird. Um die in vitro Studien zu komplettieren wurde ein in vivo Repopulationsversuch durchgeführt. HSC kultiviert auf Einzel-Zell-Mikrokavitäten übertrafen frisch isolierte Konkurrenz-Zellen in einem kompetitiven Repopulationsversuch. Dieses erste Ergebnis zeigt, dass sich der Zellgröße entsprechende Biomaterialien für die erfolgreiche Stammzell-Kultur eignen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit bieten eine vielversprechende in vitro Zellkulturstrategie, die ein besseres Verständnis der Einflüsse von exogenen Signalen auf HSC erlaubt und damit eine Grundlage für neue Erkenntnisse in Richtung erfolgreicheres Tissue Engineering und klinische Anwendungen im Bereich der regenerativen Medizin bildet.:Kurzbeschreibung 4 Abstract 6 1 Introduction 8 1.1 Motivation 8 1.2 Objective 8 2 Basics 10 2.1 Stem Cells and their Role in Life 10 Stem Cells and their Niches 12 2.1.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cells 12 2.1.2 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche 14 2.1.3 The ECM Relevancy 16 2.1.4 HSC Relevant Cytokines 19 2.2 Cell Culture Scaffolds 21 2.2.1 General 2D, 3D 21 2.2.2 Substrate Engineering 22 2.2.3 Co-Culture versus the Artificial 3D Niche 23 3 Materials and Methods 25 3.1 Chemicals, Reagents and Equipment 25 3.2 Wafer Design and Surface Functionalization 29 3.3 Cell Culture and Analysis 31 3.3.1 HSC Culture in ECM-functionalized Microcavities 32 3.4 Surface Passivation 33 3.5 Mouse Bone Marrow Preparation 35 4 Results and Discussion 37 4.1 Scaffold Design and Preparation 37 4.1.1 Surface Characterization 37 4.1.2 Surface Passivation 39 Approaches for Surface Passivation 39 Efficiency of Surface Passivation 39 4.1.3 Redesigned Microcavities 43 4.2 Summarized Discussion of the Surface Passivation 44 4.3 HSC Culture inside Microcavities 45 4.3.1 HSC-ECM Interaction Reduces Proliferation 45 4.3.2 Population-wide Proliferation and Differentiation of Spatially Constrained HSCs . … 46 HSCs within Redesigned Microcavities 48 4.3.3 Colony-forming Ability of Microcavity Cultures 50 4.4 Single Cell Analysis of Differentiation 52 4.5 Cell Cycling Dependency on Cytokine Level 53 4.5.1 Plane Surfaces 54 4.5.2 Microcavities Reduce Cycling Frequency 57 4.6 Mice Repopulation of Microcavity Cultured HSCs 58 4.7 Summarized Discussion of the HSC–ECM Relation 60 4.8 Future Prospects 62 5 Summary 63 References 64 Figure Legend 73 Tables 73 Theses 74 6 Appendices I 6.1 FACS Principle I 6.1.1 HSC Staining for CD Marker and Cell Cycle Kinetics I 6.1.2 Apoptosis Test II 6.2 Differentiation and Proliferation on Redesigned Microcavities III 6.3 Colony-forming Capability of Microcavity Cultured Cells IV 6.4 Effect of Trypsin on HSC Properties in Long Term Culture IV 6.5 Surface Functionalization with SCF V 6.5.1 Analysis of the HSCs Grown on Immobilized SCF VI 6.5.2 SCF Immobilization and its Kinetics VII 6.5.3 c-kit Expression Kinetics and HSC Differentiation VIII Short Discussion on the Growth Factor Immobilization IX Publications X Posters X Proceedings XI Talks XI Patents XI Papers XI Awards XI 7 Danksagung: XII Selbstständigkeitserklärung: XIII