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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Ansselmo Ferreira dos Santos.pdf: 1319890 bytes, checksum: 607a90c19a2d6c94e7d98f29f78d867f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The productivity of citrus trees has not reached its full potential due to the action of various factors that directly affect the rentability of agriculture. Among these factors, has great importance the interference of weeds in citrus orchards in the metropolitan region of Manaus-AM.Have installed the experiment in a greenhouse, and Laboratory of Weed Science (LCPD) in the period from July to October 2013 in the Department of Plant and Animal Production (DPAV) of the Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus-AM, with in order to characterize the chemical properties of the waters of rivers, streams and artesian producers of citrus using glyphosate, evaluate different pH values of the water on the leaf area and dry matteria production of B. decumbens and determine the period decanting that provides greater efficiency for glyphosate in the control of the plant. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 7x7x4. Treatments were seven values of pH (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and natural water pH), seven origins of water spray (UFAM, Panorama Farm, FM Citric Farm, Igarapé, Black River, Solimões River and Amazon River) and periods of settling (0, 24, 48 and 72 hours) with 4 reaplications. I was evaluated the chemical composition of the water used in citrus-producing properties in the metropolitan region of Manaus, settling periods, percentage reduction in leaf area and dry weight of brachiaria a function of pH and settling periods of each of the 7 has been reported sources used in this research. The pH value between 3 and 4 was the best for reduction of leaf area and dry weight compared to control. When the decanted water by decantation period of 24 and 48 hours there was an improvement in the efficiency of control by glyphosate up to 45%. The waters of the citrus producing properties shown to be inadequate to apply glyphosate, while the waters of the Black River, Solimões and Amazon rivers also high quantities of ions and organic matter that reduced activity of glyphosate. / A produtividade das plantas cítricas não tem atingido seu potencial máximo devido a ação de vários fatores que afetam diretamente a rentabilidade agrícola. Dentre estes fatores tem grande importância a interferência de plantas infestantes em pomares de citros da região metropolitana de Manaus-AM. Instalou-se experimento em casa de vegetação e no Laboratório Ciência de Plantas Daninhas (LCPD) no período de julho a outubro de 2013 no Departamento de Produção Animal e Vegetal (DPAV) da Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus-AM, com o objetivo de caracterizar as propriedades químicas das águas de rios, igarapés e poço artesiano de produtores de citros que usam glifosato, com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes valores de pH da água, sobre a área foliar e a produção de matéria seca de B. decumbens e determinar o período de decantação que proporciona a maior eficiência do glifosato no controle desta planta. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 7x7x4+1. Os tratamentos foram sete valores de pH (3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8, e pH natural da água), sete origens de água de pulverização (UFAM, Fazenda Panorama, Fazenda FMI Citros, Igarapé, Rio Negro, Rio Solimões e Rio Amazonas) e quatro períodos de decantação (0, 24, 48 e 72 horas) com 4 repetições. Foi avaliado a composição química das águas usadas nas propriedades produtoras de citros da região metropolitana de Manaus, períodos de decantação, porcentagem de redução da área foliar e do peso da matéria seca da braquiária em função do pH e períodos de decantação de cada uma das 7 fontes usadas nesta pesquisa. O valor de pH entre 3 e 4 foi o melhor para redução da área foliar e do peso da matéria seca em relação a testemunha. Quando se decantou a água por período de decantação 24 e 48 horas houve uma melhora na eficiência de controle pelo glifosato em até 45%. As águas das propriedades produtoras de citros mostraram se inadequadas para aplicar glifosato, enquanto as águas dos rios Negro, Solimões e Amazonas também apresentaram altas quantidades de íons e matéria orgânica que reduziram a atividade do glifosato.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência dos fertilizantes foliares a base de aminoácidos livres na utilização conjunta de práticas agrícolas como a aplicação de glifosato e a adubação no solo com P e K em soja BRS 255 RR. As avaliações foram realizadas nos parâmetros biométricos, nutricionais, metabólicos e produtivos através das variáveis: altura, valor SPAD (clorofilas), área foliar, biomassa aérea (massa fresca e seca de folhas e caules), macronutrientes e micronutrientes nas folhas, atividade da nitrato redutase (NR), glutamina sintetase (GS), concentração de proteínas totais solúveis (PTS), número de vagens, massa fresca e seca de vagens, massa média de 100 grãos, massa total de grãos, teores de lipídeos e proteínas acumulados nos grãos. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em paralelo, com os produtos Ajifol e Flororgan, em ambiente natural utilizando vasos de polietileno com capacidade para 20 litros. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, onde cada unidade experimental foi constituída de três plantas de soja por vaso preenchido com 20 kg de substrato (Latossolo vermelho distrófico argiloso). A adubação no solo com P e K (1,00 e 0,24 g kg-1, respectivamente) foi realizada 30 dias antes da semeadura. As aplicações do Ajifol (1,0 L ha-1), Flororgan (2,5 L ha-1) e glifosato (0,3 L ha-1) foram realizadas via pulverização foliar no estádio fenológico V5, referente aos 35 dias após a germinação. As amostragens de altura e SPAD foram realizadas em três épocas diferentes durante o ciclo vegetativo da planta (7, 15 e 30 dias após a pulverização foliar). No estádio fenológico R1 (início do florescimento) coletou-se uma planta inteira de cada parcela para as análises morfológicas, nutricionais e metabólicas. As duas plantas restantes em cada parcela serviram para analisar os parâmetros de produção. Os principais resultados obtidos para os aminoácidos presentes nas formulações dos produtos, foram o aumento na altura das plantas aos 7 e 15 dias após suas aplicações, quando associados a adubação no solo. Além de atuarem como antiestressantes impedindo a diminuição nos teores de clorofilas através da aplicação de glifosato. Os resultados das análises nutricionais comprovaram a ação quelatizante desses aminoácidos, principalmente para o K, B, Fe e Cu. As melhores respostas através da aplicação dos aminoácidos foram para a atividade da NR, GS e concentração de PTS nas folhas. Tivemos uma redução de lipídeos acumulados nos grãos em função das aplicações com aminoácidos isolados ou em conjunto com adubação. Por outro lado, constatamos um aumento de lipídeos através da aplicação em conjunto com glifosato e adubação. Além dos aminoácidos influenciarem positivamente o armazenamento de proteínas nas sementes quando associados ao glifosato. / The objective of this work was to verify the influence of foliar fertilizer on basis of free amino acids combined with the application of glyphosate and fertilization of soil with P and K on soybean (BRS 255 RR). The evaluations were performed on biometric, nutritional, metabolic and productive parameters using the following variables: Height, SPAD values (chlorophylls), leaf area, biomass (fresh and dry weight of leaves and stems), macronutrients and micronutrients in leaves, activity of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), concentration of total soluble protein (TSP), number of pods, fresh and dry weight of pods, 100 grains average weight, total weight of grains, concentration of lipids and proteins accumulated in the grains. Two experiments were conducted in parallel with the products Ajifol and Flororgan in natural environment using polyethylene pots (20 L). A randomized blocks design was used, where each experimental unit was cultivated with three soybean plants per pot filled with 20 kg of substrate (dystrophic clayey Red Latosol). The soil fertilization with P and K (1,00 and 0,24 g kg-1, respectively) was carried out 30 days before sowing. The applications of Ajifol (1,0 L ha-1), Flororgan (2,5 L ha-1) and glyphosate (0,3 L ha-1) were performed by foliar sprays at the V5 developmental stage, corresponding to 35 days after germination. Samples for height and SPAD were taken at three different times during the vegetative stage of plant (7, 15 and 30 days after foliar spraying). At the phenological stage R1 (early flowering) one entire plant of each plot was collected for morphological, nutritional and metabolic analysis. The remaining two plants were used for analyses of production parameters. The application of amino acids increased plant height after 7 and 15 days after foliar spraying, when associated with soil fertilization. They acted moreover as antistress substances preventing a decrease in the levels of chlorophyll caused by application of glyphosate. Nutritional analysis indicated the formation of chelates of these amino acids mainly with K, B, Fe and Cu. The main effects of amino acids applications were higher for NR, GS and TSP concentrations in leaves. A reduction in lipids accumulated in the seeds through sole application of amino acids, as well as in conjunction with fertilization was identified. On the other hand increasing values were found when the amino acids were associated with both glyphosate and fertilization. The amino acids increased the protein storage in seeds when applied in conjunction with glyphosate.

Crop production provides the food and fiber necessary to sustain the world\'s population. Effective weed management is critical to maintaining agricultural productivity. Intensive or continuous use of herbicides that act on the same target site, or are detoxified by similar processes within crops and target weeds frequently results in the development of weeds resistant to a specific herbicide or class of herbicides. Weed resistance due to the extensive use of glyphosate in glyphosate tolerant crop systems has become one of the most serious issues facing agriculture today. Thus PPO-inhibitor herbicides are an alternative mechanism of action that have the potential to mitigate the development of resistant weeds in weed control systems where crop tolerance is sufficient to allow them to be effectively deployed. While there are few reports of weed resistance to PPO-inhibitor herbicides it has not developed to the extent that it is a commercial problem for growers. When used at recommended doses, they typically have favorable regulatory profiles. Furthermore, most of them are highly compatible with no-tillage agriculture. However, PPO-inhibitor herbicides are typically more active on dicots than monocots. This thesis provides information with regards to effectiveness of certain binary mixtures of PPO herbicides as weed control agents. The mixtures showed synergistic effects and could control monocots as Echinochloa crus-galli and volunteer corn besides control the dicots species. Regarding the compounds studied, trifludimoxazin and flumioxazin required less amount of compound to inhibit 50% of PPO2 activity in all plants species tested, while sulfentrazone and saflufenacil, one of the best mixtures in the field, showed that needed bigger concentrations to inhibit 50% of the PPO2 compared to other compounds evaluated.The absorption and translocation of these compounds individually or in mixtures, showed that as single compounds, the absorption was slower in maize than E. crus-galli and there was no difference among the herbicides except trifludimoxazin, that was significantly lower than the other compounds. Saflufenacil was the herbicide that showed the best translocation out of treated leaf point, while trifludimoxazin has not shown any translocation out of leaf treated. In mixtures, the compounds showed some differences in absorption and translocation, which it was variable according to species studied. Some traits of PPO-tolerant were also evaluated in Arabidopsis thaliana which indicates potential traits to be developed in crops of interest. / Agricultura é responsável por fornecer alimento e fibras necessárias para sustentar a população mundial. Controle de plantas daninhas é essencial para obter uma boa produtividade. O uso intensivo de herbicidas que age no mesmo sitio de ação ou são detoxificados por processos similares pelas plantas daninhas resulta geralmente no desenvolvimento de plantas daninhas resistentes a um herbicida específico ou à uma classe de herbicidas. A resistência de plantas daninhas devido ao uso de culturas tolerantes à glifosato tem se tornado um dos mais sérios problemas na agricultura. Inibidores da PPO pode ser uma ferramenta para mitigar o desenvolvimento de plantas daninhas resistentes. Há poucos relatos de plantas daninhas resistentes a este mecanismo de ação. Quando aplicados na dose recomendada, apresentam perfil toxicológico favorável e além disso, a maioria dos herbicidas deste grupo são compatíveis com plantio direto. No entanto, são mais eficientes em dicotiledôneas do que em monocotiledôneas. O objetivo dessa tese foi fornecer informações em relação a associação binária de herbicidas inibidores da PPO no controle de plantas daninhas. As associações mostraram efeito sinérgico no controle de Echinochloa crus-galli e milho voluntário, além do controle de dicotiledôneas. Avaliou-se também a atividade de alguns inibidores da PPO na inibição de 50% da enzima PPO2 e observou-se que para inibir 50% da PPO2 necessitou de menor quantidade de trifludimoxazin e flumioxazin em todas as plantas testadas, enquanto que sulfentrazone e saflufenacil, que associados apresentaram a melhor eficácia nos ensaios de campo, mostraram que precisar de maiores concentrações para inibir a PPO2 comparada aos outros produtos. A absorção e translocação destes produtos, isolados ou em mistura, mostraram que a absorção foi mais lenta em milho do que em E. crus-galli. Os herbicidas apresentaram comportamentos similares, sendo absorvidos quase 95% até 72 horas após aplicação, com exceção do trifludimoxazin, que foi significativamente mais lento que os outros. Saflufenacil foi o herbicida que apresentou melhor translocação na folha aplicada, enquanto trifludimoxazin não apresentou nenhuma translocação. Em relação às associações, os produtos mostraram diferenças na absorção e translocação, variando conforme as plantas daninhas estudadas. Alguns eventos tolerantes a inibidores da PPO foram avaliados em Arabidopsis thaliana e indicaram como potenciais eventos para ser desenvolvidos nas culturas de interesse.

Weed plants are currently one of the main factors to restrain crop yield worldwide. The mycoherbicides are considered an important alternative to aim weed plants management, because of its efficiency of control and low environmental impact. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the herbicidal effect of secondary metabolites of the fungus Diaporthe sp. isolated from Solanum americanum plant to the control of different species of weeds and crops. In this sense, bioassays were carried with pre-emergence application (primary assessment) and post-emergency aplication (secondary assessment) plants in laboratory and greenhouse. Secondary metabolites were obtained through a process of submerged fermentation in a benchtop bioreactor. Assessment was carried out in the laboratory by means of germination tests on seeds for the species Glycine max, Cucumis sativus, Sorghum halepense, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum and Lolium multiflorum. To this, polyethylene boxes were used, which contained germitest role as substrate, previously soaked in 10 mL of secondary metabolites. In each box were equidistantly allocated 25 seeds, and right after capped and sealed with parafilm and taken to a germination chamber for a period of seven days. As for the secondary assessment two experiments were carried in a greenhouse. Experiment 1 was composed by applying different doses of secondary metabolites (0, 1 / 4D 1 / 2D, D, 2D, 4D and 8D) on the aerial part of the plants species Glycine max, Conyza sp., Oryza sativa, Echinochloa sp., Triticum aestivum and Lolium multiflorum. To the experiment 2 these same plant species were used. However, the treatments consisted of mix between commercial herbicides and secondary metabolites to assess a possible synergism caused by the mixture of the compounds. In addition, an adjuvant was added together with the secondary metabolites to verify any improvement on the herbicide effect. For both experiments were evaluated the dry mass weight of the aerial part, phytotoxicity and control efficiency. The results obtained in the primary evaluation demonstrated that the secondary metabolites applied at pre emergency inhibited germination for the species used in the study at a rate of 100%. On the secondary assessment for the experiment 1, the highest dose resulted in a weight reduction of plants aerial dry mass for the species Glycine max and Conyza sp. At Experiment 2 no synergism was found for the mixture of secondary metabolites and commercial herbicides to any of the plant species. The addition of an adjuvant to secondary metabolites resulted in better action against the species Glycine max, Echinochloa sp. and Lolium multiflorum. / As plantas daninhas são atualmente um dos principais fatores que limitam a produtividade das culturas agrícolas no mundo. Os bioherbicidas são considerados como uma importante alternativa para auxiliar no manejo de plantas daninhas, em função de propiciarem eficiente controle e do baixo impacto ambiental. Desta maneira o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito herbicida dos metabólitos secundários do fungo Diaporthe sp. isolado da planta Solanum americanum no controle de distintas espécies de plantas daninhas e de culturas agrícolas. Para isto foram realizados bioensaios em pré-emergência (avaliação primária) e pós-emergência (avaliação secundária) de plantas em laboratório e em casa de vegetação. Os metabólitos secundários foram obtidos, por meio de um processo de fermentação submersa do microrganismo em um biorreator de bancada. A avaliação primária foi realizada em laboratório, por meio de testes germinativos de sementes para as espécies glycine max, Cucumis sativus, Sorghum halepense, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum e Lolium multiflorum. Para isto foram utilizadas caixas de polietileno do tipo gerbox, as quais continham papel germitest como substrato, previamente embebidos em 10 mL dos metabólitos secundários. Em cada caixa foram alocadas 25 sementes de forma equidistante, sendo as mesmas, logo em seguida tampadas e seladas com Parafilm e então levadas para uma câmara de germinação pelo período de sete dias. Já para na avaliação secundária foram realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação. O experimento 1 foi composto pela aplicação de diferentes doses dos metabólitos secundários (0, 1/4D, 1/2D, D, 2D, 4D e 8D) via parte aérea de plantas para as espécies glycine max, Conyza sp., Oryza sativa, Echinochloa sp., Triticum aestivum e Lolium multiflorum. Para o experimento 2 foram utilizadas estas mesmas espécies de plantas. Todavia, os tratamentos foram compostos pela mistura entre herbicidas comercias e metabólitos secundários para avaliar um possível sinergismo ocasionado pela mistura entre os compostos. Além disto, realizou-se a adição de um adjuvante junto aos metabólitos secundários para verificar uma melhora na ação herbicida dos mesmos. Para os dois experimentos foram realizadas avaliações para, o peso da massa seca da parte aérea das plantas, bem como também, fitotoxicidade e controle de plantas. Os resultados obtidos para avaliação primária demonstraram que os metabólitos secundários aplicados de forma pré-emergente inibiram a germinação para as espécies utilizadas no estudo na ordem de 100%. Na avaliação secundária para o experimento 1, as maiores doses resultaram em uma redução do peso da massa seca da parte aérea das plantas para as espécies Glycine max e Conyza sp. Já para o experimento 2 não verificou-se sinergismo para a mistura dos herbicidas comercias e metabólitos secundários para nenhuma das espécies de plantas. A adição de um adjuvante aos metabólitos secundários resultou em melhor ação dos mesmos para as espécies de Glycine max, Echinochloa sp. e Lolium multiflorum.

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) is a troublesome weed that outcompetes crops and contributes to poor yields. In the past, agriculturalists controlled purple nutsedge by fumigating soil with methyl bromide but the fumigant has since been classified as a controlled substance under the Montreal Protocol. This study evaluated the effectiveness of several alternative purple nutsedge control techniques and compared them with results obtained from the application of Roundup. Concentration treatment effects for the allelopathic seed powders of watercress and turnip were tested in a field trial while seed powders of yellow mustard and sunflower were tested in a potted trial. The allelopathic amendments significantly delayed weed emergence but several factors interfered with long-term effectiveness. Roundup was determined to be the most effective season-long weed control among the treatments consistently leaving the least amount of surviving weeds and underground organs.

In agricultural watersheds, streams are intimately connected with croplands and may be inadvertently exposed to agrochemicals such as fertilizers and herbicides. Riparian plants and aquatic primary producers (aquatic plants, phytoplankton and periphyton) may be particularly affected by agrochemicals due to their taxonomic similarity to the intended targets (crop and weed species). The overall objective of this thesis was to assess the effects of fertilizers and the herbicide atrazine on riparian plants and aquatic primary producers. Effects were assessed across varying scales of observation ranging from empirical field studies at the watershed scale to in-situ experimental manipulations in two temperate streams to a laboratory concentration-response experiment. Twenty-four stream/river sites located across the South Nation River watershed, Canada ranged in surrounding agricultural land use (6.7-97.4 % annual crops) and in-stream concentrations of reactive phosphate (4-102 μg/L) and nitrate (3-5404 μg/L). A gradient of atrazine contamination spanning two orders of magnitude (56 d time-weighted-average concentrations of 4-412 ng/L) was observed using polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). A total of 285 riparian and aquatic plant species were identified with species richness ranging from 43-107 species per site. Atrazine and the percentage of surrounding annual crops had no statistically significant effects on community structure. In contrast, an increase in the percentage of non-native species, a decrease in submerged macrophytes and a decrease in overall floristic quality was observed along a gradient of increasing nitrate. Similarly, periphyton biomass increased with increasing nitrate across the watershed and was associated with the Chlorophyta. In contrast, no clear response was observed in periphyton exposed to nutrient enrichment and atrazine contamination in in-situ periphytometer experiments in two streams. Greenhouse concentration-response experiments provided evidence that the sensitivity of duckweed (Lemna minor) to atrazine was lower in populations previously exposed to the herbicide. However, the overall range in biomass 25% inhibition concentrations was small (19-40 μg/L atrazine). A clear gradient in agrochemical contamination was observed at the watershed scale and this research provided evidence of negative effects on riparian and aquatic primary producers. Effects of nutrients, specifically nitrate, superseded observable effects of the herbicide atrazine.

A series of experiments provided data to parameterize and validate a coupled herbicide fate and target plant species effects model. This simulation model is currently designed to predict responses of water hyacinth populations to treatments of the dimethylamine formulation of 2,4- dichloro-phenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D -DMA). Experiments investigated 1) the response of water hyacinth to varying exposures of 2,4-D (DMA); 2) the role of water hyacinth density and herbicide interception in treatment effectiveness using 2,4-D (DMA); and 3) the importance of root exposure to obtain control of water hyacinth using 2,4- D (DMA). Results demonstrated the importance of leaf or canopy interception of 2,4-D (DMA) sprays in obtaining control of water hyacinth populations. The critical threshold plant tissue concentration of 2,4-D (DMA) required to elicit maximum mortality (98%) was estimated to be approximately 12 mg 2,4-D per kg water hyacinth tissue (wet weight). Root uptake apparently plays little or no role in the effectiveness of this herbicide for controlling water hyacinth growth. Validation trials illustrated the efficacy of the current model. The model was validated with data from a field operation. This research has provided considerable insight into optimal use of this auxin-type herbicide for control of water hyacinth, a monocotyledon.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22080号 / 農博第2372号 / 新制||農||1072(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R1||N5234(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻 / (主査)教授 冨永 達, 教授 奥本 裕, 教授 白岩 立彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Orientador: Edivaldo Domingues Velini / Resumo: A espécie Urochloa decumbens é uma das plantas mais importantes e frequentes em áreas com culturas perenes e em áreas não-agrícolas. Os efeitos secundários que ocorrem nas plantas pela aplicação de baixas doses de glyphosate ainda são pouco compreendidos. Desse modo, a hipótese dessa pesquisa foi de que as baixas doses de glyphosate podem suprimir o crescimento, reduzir a competição e permitir a sua utilização para manutenção da cobertura vegetal. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de doses subletais de glyphosate no crescimento, consumo de água, metabolismo e absorção de nutrientes em plantas de U. decumbens. Foram realizados três experimentos em casa de vegetação, seguindo delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três doses de glyphosate (0; 22,5 e 45 g e.a. ha-1) e cinco repetições. As unidades experimentais utilizadas nos experimentos foram constituídas por duas estruturas plásticas acopladas, sendo a superior preenchida com 500 g de substrato comercial e semeada com U. decumbens, e a inferior com 650 mL de água. Aos 15 dias após a semeadura (DAS) realizou-se o desbaste, mantendo 20 plantas por unidade e aos 16 DAS a aplicação dos tratamentos utilizando pulverizador estacionário. Na primeira avaliação, de consumo de água, os três experimentos corresponderam aos períodos de avaliação em dias após aplicação (DAA), sendo feitas medições do volume de água remanescente na estrutura inferior a cada 48 horas, com reposição do volume inicial de 0-15 DAA; 0-30 DA... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The species Urochloa decumbens is one of the most important and frequent plants in perennial and non-agricultural areas. The secondary effects that occur on plants by the application of low doses of glyphosate, are still poorly understood. Thus, the hypothesis of this research was that low doses of glyphosate may suppress growth, reduce competition and allow the use for maintenance of vegetation cover. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sublethal doses of glyphosate on the growth, water consumption, metabolism and nutrient absorption on U. decumbens plants. Three greenhouse experiments were carried out, following a randomized block design with three doses of glyphosate (0, 22.5 and 45 g a.e. ha-1) and five replications. The experimental units used in the experiments consisted of two coupled plastic structures, the upper one filled with 500 g of commercial substrate and sowed with U. decumbens, and the lower with 650 mL of water. At 15 days after sowing (DAS) plants were thinned, maintaining 20 plants per unit and at 16 DAS the application of treatments using a stationary sprayer. In the first evaluation, of water consumption, the three experiments corresponded to the evaluation periods in days after application (DAA), with measurements of the remaining water volume in the lower structure every 48 hours, with initial volume replacement from 0-15 DAA; 0-30 DAA and regrowth of plants (16-30 DAA). At the end of each experiment, the tillers were ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The endemic eelgrass (Zostera marina) community of Morro Bay Estuary, located on the central coast of California, has experienced an estimated decline of 95% in occupied area (reduction of 344 acres to 20 acres) from 2008 to 2017 for reasons that are not yet definitively clear. One possible driver of degradation that has yet to be investigated is the role of herbicides from agricultural fields in the watershed that feeds into the estuary. Thus, the primary research goal of this project was to better understand temporal and spatial trends of herbicide use within the context of San Luis Obispo (SLO) County and Morro Bay Watershed by analyzing data of application by mass, area, and intensity to identify herbicides with the highest potential for local environmental pollution. California Pesticide Use Annual Summary Reports (PUASR) from the years 2000 to 2017 were used to obtain data for conducting a meta-analysis to estimate total herbicide application by weight within every township, range, and section for each of the eight selected herbicides: oxyfluorfen, glyphosate, diuron, chlorthal-dimethyl, simazine, napropamide, trifluralin, and oryzalin. A second goal was to select an analytical laboratory that would be best suited for herbicide analysis of estuary sediments to determine the presence, or lack thereof, of the eight selected herbicides. Criteria of consideration in laboratory selection included herbicides detection capabilities, detection/reporting limits, testing prices, chain of custody protocols, turnaround times, and laboratory site locations. The meta-analysis yielded results showing high herbicide application rates in SLO County with glyphosate, oxyfluorfen, and chlorthal-dimethyl being identified as three herbicides of elevated risk for local environmental contamination due high rates of use by mass, by area, and/or intensity during the study timeframe. Additionally, Morro Bay Watershed exhibited moderate rates of herbicide application with chlorthal-dimethyl and glyphosate being of highest risk for contamination and accumulation within the estuary because of high application rates by mass, by area, and/or intensity. Finally, Environmental Micro Analysis (EMA) and Primus Group, Inc. (PrimusLabs) were identified as the top candidates for analytical laboratory testing of Morro Bay Estuary sediment samples to be obtained and tested for the selected herbicides. These laboratories provide superior analytical capabilities of the eight herbicides, impressive reporting limits or lower detection limits, competitive testing prices for detecting multiple constituents in multiple samples, robust chain of custody protocols, options for quick turnaround times, and laboratory site locations within California.