Background: The need to control moisture and contamination is crucial in adhesive dentistry, especially when rubber dam isolation is not feasible. Hemostatic contamination can negatively affect adhesion to tooth substrate. To achieve better outcomes, hemostatic agents should be rinsed off properly using a method that will remove the contamination and will not affect the μ-SBS. Objective: To evaluate and compare the effect of three different aluminum chloride and ferric sulfate contamination removal methods on the μ-SBS of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic bonded to enamel and to compare the type of fracture between samples. Material and Methods: Lithium disilicate blocks (IPS e.max CAD) were cut into samples of 2 mm in diameter and 3mm in height. Thirty-five human molar teeth were collected and separated into seven groups (n=17) Groups: G1(control): No contamination. G2: Contamination with aluminum chloride and removal by 30 seconds water-rinse. G3: Contamination with aluminum chloride, removal by re-etching (37.5% phosphoric acid), water-rinse. G4: Contamination with aluminum chloride, removal with 18% EDTA G5: Contamination with ferric sulfate, removal with water-rinse. G6: Contamination with ferric sulfate, removal by re-etching (37.5% phosphoric acid), water-rinse and dried. G7: Contamination with ferric sulfate, removal with 18% EDTA. The enamel surface was etched, then contaminated with aluminum chloride and ferric sulfate, cleaned using 3 different methods, previously described. Ceramic samples were etched with HF acid, silanated then bonded to enamel surface using Optibond FL, Variolink veneer cement and the Elipar S10 curing light, to avoid oxygen inhibition restoration margins were cover with a glycerin to complete polymerization of 10 -30 seconds each side. Specimens were stored in deionized water for 7 days, then subjected to μ-SBS testing, fractured specimens were examined with a stereomicroscope to determine the type of fracture, and five sample of each group were selected for SEM. To compare differences for the outcome a general linear mode ANOVA was created, and data recorded. Results: There were statistically significant differences among the studied groups for the μ-SBS (p< 0.05). The G6 (Ferric sulfate- Re-etching) was the closest mean μ-SBS (10.75 MPa) to the G1(control group).μ-SBS (16.24 MPa), the lowest μ-SBS (6.13 MPa) for the G4 (Aluminum chloride-EDTA). The groups using ferric sulfate as a cleaning method presented higher μ-SBS MPa than the groups using aluminum chloride as a cleaning method. The type of fracture on groups with higher μ-SBS (MPa), G6 - 10.75 MPa (ferric sulfate-reetching), G5 - 9.21 μ-SBS(MPa) (Ferric sulfate-water) presented more cohesive fractures, while groups with lower μ-SBS(MPa), G4 – 6.13 MPa (Aluminum chloride- EDTA), G3 – 6.27 (aluminum chloride- re- etching) presented more mixed fractures. Conclusions: The present study sought to investigate the effect of three different contamination removal methods on bond strength of ceramic to enamel contaminated with aluminum chloride and ferric sulfate. Ferric sulfate hemostatic agent showed higher μ-SBS in all contamination removal methods when compare to aluminum chloride hemostatic agent. But all the contamination removal methods in both groups failed to increase the bond strength on enamel to the level of the control group. Further research is required before we can make definitive conclusions

Fibrinogen concentrates are used widely as a sealant during and after surgery to reduce blood loss. Commercially available fibrin sealants are made from pooled human blood, which carries the risk of blood-borne diseases, and are expensive. These concerns have brought to focus the need for autologous fibrinogen concentrates. This need has been addressed by utilizing a unique approach in which fibrinogen is precipitated from plasma with protamine. The physical properties of fibrin sealant prepared from fibrinogen precipitated with protamine were evaluated. The optimal precipitation conditions included a plasma protamine concentration of 10 mg/mL at room temperature. Under these conditions 96% ± 4% of the fibrinogen present in the plasma was precipitated and 98% ± 0.9% of the precipitated fibrinogen was clottable. In addition, it was shown that almost 50% of the factor XIII in the plasma was also precipitated along with the fibrinogen. The tensile and adhesion strengths and kinetics of fibrin sealant prepared from protamine-fibrinogen concentrate were evaluated. Tensile strength and adhesion strength both increased with increasing fibrinogen concentration. Addition of calcium chloride significantly increased the tensile and adhesion strengths. The addition of aprotinin and ε-aminocaproic acid (used to inhibit natural fibrinolysis) to the fibrinogen concentrate was shown to have no effect on the mechanical properties of the sealant. Kinetic experiments showed that the clotting time decreased as the thrombin and fibrinogen concentrations were increased. A rat model with controlled renal incisions was employed to evaluate the hemostatic efficacy of the fibrin sealant made from the protamine-fibrinogen concentrate. The fibrin sealant significantly reduced the blood loss and bleeding time when compared with controls (no sealant, plasma, and a commercial product). The sealant also significantly reduced blood loss and bleeding time in rats that were anticoagulated with heparin. A mathematical model based on tensile strength and adhesion strength was developed to predict the bleeding time in the animal wound. Model predictions showed that the ability of the fibrin sealant to reduce bleeding time, and therefore blood loss, was limited by the adhesion strength.

Die orthotope Lebertransplantation (OLT) ist in den letzten Jahren zu einer etablierten Methode in der Behandlung von infausten Lebererkrankungen geworden und hat deren Prognose wesentlich verbessern können. Während der Lebertransplantation kommt es immer wieder zu bedrohlichem intraoperativem Blutverlust, der sowohl die Kurz- als auch die Langzeitprognose der Lebertransplantierten entscheidend beeinflussen kann. Ziel war es, die pathophysiologischen Hämostasevorgänge bei OLT weitergehend zu untersuchen und Möglichkeiten der therapeutischen Beeinflussung zu erarbeiten. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich der erhöhte Blutverlust während der anhepatischen Phase durch eine gesteigerte fibrinolytische Aktivität erklärt und daß dabei sowohl das extrinsische Fibrinolysesystem mit dem Gewebeplasminogenaktivator t-PA als auch das intrinsische Fibrinolysesystem mit urokinase-type PA (u-PA) und dem FXII-abhängigen PA beteiligt sind. Zur Bestimmung des letzteren wurde eine chromogene Substratmethode entwickelt. Venöse Stauung, Kontaktaktivierung beim Passieren des Blutes durch den veno-venösen Bypass, fehlende hepatische Clearance sind dabei die wichtigsten Auslösefaktoren. In der Reperfusionsphase konnten Zeichen einer gesteigerten Prothrombinaktivierung gemessen werden, so daß DIC-artige Hämostaseveränderungen für die postreperfusionellen Blutverluste verantwortlich gemacht werden. Eine Korrelation zur anhepatischen Fibrinolyse besteht nicht. Die Spenderleber spielt eine entscheidene Rolle bei den postreperfusionellen Hämostaseveränderungen. Leukozytäre Aktivierungsprodukte wie extrazelluläre Proteinasen und Zytokine werden aus der Spenderleber freigesetzt und stören systemisch das hämostatische Gleichgewicht. Parallel kommt es nach Reperfusion zu einer Verminderung der Thrombozytenzahl und ihrer Aggregabilität. Diese scheint partiell durch die aggregationshemmende Wirkung der University of Wisconsin Konservierungslösung bedingt zu sein, in der die Spenderleber bis zur Transplantation aufbewahrt wird. Die Gabe des Proteaseninhibitors Aprotinin scheint Hyperfibrinolysezeichen, maximalen Anstieg der t-PA Aktivität, Transfusionsbedarf und endotheliale Schäden in der Spenderleber zu reduzieren, wobei in einer offenen und randomisierten Studie der Vorteil einer kontinuierlichen Infusionsgabe gegenüber einer dreimaligen Bolusgabe deutlich wurde. In einer weiteren offenen und randomisierten Therapiestudie wurde versucht durch intraoperative Prostaglandin E1(PG E1)- Gabe endotheliale Aktivierungsprozesse in der Spenderleber zu beeinflussen. Tatsächlich führte eine PGE1-Infusion zu einem signifikant schwächeren postreperfusionellen Abfall sowohl der Thrombozytenzahl als auch der thrombozytären Aggregationsfähigkeit. / The orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has become an established method in the treatment of end stage liver disease and has ameliorated its prognosis substantially. During liver transplantation severe haemorrhage intraoperatively clearly influences the patient´s short and long-term outcome. The pathophysiology of hemostasis during OLT was studied and new strategies of therapy developed. It could be demonstrated that the high blood loss during the anhepatic phase is caused by increased fibrinolytic activity involving the extrinsic fibrinolytic system with tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) as well as the intrinsic fibrinolytic system with urokinase-type PA (u-PA) and the FXII-dependent PA. For the easier determination of the later a chromogenic substrate method was developed. High venous pressure, contact activation initiated by the contact of the patient's blood with the veno-venous bypass and the lack of hepatic clearance are the main initiating factors of fibrinolysis during the anhepatic phase. In the reperfusion phase signs of increased prothrombin activation could be measured so that a DIC-like constellation could be made responsible for the blood loss after reperfusion of the graft liver. There was no correlation to the preceding anhepatic fibrinolysis. The graft liver plays an important role in inducing hemostatic disturbances during reperfusion. Activation products of leukocytes like extracellular proteinases and cytokines are released out of the graft liver and seem to induce hemostatic imbalances systemically. In parallel there is a decrease of platelet count and platelet aggregability. This seems to be induced in part by the University of Wisconsin solution in which the graft liver is kept until transplantation. Aprotinin, a protease inhibitor, given during OLT seems to reduce signs of hyperfibrinolysis, maximal t-PA values, transfusion requirements and endothelial damage of the graft´s liver vascular bed. In an open and randomised clinical trial the advantage of a continuous aprotinin infusion in comparison to a three times bolus application was demonstrated. In another open and randomised study prostaglandin (PG)E1 was given in order to influence endothelial activation processes in the graft liver. The administration of PGE1 was leading to a significant lower decrease of platelet count and platelet aggregability.

Orientadores: Cristina Laguna Benetti Pinto, Joyce Maria Annichino-Bizzacchi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T06:46:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendonca-Louzeiro_MariaRaquelMarquesFurtadode_M.pdf: 1924432 bytes, checksum: 662032611d6d778ba5a4f7f7764ce617 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Introdução: Os distúrbios hemostáticos são pouco estudados na Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos (SOP). Mulheres com SOP manifestam frequentemente fatores de risco tromboembólico como obesidade, hiperandrogenismo e resistência insulínica, representando evidências indiretas que sugerem maior probabilidade de alterações na coagulação. Objetivo: Avaliar alguns marcadores do sistema hemostático e sua associação com parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais em mulheres com SOP. Sujeitos e Método: Estudo transversal para avaliação de 45 mulheres com SOP atendidas no Ambulatório de Ginecologia Endócrina do Departamento de Tocoginecologia da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, UNICAMP, e de 45 mulheres com função gonadal normal, pareadas por idade em anos completos (± 2 anos) e IMC (± 2kg/m2). Foram avaliados parâmetros clínicos [circunferência da cintura (CC), circunferência do quadril (CQ), relação cintura-quadril (C/Q), índice Ferriman-Gallwey (IFG)] e laboratoriais [glicemia de jejum, insulina de jejum, testosterona total (TT) e livre (TL)], e dosados os marcadores de hemostasia: inibidor do ativador do plasminogênio do tipo 1 (PAI-1), inibidor da fibrinólise ativado pela trombina (TAFI), D-dímero e teste de geração de trombina (TGT). Os dados foram comparados entre os grupos através dos testes t Student pareado ou Mann-Whitney. A correlação entre os marcadores de hemostasia e alguns parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais de mulheres com SOP foi avaliada pelo índice de Pearson. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: As mulheres do grupo SOP e controles eram jovens (26,13 ± 4,31 e 26,22 ± 4,28 anos, respectivamente) e com sobrepeso (29,32 ± 6,37 e 29,25 ± 6,32kg/m2), tendo sido pareadas para estas variáveis (idade e IMC). Mulheres com SOP apresentaram maior relação C/Q (0,79 ± 0,08 e 0,76 ± 0,05, p=0,03), IFG (9,42 ± 5,32 e 0,62 ± 0,83, p<0,01), TT (0,53 ± 0,30 e 0,30 ± 0,29ng/ml, p<0,01) e TL (1,42 ± 1,00; 0,88 ± 0,32pg/ml, p=0,02) quando comparadas ao grupo-controle. Os grupos não diferiram quanto às dosagens de glicemia, insulina e HOMA-IR. Dentre os marcadores hemostáticos, observou-se que o tempo para o início da geração de trombina (T lag) do TGT apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos SOP e controle (25,65 ± 2,61 e 26,76 ± 2,11 s, p=0,03, respectivamente) significando que, nas mulheres com SOP, a geração de trombina ocorre mais rapidamente, sugerindo maior risco de hipercoagulabilidade. Nas mulheres com SOP, os níveis séricos dos marcadores fibrinolíticos PAI-1 e D-dímero correlacionaram-se positivamente com os parâmetros clínicos idade, IMC, CC, CQ e relação C/Q, enquanto que o TAFI correlacionou-se positivamente com IMC, CC e relação C/Q, ressaltando o papel da obesidade como fator de risco tromboembólico. Dentre os parâmetros laboratoriais, observou-se correlação direta do PAI-1 com insulina e HOMA-IR, e do TAFI, com glicemia. Nas mulheres com SOP, a idade correlacionou-se diretamente com PAI-1 e D-dímero e inversamente ao T lag e ao tempo para o pico de geração de trombina (Tmáx) do TGT, sugerindo que, com o avançar da idade, ocorra elevação dos níveis de PAI-1 e D-dímero (aumentando o risco de hipofibrinólise), e redução tanto do tempo até a primeira explosão de trombina ocorrer, quanto do tempo para o pico de geração de trombina, levando a um estado de hipercoagulabilidade. Os parâmetros IMC, CC e TL apresentaram correlação positiva direta com a concentração máxima de trombina (Cmáx) e com a área sob a curva (AUC) ou potencial de trombina endógena (ETP) do mesmo teste. Conclusão: Mulheres jovens com SOP geram trombina mais rapidamente que mulheres jovens de mesmo IMC sem a presença de SOP. A distribuição de gordura androide, o avanço da idade, a resistência insulínica e a testosterona livre podem influenciar diretamente alguns marcadores de hemostasia, elevando o risco tromboembólico / Abstract: Introduction: Few studies have been conducted on hemostatic disorders in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In women with PCOS, thromboembolic risk factors such as obesity, hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance are often present, indirectly suggesting a greater probability of coagulation disorders. Objective: To evaluate some markers of the hemostatic system and their association with the clinical and laboratory parameters of women with PCOS. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate 45 women with PCOS receiving care at the Gynecological Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and 45 women with normal ovarian function, paired for age (± 2 years) and body mass index (BMI) (± 2kg/m2). The following clinical parameters were evaluated: waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist/hip ratio (W/H ratio) and the Ferriman-Gallwey index (FGI), as well as the following laboratory parameters: fasting glucose, fasting insulin, total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT). In addition, the hemostatic markers plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and D-dimer were measured and the thrombin generation test (TGT) was performed. The groups were compared using Student's paired t-test or the Mann-Whitney test. The correlation between the hemostatic markers and some clinical and laboratory parameters of women with PCOS was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Significance level was defined at 5%. Results: Since the women in the PCOS group were paired with those in the control group according to age and BMI, the women in both groups were young (26.13 ± 4.31 and 26.22 ± 4.28 years, respectively) and overweight (29.32 ± 6.37 and 29.25 ± 6.32kg/m2, respectively). However, the women with PCOS had a higher W/H ratio (0.79 ± 0.08 and 0.76 ± 0.05; p = 0.03), FGI (9.42 ± 5.32 and 0.62 ± 0.83; p<0.01), TT (0.53 ± 0.30 and 0.30 ± 0.29ng/ml; p<0.01) and FT levels (1.42 ± 1.00 and 0.88 ± 0.32pg/ml; p = 0.02) compared to those in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with respect to glucose or insulin levels or the homeostasis model of assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). With respect to the hemostatic markers, the only statistically significant difference between the PCOS and the control group was in the thrombin generation lag-time (25.65 ± 2.61 and 26.76 ± 2.11 s, respectively, p = 0.03), meaning that thrombin generation was faster in the women with PCOS, suggesting a higher risk of hypercoagulability. In the women with PCOS, serum levels of the fibrinolytic markers PAI-1 and D-dimer correlated positively with the following clinical parameters: age, BMI, WC, HC and W/H ratio, whereas TAFI correlated positively with BMI, WC and with the W/H ratio, emphasizing the role of obesity as a risk factor for thromboembolism. Of the laboratory parameters, a direct correlation was found between PAI-1 and insulin and HOMA-IR and between TAFI and glucose. In the women with PCOS, age correlated positively with PAI- 1 and D-dimer and inversely with the lag time and the time to peak thrombin generation (Tmax) of the TGT, suggesting an increase in PAI-1 and D-dimer levels with increasing age (elevating the risk of hypofibrinolysis), as well as a reduction both in the time until the initial thrombin burst and in the time to peak thrombin generation, leading to a state of hypercoagulability. In addition, BMI, WC and FT correlated positively with the maximum concentration of thrombin (Cmax) and with the area under the thrombin generation curve (AUC) or the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) in the same test. Conclusion: Thrombin generation is faster in young women with PCOS compared to young women with the same BMI but without PCOS. Android fat distribution, increasing age, insulin resistance and free testosterone may directly affect some hemostatic markers, increasing the risk of thromboembolism / Mestrado / Fisiopatologia Ginecológica / Mestra em Ciências da Saúde

Suite à une lésion, la réparation d’un tissu à l’identique est l’objectif clinique recherché. Ainsi un hémostatique, au-delà de sa capacité à arrêter un saignement, se doit au minimum de ne pas être délétère pour la réparation tissulaire. Or, malgré une efficacité hémostatique démontrée Tachosil® et Surgicel®, couramment utilisés en chirurgie, peuvent générer en raison de leur persistance in situ associée à une résorption incomplète, des évènements indésirables graves (nécrose, hypersensibilité, allergie, sténose, complication thromboembolique, sepsis…). Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié les effets d’un nouvel hémostatique non implantable, HÉMO-IONIC®, sur toutes les étapes de la réparation tissulaire : de l’hémostase à la phase de maturation. HÉMO-IONIC®, Tachosil® et Surgicel® ont été évalués in vitro sur la fonctionnalité des Endothelial Colony Forming Cells (ECFCs) ; et in vivo dans deux modèles murins, un modèle d’hémostase et un de réparation tissulaire. Grâce à ces travaux, constituant une approche originale de l’évaluation des hémostatiques, nous avons démontré que seul HÉMO-IONIC®, en plus d’être un hémostatique efficace, maintient l’ensemble des propriétés fonctionnelles des cellules endothéliales et agit, à plus long terme, positivement sur l’ensemble des étapes de la réparation tissulaire. Ces données ouvrent des perspectives particulièrement intéressantes, notamment dans la prise en charge des brûlures nécessitant la restitution d’un tissu cutané de qualité (souple et élastique). Ainsi, l’association d’HÉMO-IONIC® à l’expertise du Service de Santé des Armées (SSA) dans l’utilisation des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses comme Médicament de Thérapie Innovante (MTI) pourrait représenter, dans la prise en charge des brûlures, une avancée thérapeutique en améliorant les résultats fonctionnels et esthétiques. / After an injury, the clinical objective is to faithfully repair tissues. Thus, a hemostatic agent, beyond its ability to stop bleeding, must at least not be deleterious for tissue repair. However, despite proven hemostatic efficacy, Tachosil® and Surgicel®, which are commonly used in surgery, can lead to serious adverse events (necrosis, hypersensitivity, allergy, stenosis, thromboembolic complication, sepsis…) due to their in situ persistence associated with their incomplete resorption. In this context, we studied the effects of a new non-implantable hemostatic agent, HÉMO-IONIC®, on all stages of tissue repair : from hemostasis to maturation phase. The effects of HÉMO-IONIC®, Tachosil® and Surgicel® were assessed in vitro on Endothelial Colony Forming Cell function (ECFCs) and in vivo in two mouse models of hemostasis and tissue repair. Using an original approach to the assessment of hemostatic agents, we showed that only HÉMO-IONIC®, in addition to being effective, maintained all the functional properties of endothelial cells and acted positively on all stages of tissue repair in the longer term. These data open up very interesting perspectives, in particular in the management of burns where restoring a quality cutaneous tissue (supple and elastic) is required. Thus, in burn management, combining HÉMO-IONIC® with the French Defence Health service expertise in the use of mesenchymatous stromal cells as an advanced therapy medicinal product could be a therapeutic advance by improving the functional and esthetic outcomes.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apesar da reconhecida eficácia da escleroterapia e da ligadura elástica no controle de hemorragia por varizes, os resultados do tratamento endoscópico em pacientes Child-Pugh classe C continuam pobres. O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi descrever os resultados da injeção do adesivo tecidual N-butil-2-cianoacrilato no controle de episódios agudos de ruptura de varizes esofágicas em pacientes classe C Child-Pugh. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo realizado em um único centro. De setembro de 2004 a janeiro de 2010, 63 pacientes cirróticos classe C de Child-Pugh foram admitidos na sala de emergência com episódio de hemorragia por varizes de esôfago. Todos foram tratados por injeção de cianoacrilato. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Child-Pugh classe C com pontuações de 10 a 13 (Grupo I) e pacientes com escores de 14 ou 15 (Grupo II). As variáveis estudadas foram falha em controlar o sangramento (até cinco dias) e incapacidade de evitar ressangramento e mortalidade. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e três pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, 50 do sexo masculino e 13 do sexo feminino, com idade média de 49 anos, faixa de 22-74. Os pacientes dos dois grupos (Grupo I = 50 pacientes e Grupo II = 13 pacientes) tinham características semelhantes. Quase 75% dos pacientes tiveram sucesso em controlar o sangramento nos primeiros cinco dias. Não houve diferença entre os grupos. Tampouco se evidenciou diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação às taxas de mortalidade até cinco dias (Grupo I = 20%; Grupo II = 38,5%). Trinta e quatro (54%) dos 63 pacientes apresentaram-se livres de sangramento até seis semanas, com diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos (Grupo I = 32 de 50, 64%; Grupo II = dois de 13, 15,4%; p < 0,001). A taxa de mortalidade global foi de 44,4 %, com diferença importante entre os dois grupos (Grupo I = 17 de 50, 34%; Grupo II = 11 de 13, 84,6%, p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados suportam a visão de que a injeção de cianoacrilato é uma boa opção no controle do sangramento por varizes esofágicas em pacientes Child-Pugh classe C. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que, para pacientes Child-Pugh classe C com pontuação baixa (10-13), a injeção de cianoacrilato pode ser considerada tratamento de primeira linha / BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Despite the recognized efficacy of sclerotherapy and elastic band ligation in controlling variceal hemorrhage, the results of endoscopic treatment in Child-Pugh class C patients remain poor. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the results of the injection of tissue adhesive N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate in controlling acute episodes of rupturing of esophageal varices in Child-Pugh class C patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study carried out in a single center. From September 2004 to January 2010, 63 Child-Pugh class C cirrhotic patients were admitted to the emergency room with an acute episode of esophageal variceal bleeding. They were all treated by injection of cyanoacrylate. The patients were divided in two groups: Child-Pugh class C scores from 10 to 13 (Group I) and patients scoring 14 or 15 (Group II). Studied variables were initial failure in control bleeding (five days), failure to prevent re-bleeding and mortality. Data was analyzed by chi-square test. RESULTS: Sixty three patients were included in the study, 50 male and 13 female, mean age 49 years, range 22-74. The patients in the two groups (Group I = 50 patients and Group B = 13 patients) had similar characteristics. Almost 75% of the patients had success in controlling the bleeding in the first five days, with no difference between the groups. Neither there were no statistically differences between the groups related to the mortality rates until five days either (Group I = 20 %; Group II = 38,5 %). Thirty four (54%) of the 63 patients were found free of bleeding until six weeks, with statistically differences between the two groups (Group I = 32 of 50, 64%; Group II = two of 13, 15,4%; p < 0,001). The overall mortality rate was 44,4%, with important difference between the two groups (Group I=seventeen of 50, 34 %; Group II = 11 of 13, 84,6%; p<0,001). CONCLUSION: These findings support the view that cyanoacrylate injection is a good option to control esophageal variceal bleeding in Child-Pugh class C patients. Furthermore, the results suggest that for patients Child-Pugh class C with low score (10-13), cyanoacrylate injection may be considered first line treatment

Persons with severe hemophilia A exhibit significant variations in clinical phenotype; approximately 10% are milder bleeders. This study explored factors that might contribute to this inter-patient heterogeneity. Using a multi-center prospective study following boys with severe hemophilia A on a tailored primary prophylaxis regimen, age at first joint bleed, body mass index, protocol adherence and family activity level were modeled on the age at escalation from once-weekly to twice-weekly and alternate day infusions. Escalation, based on bleeding frequency, served as a surrogate marker of bleeding severity. We also assessed the roles of clinical and hemostatic parameters in predicting age at first joint bleed using a cross-sectional study. Results suggest that a delayed first joint bleed indicates later escalation (milder bleeding pattern) and that a longer lag time is associated with an earlier onset of joint bleeding. Larger studies are needed to definitively identify predictors of clinical heterogeneity in these patients.

Persons with severe hemophilia A exhibit significant variations in clinical phenotype; approximately 10% are milder bleeders. This study explored factors that might contribute to this inter-patient heterogeneity. Using a multi-center prospective study following boys with severe hemophilia A on a tailored primary prophylaxis regimen, age at first joint bleed, body mass index, protocol adherence and family activity level were modeled on the age at escalation from once-weekly to twice-weekly and alternate day infusions. Escalation, based on bleeding frequency, served as a surrogate marker of bleeding severity. We also assessed the roles of clinical and hemostatic parameters in predicting age at first joint bleed using a cross-sectional study. Results suggest that a delayed first joint bleed indicates later escalation (milder bleeding pattern) and that a longer lag time is associated with an earlier onset of joint bleeding. Larger studies are needed to definitively identify predictors of clinical heterogeneity in these patients.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apesar da reconhecida eficácia da escleroterapia e da ligadura elástica no controle de hemorragia por varizes, os resultados do tratamento endoscópico em pacientes Child-Pugh classe C continuam pobres. O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi descrever os resultados da injeção do adesivo tecidual N-butil-2-cianoacrilato no controle de episódios agudos de ruptura de varizes esofágicas em pacientes classe C Child-Pugh. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo realizado em um único centro. De setembro de 2004 a janeiro de 2010, 63 pacientes cirróticos classe C de Child-Pugh foram admitidos na sala de emergência com episódio de hemorragia por varizes de esôfago. Todos foram tratados por injeção de cianoacrilato. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Child-Pugh classe C com pontuações de 10 a 13 (Grupo I) e pacientes com escores de 14 ou 15 (Grupo II). As variáveis estudadas foram falha em controlar o sangramento (até cinco dias) e incapacidade de evitar ressangramento e mortalidade. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e três pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, 50 do sexo masculino e 13 do sexo feminino, com idade média de 49 anos, faixa de 22-74. Os pacientes dos dois grupos (Grupo I = 50 pacientes e Grupo II = 13 pacientes) tinham características semelhantes. Quase 75% dos pacientes tiveram sucesso em controlar o sangramento nos primeiros cinco dias. Não houve diferença entre os grupos. Tampouco se evidenciou diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação às taxas de mortalidade até cinco dias (Grupo I = 20%; Grupo II = 38,5%). Trinta e quatro (54%) dos 63 pacientes apresentaram-se livres de sangramento até seis semanas, com diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos (Grupo I = 32 de 50, 64%; Grupo II = dois de 13, 15,4%; p < 0,001). A taxa de mortalidade global foi de 44,4 %, com diferença importante entre os dois grupos (Grupo I = 17 de 50, 34%; Grupo II = 11 de 13, 84,6%, p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados suportam a visão de que a injeção de cianoacrilato é uma boa opção no controle do sangramento por varizes esofágicas em pacientes Child-Pugh classe C. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que, para pacientes Child-Pugh classe C com pontuação baixa (10-13), a injeção de cianoacrilato pode ser considerada tratamento de primeira linha / BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Despite the recognized efficacy of sclerotherapy and elastic band ligation in controlling variceal hemorrhage, the results of endoscopic treatment in Child-Pugh class C patients remain poor. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the results of the injection of tissue adhesive N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate in controlling acute episodes of rupturing of esophageal varices in Child-Pugh class C patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study carried out in a single center. From September 2004 to January 2010, 63 Child-Pugh class C cirrhotic patients were admitted to the emergency room with an acute episode of esophageal variceal bleeding. They were all treated by injection of cyanoacrylate. The patients were divided in two groups: Child-Pugh class C scores from 10 to 13 (Group I) and patients scoring 14 or 15 (Group II). Studied variables were initial failure in control bleeding (five days), failure to prevent re-bleeding and mortality. Data was analyzed by chi-square test. RESULTS: Sixty three patients were included in the study, 50 male and 13 female, mean age 49 years, range 22-74. The patients in the two groups (Group I = 50 patients and Group B = 13 patients) had similar characteristics. Almost 75% of the patients had success in controlling the bleeding in the first five days, with no difference between the groups. Neither there were no statistically differences between the groups related to the mortality rates until five days either (Group I = 20 %; Group II = 38,5 %). Thirty four (54%) of the 63 patients were found free of bleeding until six weeks, with statistically differences between the two groups (Group I = 32 of 50, 64%; Group II = two of 13, 15,4%; p < 0,001). The overall mortality rate was 44,4%, with important difference between the two groups (Group I=seventeen of 50, 34 %; Group II = 11 of 13, 84,6%; p<0,001). CONCLUSION: These findings support the view that cyanoacrylate injection is a good option to control esophageal variceal bleeding in Child-Pugh class C patients. Furthermore, the results suggest that for patients Child-Pugh class C with low score (10-13), cyanoacrylate injection may be considered first line treatment

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