Orientador: Mary Massumi Itoyama / Banca: Maria Aparecida Marin Morales / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Almeida / Banca: Carlos Eugênio Cavasini / Banca: Maria Tercilia Vilela de Azeredo Oliveira / Resumo: Os Heteroptera possuem grande número de espécies descritas, aproximadamente, 40.000, além de habitat diversificado e hábitos alimentares bem variáveis, pois, podem viver como parasitas de aves ou mamíferos, se alimentarem de estruturas de plantas, micélios de alguns fungos ou outros artrópodes. Apesar destes insetos possuírem importância econômica seus estudos ainda são poucos explorados, principalmente, com relação aos lobos tetsiculares e suas relações filogenéticas. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo inferir e entender as relações filogenéticas de espécies de Heteroptera pertencentes às famílias Coreidae e Pentatomidae, a partir dos fragmentos dos genes mitocondriais (COI, Cyt b e 16S) e nucleares (28S e 18S) e de dados moleculares associados com dados morfológicos e citogenéticos. A partir das análises foi possível identificar algumas relações entre as famílias, tribos e gêneros, demonstrando a eficiência dos genes e metodologias escolhidas. As famílias formam dois clados e esses formam grupo irmão, na maioria das análises. Analisando a família Coreidae observamos na maioria das análises, que formam agrupamentos monofiléticos. Quanto à família Pentatomidae, em todas as análises confirmaram sua monofilia. Observamos o agrupamento constante de espécies da mesma tribo e também agrupamentos congenéricos, com altos valores de bootstrap. Porém, agrupamentos entre espécies de mesma família, porém de tribos diferentes ainda merecem ser melhor estudados e explorados. Foi observado que com a inserção de dados morfológicos e citogenéticos houve uma melhor resolução dos resultados, principalmente, entre as tribos Pentatomini, Chlorocorini e Carpocorini (Pentatomidae). Com a análise evolutiva foi observado que algumas espécies agrupadas possuem características morfológicas mais semelhantes com espécies de outras tribos do que com seu grupo. Com esta análise foi possível identificar as ... / Abstract: The Heteroptera have large number of described species, about 40,000, and diverse habitat and alimentary habits variables and therefore can live as parasites of birds and mammals, feeding on plant structures, mycelia of fungi or other arthropods. Despite these insects possess economic importance their studies are still few explored mainly in relation to testicular lobes and their phylogenetic relationships. Thus, this study aimed to understand and infer the phylogenetic relationships of species of Heteroptera belonging to the families Coreidae and Pentatomidae, from the fragments of mitochondrial genes (COI, Cyt b and 16S) and nuclear (28S and 18S) and molecular data associated morphological data and cytogenetic data. From the analysis it was possible to identify some relationships between families, tribes and genera, demonstrating the efficiency of genes and methodologies chosen. Families form two clades and these form brother group, most analyzes. Analyzing family Coreidae observed in most analyzes that form monophyletic groups. As the family Pentatomidae in all analyzes confirmed its monophyly. Observed clustering constant species of the same tribe and also congeneric groups with high bootstrap values. However, groupings among species of the same family, but different tribes still deserve to be better studied and explored. It was observed that with the inclusion of morphological and cytogenetic there was a better resolution of the results, especially among the tribes Pentatomini, Chlorocorini and Carpocorini (Pentatomidae). With the evolutionary analysis it was observed that some species grouped morphological characteristics more similar to species of other tribes than with your group. With this analysis it is possible to identify the relationships between families, tribes and genera and some similarities between species of different tribes grouped, however, there is need for a greater number of species and characters involved, because ... / Doutor

Orientador: Mary Massumi Itoyama / Banca: Francisco Langeani Neto / Banca: João Aristeu da Rosa / Resumo: Pentatomomorpha é composta por cerca de 14.000 espécies, distribuídas em seis superfamílias, entre as quais estão inclusas Pentatomoidea e Coreoidea. Pentatomoidea possui 7.000 espécies distribuídas em 15 famílias, das quais Pentatomidae é a maior, com 4.500 espécies e 760 gêneros, estando representados no Estado de São Paulo 163 espécies. A superfamília Coreoidea é composta por cinco famílias, contudo apenas Coreidae, Rophalidae e Alydidae estão presentes no Neotrópico. A família Coreidae possui 1.884 espécies, divididas em quatro subfamílias, das quais Coreinae tem oito tribos com representantes no Brasil. Embora as famílias Pentatomidae e Coreidae apresentem um significante papel como pragas de culturas agrícolas, são escassas análises cladísticas envolvendo esses táxons, o que resulta na ausência de uma única hipótese de classificação, tornando pesquisas com abordagens de sistemática filogenética necessárias para essas famílias. Portanto, o presente estudo buscou caracterizar as relações filogenéticas das famílias Pentatomidae e suas subfamílias por meio dos genes 16S, ND5 (mitocondriais), 18S e 28S (nucleares) e da família Coreidae e sua respectiva subfamília Coreinae por meio dos genes 18S e 28S. Objetivou-se também, confirmar a classificação atual das tribos e subfamílias das espécies de Pentatomidae e Coreidae, que é embasada em caracteres morfológicos, assim como avaliar a variabilidade genética das sequências correspondentes aos genes mitocondriais e nucleares analisados. A partir dos resultados foi observado que os genes nucleares são conservados ao passo que os mitocondriais são altamente variáveis e com tendência as bases AT. Este estudo evidenciou que os genes nucleares 18S e 28S não são ideais para resoluções filogenéticas em nível de famílias, subfamílias e tribos de Coreidae e Pentatomidae, visto que... / Abstract: Pentatomomorpha consists about 14.000 species distributed in six superfamilies, to which Pentatomoidea and Coreoidea are included. Pentatomidae has 7000 species in 15 families, of which Pentatomidae is the largest, with 4500 species and 760 genera, although in the state of São Paulo only 163 species are present. The Coreoidae superfamily consists of five families, however only Coreidae, Rophalidae and Alydidae are present in the Neotropics. The Coreidae family has 1884 species, divided into four subfamilies, of which Coreinae has eight tribes with representatives in Brazil. Although Pentatomidae and Coreidae families have a significant role as pests of agricultural crops, the cladistic analysis involving these taxa are scarce, which results in the absence of a single hypothesis classification, making research on phylogenetic systematic approaches necessary for these families. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the phylogenetic relationships of Pentatomidae families and subfamilies through the 16S, ND5, 18S and 28S genes and Coreidae family and their respective Coreinae subfamily through the 18S and 28S genes. We aimed also to confirm the current classification of tribes and subfamilies of Pentatomidae and Coreidae, which is grounded on morphological characters, as well as to evaluate the genetic variability of the sequences corresponding to the mitochondrial and nuclear genes analyzed. From the results it was observed that the nuclear genes are conserved while the mitochondrial are highly variable and tend to AT base. Our study showed that nuclear genes 18S and 28S are not ideal for phylogenetic resolution at the level of families, subfamilies and tribes of Coreidae and Pentatomidae, because the supports of the branches do not allow that there is confiability in the analysis. Furthermore, groups considered monophyletic, based on morphological characteristics, such ... / Mestre

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2018-09-04T12:41:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2165872 bytes, checksum: 7b20ed84916fcf93be218e2ce4393822 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T12:41:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2165872 bytes, checksum: 7b20ed84916fcf93be218e2ce4393822 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A ordem Hemiptera compreende um grupo diversificado de insetos com cerca de 89 mil espécies descritas e agrupadas nas quatro subordens: Heteroptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coleorrhyncha e Auchenorrhyncha. Esta última possui mais de 25 mil espécies descritas dentro de duas grandes infraordens: Cicadomorpha (Cercopoidea, Cicadoidea e Membracoidea) e Fulgoromorpha (Fulgoroidea). A subordem Heteroptera é dividida nas infraordens: Enicocephalomorpha, Dipsocoromorpha, Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha, Leptopodomorpha, Pentatomomorpha e Cimicomorpha. Ela possui mais de 400 mil espécies descritas que podem ser predadoras, fitófagas e hematófagas caracterizando essa subordem como de importância econômica e de saúde pública. As relações filogenéticas dentro dos Auchenorrhyncha e dos Heteroptera ainda são temas de muito debate. O conhecimento da biologia reprodutiva e da morfologia dos espermatozoides podem contribuir para estudos taxonômicos e filogenéticos dessas duas subordens. Nesse contexto, no presente trabalho descrevemos, usando as microscopias de luz e eletrônica de transmissão, a estrutura e ultraestrutura dos espermatozoides de Dalbulus maidis e Collaria oleosa e Prepops zetterstedti. No primeiro capítulo, nós redescrevemos os espermatozoides de D. maidis, que mediram de 118,1-128,5 μm de comprimento, sendo este valor cerca de três vezes menor do que o descrito anteriormente. A região da cabeça é formada por acrossomo e núcleo. O acrossomo é paracristalino e tem a base bifurcada que está encaixada em duas cavidades em um lado da região anterior do núcleo. O núcleo mediu 19,3-22,9 μm de comprimento e, em corte transversal, exibiu a forma de meio lua com uma fina projeção central, mas nas extremidades ele se mostrou oval. O flagelo consistiu de um axonema com 9+9+2 microtúbulos, dois derivados mitocondriais simétricos, dois corpos acessórios associados a uma pequena estrutura sub-elipsoidal e um "material centro-flagelar". A porção final do flagelo de todos os espermatozoides era ramificada em três filamentos. No segundo capítulo nós caracterizamos morfologicamente os espermatozoides de dois percevejos da família Miridae, C. oleosa e P. zetterstedti. Os espermatozoides de C. oleosa e P. zetterstedti mediram 171,3 μm e 276,0 μm de comprimento, dos quais 24,7 μm e 27,2 μm representaram o núcleo, respectivamente. Em ambas espécies, essas células apresentaram na região de cabeça um acrossomo e núcleo, e no flagelo um axonema de 9+9+2 microtúbulos e dois derivados mitocondriais simétricos. Em C. oleosa, não em P. zetterstedti, o acrossomo é revestido por uma espessa camada de material denso. Na transição núcleo-flagelo das duas espécies foi observado um longo adjunto do centríolo cilíndrico formando uma ponte entre núcleo e os componentes flagelares, essa característica é exclusiva para Miridae. / The order Hemiptera comprises a diverse group of insects with about 89 thousand species described and group in four suborders: Heteroptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coleorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha. The latter has more than 25 thousand species described within two major infraorders: Cicadomorpha (Cercopoidea, Cicadoidea and Membracoidea) and Fulgoromorpha (Fulgoroidea). The suborder Heteroptera is divided in the infraordens: Enicocephalomorpha, Dipsocoromorpha, Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha, Leptopodomorpha, Pentatomomorpha and Cimicomorpha. It has more than 400 thousand species described that can be predatory, phytophagous and hematophagous, characterizing this suborder as of economic importance and public health. Phylogenetic relationships within Auchenorrhyncha and Heteroptera are still subjects of much debate. The knowledge of reproductive biology and morphology of spermatozoa can contribute to taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of these two suborders. In this context, the present work described, using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the structure and ultrastructure of spermatozoa of Dalbulus maidis, Collaria oleosa and Prepops zetterstedti. In the first chapter, we redescribed the spermatozoa of D. maidis, which measured 118.1-128.5 μm in length, being about three times smaller than that previously described. The head region is formed by acrosome and nucleus. Acrosome is paracrystalline and has a bifurcated base which was docked in two cavities on one side of the anterior region of the nucleus. The nucleus measured 19.3-22.9 μm in length and, in cross section, showed a half-moon shape with a thin central projection, but at the extremities it was oval. The flagellum consisted of an axonema with 9+9+2 microtubules, two symmetrical mitochondrial derivatives, two accessory bodies associated with a small sub-ellipsoidal structure and a ‘center-flagellar material’. The final portion of the flagellum of all spermatozoa was branched into three filaments. In the second chapter, we morphologically characterized the spermatozoa of two Miridae bugs, C. oleosa and P. zetterstedti. The spermatozoa of C. oleosa and P. zetterstedti measured 171.3 μm and 276.0 μm in length, of which 24.7 μm and 27.2 μm represented the nucleus, respectively. In both species, the head region presented acrosome and nucleus, and in the flagellum an axoneme of 9+9+2 microtubules and two symmetrical mitochondrial derivatives. Only in C. oleosa, not in P. zetterstedti, acrosome is coated by a thick layer of dense material. In the nucleus-flagellum transition of the two species a long cylindrical centriole adjunct forming a bridge between the nucleus and flagellar components was observed, this feature is exclusive to Miridae.

Strains of the well-studied plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae show large differences in their ability to colonize plants epiphytically and to inflict damage to hosts. Additionally, P. syringae can infect some sap-sucking insects and at least one P. syringae strain is highly virulent to insects, causing death to most individuals within as few as 4 days and growing to high population densities within insect hosts. The likelihood of agricultural pest insects coming into contact with transient populations of P. syringae while feeding on plants is high, yet the ecological implications of these interactions are currently not well understood as virulence has not been tested across a wide range of strains. To investigate virulence differences across strains we exposed the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, both of which are cosmopolitan agricultural pests, to 12 P. syringae strains. We used oral inoculations with bacteria suspended in artificial diet in order to assay virulence while controlling for other variables such as differences in epiphytic growth ability. Generally, patterns of pathogenicity remain consistent across the two species of hemipteran insects, with bacterial strains from phylogroup II, or genomospecies 1, causing the highest rate of mortality with up to 86% of individuals dead after 72 h post infection. The rate of mortality is highly variable across strains, some significantly different from negative control treatments and others showing no discernable difference. Interestingly, one of the most pathogenic strains to both aphids and whiteflies (Cit7) is thought to be nonpathogenic on plants. We also found Cit7 to establish the highest epiphytic population after 48 h on fava beans. Between the nine P. syringae strains tested for epiphytic ability there is also much variation, but epiphytic ability was positively correlated with pathogenicity to insects, suggesting that the two traits may be linked and that strains likely to be found on plants may often be entomopathogenic. Our study highlights that there may be a use for epiphytic bacteria in the biological control of insect crop pests. It also suggests that interactions with epiphytic bacteria could be evolutionary and ecological drivers for hemipteran insects.

[Introduction] In the Western Cape Province the mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso), was first reported on vines in 1930 by Joubert (1943a). By 1935 this mealybug had spread to the Hex River Valley, and subsequently to all the main table grape producing areas of the Western Cape Province. At present Pl. citri is the most important insect pest of the table grape industry and can, if not effectively controlled, result in a loss of at least five per cent of the export table grape crop (Kriegler, 1954). Some preliminary work on the natural enemies of Pl. citri on vines was carried out by Stubbings in 1948, but no further work of this nature has been undertaken in this area since then. The fact that the natural enemies can be an effective check to this mealybug on vines in the Western Cape Province has been known for a number of years (Potgieter, 1937; Hattingh, 1943; Joubert, 1943a; Myburgh, 1951). The present work is an attempt to obtain some basic knowlege of the population fluctuations of the insects concerned in this biological control. Surveys undertaken have shown that there is a complex of primary, secondary and possibly tertiary Hynenopterous parasites associated with Pl. citri. The presence of hyperparasites reduces the efficiency of the primary parasitic Hymenoptera. The usefulness of these primary parasites is further reduced as they only occur in effective numbers for a short period of the year. On the other hand, although attacked by some parasites, the numerous coccinellids found preying on Pl. citri are of more importance in reducing the mealybug populations, as they are present on the vines in effective numbers for the greater part of the year.

Orientador: Mary Massumi Itoyama / Banca: Carlos Eugênio Cavasini / Banca: Adriana Coletto Morales / Resumo: O percevejo Pachycoris torridus (Scopoli 1772) é considerado praga de grande importância agrícola. Por ser uma espécie fitófaga e polífaga seus registros já foram confirmados em diferentes cultivos, entretanto seus ataques à cultura do pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas L), planta que possui em suas sementes uma importante fonte de matéria prima para a produção do biodiesel, são os responsáveis pelo seu valor agrícola. Para complementar as informações referentes a este percevejo, inicialmente realizamos a caracterização da sua distribuição geográfica no Brasil e relatamos a sua ocorrência no Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, ampliamos assim as informações referentes à sua distribuição. Por haver vários trabalhos de descrição dos padrões desta espécie, realizamos um checklist de todos os padrões descritos e descrevemos três novos, completando uma lista com 30 padrões cromáticos, auxiliando na taxonomia desta espécie, a qual já foi descrita oito vezes como nova. Descrevemos também que o desenvolvimento dos padrões cromáticos na espécie é gradual e que o alto polimorfismo de P. torridus possivelmente é um comportamento aposemático. A partir da técnica de Banda C, realizamos a descrição da homogeneidade cromossomal nos diferentes padrões de cores do percevejo. Com a utilização dos marcadores moleculares COI, 28S e 16S concatenados, realizamos a caracterização genética de P. torridus, verificamos que devido à sua alta variabilidade genética existem vários padrões genéticos resultando no mesmo fenótipo. A partir da análise populacional com o marcador mitocondrial COI foi realizada a caracterização dos haplótipos, onde verificamos a estruturação da espécie, o seu alto grau de variabilidade genética e sua recente expansão populacional associada à ampliação do plantio de pinhão manso, assim fornecemos informações inéditas... / Abstract: The stink bug Pachycoris torridus (Scopoli 1772) is considered a pest of great agricultural importance. For being polyphagous and phytophagous your records have already been confirmed in different cultures, however their attacks on culture of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L), plant which has in its seeds an important source of raw material for the production of biodiesel, are responsible for their agricultural value. For additional information regarding this bug, initially we performed the characterization of its geographical distribution in Brazil and report its occurrence in the Northwest of the state of São Paulo, thus expanding the information related to their distribution. By having several studies of description of patterns of this species, we performed a checklist of all patterns described and we describe three new, completing the list with 30 chromatic patterns, assisting in the taxonomy of this species, which was already described eight times as a new species. We also described that the development of color patterns in this species is gradual and that the high polymorphism of P. torridus is possibly one aposematic behavior. From the C-band technique, we perform the description of chromosomal homogeneity in different color patterns of the stink bug. With the use of molecular markers COI, 28S and 16S concatenated, we performed the genetic characterization of de P. torridus, and we verified that due to its high genetic variability there are several genetic patterns resulting in the same phenotype. From the population analysis with the mitochondrial marker COI was performed the characterization of haplotype, verifying the structure of the species, its high degree of genetic variability and its recent populational expansion associated with expanding the planting of physic nut, thus we provide new information about this bug, that stands out among the most polyphagous ... / Mestre

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No description available.

The Hemiptera order has 23,000 species that are distributed among many families. Two of these are the Pentatomidae and Reduviidae families. The aim of this study was to identify the different species of insects from the Reduviidae and Pentatomidae families as well as each species’ abundance in three ecological niches (forest, forest edge, and farm land). The study was conducted in six communities of Los Yungas, La Paz (Carmen Pampa, San Pablo, San Juan de la Miel, Altuspata, Choro Alto, and Choro). In each community, three Malaise traps were installed in the three ecological niches (forest, forest edge, and farm land). The six communities were evaluated for a period of one year. The work was divided among four groups due to the fact that two families were being studied in two different municipalities. In the Coroico municipality (Carmen Pampa, San Pablo, and San Juan de la Miel), the study took place from May 2006 to May 2007. In the Coripata municipality (Altuspata, Choro Alto, and Choro), the study took place from May 2007 to May 2008. The first group identified 34 morphospecies of the Pentatomidae family with 137 individuals in the Carmen Pampa, San Pablo, and San Juan de la Miel communities. The second group identified 19 species of the Pentatomidae family with 54 individuals in the Altuspata, Choro Alto, and Choro communities. The third group found 31 species of the Reduviidae family along with 77 individuals. The fourth group identified 14 species of the Reduviidae family along with 60 individuals. Carmen Pampa and San Juan de la Miel are similar in terms of plant life and climate. San Pablo, however, is different due to its much drier climate. Morphospecies number three from the Pentatomidae family was the most abundant in the farm land niche in San Juan de la Miel. In all six communities, we found that morphospecies 16 was the most abundant in the forest niche. In addition, we found that there is little similarity between the species that inhabit both the forest and farm land areas. A recurrent pattern in the six communities was the presence of similar species in the forest and forest edge niches. This is due to the transitional character of the forest edge niche. Morphospecies 16 of the Reduviidae family was found most often in the forest and forest edge niches of the Altuspata and Choro Alto communities. It was absent in the Choro community. The area of study has insect species of the Pentatomidae and Reduviidae families that play important ecological roles - in some cases they can be pests and in others they can be predators of pests. There is a notable difference in the presence of insects from the Reduviidae and Pentatomidae families between municipalities. This difference is explained by the increased application of agrochemicals in the municipality of Coripata.

The stink bugs, (Pentatomidae) harlequin bug (Murgantia histrionica), brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys), and southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula) are significant agricultural pests both in the United States and globally. The aggregation or sex pheromones produced by these insects are known to be bisabolene-type sesquiterpenoids; however, the biosynthetic pathways in the formation of these pheromones are unknown. Here we provide evidence that Pentatomidae produce sesquiterpene aggregation pheromones de novo and discuss the evolution of terpene biosynthesis in stink bugs. According to transcriptome analyses, the investigated stink bug species express at least two isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs), one of which makes (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as the general precursor in sesquiterpene synthesis, whereas other IDS-type proteins function as terpene synthases (TPSs) generating intermediates in sesquiterpene pheromone formation. The TPS genes are expressed in a sex- and tissue-specific manner. Based on phylogenetic analysis, these IDS-type TPSs arose from trans-IDS progenitors in divergence from bona fide IDS proteins. Compared to microbes and plants, the evolution of TPS function from IDS progenitors in insects appears to have occurred more recently. The discovery of TPS genes in stink bugs provides valuable insight into pentatomid and insect terpene biosynthesis. Moreover, the identified genes may be used in developing alternative management strategies for stink bug pests. / PHD / The stink bugs harlequin bug, brown marmorated stink bug, and southern green stink bug are significant agricultural pests both in the United States and globally. These stink bugs, as many others, release terpene type pheromones for aggregation and mating. In contrast to the general notion that insects depend on their host plants or microbes as sources of terpene pheromones, we provide evidence that stink bugs produce these pheromones de novo. We found that stink bug pheromone formation depends on proteins with terpene synthase activity, which are derived from enzymes producing linear intermediates in the core terpene metabolic pathway (isoprenyl diphosphate synthases). Expression of the terpene synthase genes is confined to specific tissues of males according to the male-specific release of the pheromones. Compared to microbes and plants, the evolution of terpene synthase function from isoprenyl diphosphate synthase progenitors in insects appears to have occurred more recently. The discovery of terpene synthase genes in stink bugs provides valuable insight into pentatomid and insect terpene biosynthesis. Moreover, the identified genes may be used in developing alternative management strategies for stink bug pests.