INTRODUÇÃO: Diversas sociedades profissionais recomendam a realização de testes genéticos para mulheres que desenvolveram câncer de ovário, a fim de identificar portadores de mutação germinativa em genes BRCA1/2 e oferecer terapia redutora de risco. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar análise de custo-efetividade de programa para diagnóstico de mutação germinativa em genes BRCA1/2 e de estratégias preventivas para pacientes com o diagnóstico de câncer de ovário e seus familiares de primeiro grau. METODOLOGIA: O estudo realizou análise de custo-efetividade mediante desenvolvimento de modelo de decisão de Markov e perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde. As estratégias comparadas refletiram a adoção de teste genético e estratégias preventivas para pacientes e familiares ou o acompanhamento proposto atualmente. A razão de custo-efetividade incremental foi expressa em termos de custo por caso evitado de neoplasia maligna. A análise de sensibilidade foi realizada de forma determinística univariada. RESULTADOS: Demonstrou-se incremento em efetividade e em custos com a realização de testes genéticos e a adoção de medidas profiláticas para pacientes e familiares. A razão de custo-efetividade incremental foi calculada em R$ 14.224,40 e em R$ 908,58, respectivamente, por caso evitado em pacientes com o diagnóstico prévio de câncer de ovário e em seus familiares de primeiro grau. Estes valores foram considerados inferiores ao limiar de custo-efetividade selecionado no estudo (de R$ 7.543,50 a R$ 23.786,70). DISCUSSÃO: O programa analisado pode ser considerado como estratégia custo-efetiva para a realidade nacional, sobretudo no que tange aos familiares de primeiro grau de pacientes com o diagnóstico de câncer de ovário. Outras publicações demonstraram conclusões similares para o tema em diversos países. CONCLUSÃO: Um possível desdobramento deste trabalho poderia ser representado pela realização de uma análise de impacto orçamentário da incorporação do programa como política de saúde no país / INTRODUCTION: Several professional societies recommend performing genetic tests for women who have developed ovarian cancer in order to identify BRCA1/2 germline-mutation carriers and offer risk-reducing therapy. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of a BRCA1/2 germline mutation diagnosis program and preventive strategies for patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer and their first degree relatives. METHODS: The study performed a cost-effectiveness analysis through the development of a Markov decision model and the perspective of the Unified Health System. The compared strategies reflected the adoption of genetic testing and preventive strategies for patients and their relatives or the usual follow-up. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was expressed in terms of cost per avoided case of cancer. Sensitivity analysis was performed in a univariate and deterministic manner. RESULTS: There has been an increase in effectiveness and in costs with genetic testing and the adoption of prophylactic measures for patients and their relatives. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated at R$ 14,224.40 and R$ 908.58, respectively, for avoided cases in patients with prior diagnosis of ovarian cancer and their first-degree relatives. These values were considered lower than the cost-effectiveness threshold selected in the study (from R$ 7,543.50 to R$ 23,786.70). DISCUSSION: The analyzed program can be considered as a cost-effective strategy for the national reality, especially in relation to the first-degree relatives of patients with ovarian cancer. Other publications have shown similar conclusions for the subject in several countries. CONCLUSION: A possible development of this work could be represented by a budget impact analysis of the incorporation of the program as health policy in Brazil

Le cancer du rein papillaire de type 2 (PRCC2) est un cancer très agressif avec un potentiel métastatique élevé et pour lequel il n’y a pas de traitement efficace. La forme héréditaire de PRCC2 est associée au syndrome rare de la léiomyomatose cutanéo-utérine héréditaire (HLRCC). HLRCC est due à une mutation germinale hétérozygote du gène Fumarate Hydratase (FH) qui code l'enzyme du cycle de Krebs, la Fumarase. Le déficit en fumarase induit l’accumulation de fumarate et active les voies de signalisation du facteur de transcription inductible par l’hypoxie (HIF) et des espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS). Néanmoins, aucune mutation du gène FH n’a été rapportée dans les cas de PRCC2 sporadiques. Le projet de recherche porte sur la caractérisation moléculaire des PRCC2 héréditaires et sporadiques. Notre analyse du transcriptome a identifié des différences entre les signatures moléculaires des PRCC2 héréditaires et sporadiques. Cependant, l’étude d’immunohistochimie n'a pas révélé de biomarqueurs potentiels. Les analyses bio-informatiques de profils d’expression génique ont révélé que les tumeurs PRCC2 héréditaires et sporadiques partagent une dérégulation de la voie principale NRF2/KEAP1. Il a été montré que la surexpression de AKR1B10 (Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Membre B10) est la conséquence directe de l’activation de l'élément de réponse antioxydant (ARE). Finalement, nous avons établi un nouveau modèle in vitro de lignée cellulaire, NCCFH1 (FH-/-), issue d’un patient HLRCC. NCCFH1 représente une plateforme idéale pour les études fonctionnelles, métaboliques et thérapeutiques. Bortézomib pourrait être la meilleure alternative thérapeutique pour les patients avec PRCC2. / Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma type 2 (PRCC2) is known to be a very aggressive type of kidney cancer with a high metastatic potential, poor outcome and absence of effective therapy. Hereditary form of PRCC2 is associated with rare hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC). HLRCC is characterized by germline heterozygous mutations in the Fumarate Hydratase (FH) gene that encodes an enzyme of the Krebs cycle, Fumarase. It has been shown that the accumulation of fumarate induces activation of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) and ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) pathways. Nevertheless, no FH gene mutation has been reported in sporadic PRCC2 tumors. The goal of this study is to better characterize hereditary and sporadic PRCC2. Our transcriptome analysis identified the set of genes that are differentially expressed between the two types of PRCC2. Subsequent immunohistochemistry screening did not reveal any potential diagnostics biomarkers. Further, the comprehensive computational analysis of gene profiling data revealed that hereditary and sporadic PRCC2 share the similar molecular signature with NRF2-KEAP1 axis deregulation as one of the major pathway in both forms. We demonstrated that over expression of Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10) is the direct consequence of the antioxidant response element (ARE) activation shared in hereditary and sporadic tumors. Finally, we have established FH-deficient cell line (NCCFH1) a new preclinical model of hereditary PRCC2. It presents the perfect platform for studying the metabolic features and testing new therapies for hereditary PRCC2, while bortezomib appears to be a potential efficient therapeutic option.

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer colorretal metastático (CCRm) é uma doença clinicamente e molecularmente heterogênea. Os pacientes apresentam diferentes prognósticos e respostas variáveis às terapias direcionadas contra o tumor. Alterações na função do sistema de reparo do DNA (deficiency mismatch repair - dMMR) estão associadas com o fenótipo de instabilidade de microssatélites e bom prognóstico em tumores de estádio inicial. No entanto, dMMR é raro no CCRm e pouco se sabe sobre sua influência na taxa de resposta (TR) ao tratamento. Nosso objetivo primário foi comparar a TR, de acordo com o status dMMR, nos pacientes com CCRm. Os desfechos secundários foram TR, conforme RAS e BRAF mutados, e a sobrevida global (SG), de acordo com dMMR. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com grupo controle que comparou a TR por RECIST 1.1 em pacientes com CCRm, tratados com quimioterapia (QT) sistêmica, de acordo com o status dMMR. Os dados clínicos foram coletados, retrospectivamente, dos prontuários médicos. Todas as imagens foram digitais e recuperadas para avaliação de resposta por um único radiologista, cego quanto ao status dMMR. dMMR foi definido como a perda de expressão imuno-histoquímica em pelo menos um dos genes MMR (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 e PMS2). Mutações em RAS e BRAF foram investigadas por meio de sequenciamento gênico. Os casos foram os pacientes com dMMR, e os controles, com MMR proficiente (pMMR), selecionados de forma consecutiva, em proporção de 1:2. Com base em características clínicas e moleculares, os indivíduos dMMR foram classificados como provável Lynch ou dMMR esporádico. Estatística descritiva foi usada para resumir os resultados. A associação entre dMMR e os resultados específicos de cada grupo foram analisados pelo teste do qui-quadrado, e para a avaliação de SG mediana, curvas de Kaplan-Meier e teste log-rank foram utilizados. Valores bicaudados de p < 0.05 foram considerados significativos. RESULTADOS: Entre janeiro de 2009 e janeiro de 2013, de 1270 pacientes, 762 foram elegíveis e rastreados para dMMR: N = 27 (3,5%) tiveram dMMR e N = 735 (96,5%) tiveram pMMR. Dada a raridade, foram incluídos 14 indivíduos com dMMR fora do período de inclusão, totalizando 41 casos (pacientes dMMR) e 84 controles (pacientes pMMR). Em análise por intenção de tratamento, considerando os pacientes que receberam pelo menos uma dose de QT baseada em oxaliplatina (N dMMR = 34), aqueles com dMMR apresentaram TR numericamente menor, comparados aos pMMR (11.7% vs 28.6%, OR: 0.33, IC 95%: 0.08-1.40, p = 0.088). Em análise por protocolo, incluindo apenas os pacientes que preencheram os critérios de inclusão (N dMMR = 33), aqueles com dMMR mantiveram TR menor à QT baseada em oxaliplatina em primeira linha, em comparação aos doentes pMMR, embora estatisticamente não significante (12.1% vs 28.6 %, OR: 0.34, IC 95%: 0.09-1.18, p = 0.102). Ainda neste contexto, os pacientes com possível Lynch apresentaram maior TR do que os indivíduos com provável dMMR esporádico (16% vs 0). Mutações em RAS ou BRAF não influenciaram na TR ou sobrevida. O status \"provável dMMR esporádico\" foi fator de pior prognóstico, quando todos os pacientes da amostra (N dMMR = 41) foram considerados. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que dMMR é preditivo de resistência à quimioterapia baseada em oxaliplatina, como mostrado por outros estudos. Aparentemente, essa resistência é mais acentuada nos pacientes dMMR esporádicos, sugerindo heterogeneidade biológica nos doentes com CCRm e dMMR / BACKGROUND: Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is a clinically and molecularly heterogeneous disease, where patients present different prognosis and variable responses to cancer-directed therapies. Alterations in the function of DNA deficiency mismatch repair (dMMR) genes are associated with microsatellite instability and good prognosis in early stage tumors. However dMMR dysfunction is rare in mCRC and little is known about its influence on treatment response rate (RR). Our primary endpoint was to compare the RR of mCRC patients according to dMMR status and to explore differences between patients with likely sporadic versus likely Lynch-related tumors. Secondary endpoints were RR according to RAS and BRAF mutation status, and survival times as per dMMR status. METHODS: Retrospective study with control group that compared the RR by RECIST 1.1 in patients with mCRC treated with systemic chemotherapy according to dMMR status. Clinical data were collected retrospectively from medical charts. All images were digital and were retrieved for response evaluation by a single radiologist blinded to dMMR results. dMMR status was defined as loss of immunohistochemistry expression in at least one of the MMR genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 e PMS2). RAS and BRAF mutations were investigated through next generation sequencing. Cases were defined as dMMR and controls, as proficient MMR (pMMR) patients, in a 1:2 fashion. Based on clinical and molecular features, dMMR patients were classified as likely Lynch or sporadic. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the results. The association between dMMR and outcomes of each group were analyzed by chi-square test; estimates of median overall survival were done by the Kaplan-Meier method and comparisons, by the log-rank test. Two-tailed p values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: From January 2009 to January 2013, out of 1270 patients, 762 were eligible and screened for dMMR: N = 27 (3.5%) had dMMR and N = 735 (96.5%) had pMMR. Given the rarity, 14 dMMR cases outside the inclusion period were included, with a total of 41 cases (dMMR patients) and 84 controls (pMMR patients). By intention-to-treat analysis, considering all patients who received at least one dose of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy (N dMMR = 34), those with dMMR had numerically lower RR, compared with pMMR (RR = 11.7% vs 28.6%, OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.08-1.40, p = 0.088). As per protocol analysis, considering only the patients who met inclusion criteria (N dMMR = 33), those with dMMR status persisted with numerically, but non-significant, lower RR to first-line oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy compared with pMMR (12.1% vs 28.6%, OR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.09-1.18, p = 0.102); also, patients with likely Lynch-related mCRC presented higher RR than subjects with probable sporadic dMMR (16% vs 0). Either survival or RR was influenced by RAS or BRAF mutations. Probable sporadic dMMR status was a poor prognostic factor when all patients in the sample (N dMMR = 41) were analyzed. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the dMMR phenotype is predictive of resistance to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy, as shown by other studies. Apparently, such resistance is more pronounced in the sporadic dMMR patients, suggesting biological heterogeinity within the dMMR mCRC patients

Suspeita-se da Síndrome de Lynch (SL) a partir da história pessoal e familial do indivíduo. Posteriormente, os dados histopatológicos, imuno-histoquímicos e moleculares podem ser utilizados para aprimorar o diagnóstico da doença. Entretanto, um grande desafio no diagnóstico da Síndrome de Lynch é a baixa acurácia dos critérios clínicos utilizados. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a frequência de SL em pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico por câncer colorretal e com história familial de câncer. Avaliar quais dos critérios clínicos e/ou moleculares seriam mais informativos no diagnóstico desta Síndrome na população brasileira. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudaram-se 458 casos de câncer colorretal (CCR), do Serviço de Coloproctologia do Departamento de Gastroenterologia do Hospital das Clínicas - FMUSP, de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2008. História familial (HF) positiva para CCR ocorreu em 118 pacientes. Promoveu-se a revisão das lâminas para critérios histopatológicos de MSI (diretrizes de Bethesda), avaliação imuno-histoquímica (IHC) para as proteínas MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, através do complexo avidina-biotina-peroxidase e instabilidade de microssatélites (MSI) (BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-24 e MONO-27). Realizada a análise da mutação somática para o BRAF em todos os casos com MSI positiva. RESULTADOS: Dos 118 pacientes com HF, 61 (51,69%) preencheram pelo menos um dos critérios de Bethesda revisados. 36 eram do sexo feminino (59%), média de idade de 53,2 anos. Nove (14,7%) pacientes apresentaram todos os critérios de Amsterdam I. Cinquenta e dois tumores localizaram-se no cólon esquerdo. Os componentes histopatológicos de MSI incluíram: linfócitos intratumoral (47,5%), característica expansiva do tumor (29,5%) e o componente mucinoso (27,8%) (componentes histopatológicos de MSI instável) em 44 (72%). A IHC estava alterada em oito (13%) e a MSI em 12 pacientes (20%). Houve associação entre os critérios de Amsterdam I e MSI e na IHC com MLH1 e PMS2. Houve associação entre os critérios de Bethesda revisados com o sexo, na histopatologia com o componente mucinoso e a reação Crohn like; com a MSI e na IHC com o MLH1 e PMS2. O BRAF foi realizado nos 12 casos com MSI positiva e em todos os casos foram negativos. Os indivíduos que apresentaram o critério 4 de Bethesda revisado (CCR ou câncer associado a SL, diagnosticado em um ou mais parentes de primeiro grau, desde que uma das neoplasias tenha ocorrido antes dos 50 anos de idade), tiveram uma chance 10,6 vezes maior de apresentar MSI positiva. Propôs-se um escore para caracterizar pacientes com SL baseado nas variáveis estudadas nesta pesquisa. CONCLUSÕES: A frequência de Síndrome de Lynch nos pacientes submetidos a ressecção por câncer e com história familial foi de 20%. O critério 4 de Bethesda revisado associou-se mais fortemente à presença de instabilidade de microssatélites na população estudada. O escore desenvolvido neste estudo contribui como uma ferramenta prática na ampliação diagnóstica da Síndrome de Lynch / Lynch Syndrome is suspected due to the personal and familial history of the individual. Subsequently, histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular data can be used to improve diagnosis of the disease. However, a major challenge in the diagnosis of Lynch Syndrome is the low accuracy of clinical criteria. OBJECTIVES: To assess the frequency of Lynch Syndrome in patients with familial cancer history submitted to colorectal cancer resection. To assess what clinical and / or molecular criteria would be the most informative in the diagnosis of this syndrome in Brazilian population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 458 colorectal cancer (CRC) cases were studied, from the Coloproctology Unit of the Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Clinicas - USP, from January 2005 to December 2008. Positive family history (FH) for CRC occurred in 118 patients. The pathologic slides were reviewed for histological criteria for MSI (Bethesda guidelines), immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) for MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 proteins, through the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex, and microsatellite instability (MSI) (BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-24 and MONO-27). BRAF somatic mutation was analyzed in all cases with positive MSI. RESULTS: Of the 118 patients with HF, 61 (51.69%) met at least one of the revised Bethesda criteria. Thirty-six were female (59%), and the mean age was 53.2 years. Nine (14.7%) patients presented all Amsterdam criteria I. Fifty-two tumors were located in the left colon. MSI histopathological components included: intratumoral lymphocytes (47.5%), expansive characteristics of the tumor (29.5%) and mucinous component (27.8%) (Histological unstable components of MSI) in 44 (72%). IHC was abnormal in eight (13%) and MSI in 12 patients (20%). There was an association between the Amsterdam criteria I and MSI; and between IHC with MLH1 and PMS2. There was an association with the revised Bethesda criteria with: sex, mucinous histology and Crohn\'s like reaction; with MSI and IHC with PMS2 and MLH1. BRAF was performed in 12 patients with MSI positive, and all were negative. Patients who presented the revised Bethesda criteria 4 (CRC or cancer associated with SL, diagnosed in one or more first-degree relatives, with one of the neoplasms occurred before 50 years of age), had a 10.6 increased chance to display positive MSI. Based on the studied variables, we proposed a score to characterize the Lynch Syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: The frequence of Lynch Syndrome in patients who were submitted to cancer resection, and had a cancer familial history was 20%. The criterion 4 Revised Bethesda was associated more strongly with the presence of microsatellite instability in the studied population. The developed score contributes as a practical tool in the diagnosis of Lynch Syndrome

Entre as neuropatias periféricas hereditárias, a Doença de Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) é a mais prevalente, sendo o Charcot Marie Tooth Lidado ao X tipo 1 (CMTX1) o segundo subtipo mais comum, causado por mutações no gene GJB1 e de herança ligada ao X. A sintomatologia de fraqueza, atrofia e alteração de sensibilidade progressiva, de padrão simétrico e distal é característica da CMT e, no CMTX1, o acometimento do sistema nervoso central pode estar associado ao quadro típico. Com relação à eletroneurofisiologia, há redução dos parâmetros de velocidade de condução nervosa, com prolongamento da latência de onda F. Não há terapias modificadoras do curso da doença, sendo importante acompanhamento multidiciplinar a fim de assistir as possíveis deformidades, dando mais conforto e otimização das atividades de vida diária dos pacientes. O objetivo do presente estudo é relatar casos diagnosticados como CMTX1 atendidos pelo ambulatório de Neurogenética do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) e comparar aos dados da literatura pertinente. Os critérios de inclusão foram idade no atendimento abaixo de 17 anos e 11 meses e confirmação do CMTX1 por exame genético molecular, com mutação em GJB1. Assim, foram encontradas quatro crianças, três do sexo feminino e uma do masculino, com idade variando de 3 a 17 anos, sendo que em dois deles foi observado atraso na marcha independente. Os sinais clínicos e eletroneuromiográficos observados foram concordantes com a literatura, exceto por não apresentarem sinais de acometimento do sistema norvoso central (SNC) associados. A presença de atraso na marcha e surgimento de casos precoces suscita a necessidade de protocolo adequado para crianças no primeiro e segundo anos de vida; 1. Anotar época de aparecimento e duração do movimento de levantar-se e postura ereta ou não do tronco ao se manter sentado. 2. Tipo do engatinhar. 3. Idade em meses no início de sentar e andar com e sem apoio. 4. Análise da funcionalidade manual, motricidade fina com auxílio de testes da especialidade em terapia ocupacional, desde os primeiros meses. 5. Tipo de marcha e época de início da marcha. 6. Reflexos fásicos - evolução - com atenção especial aos aquilianos, que são os mais precocemente acometidos. 7. Verificação de clônus de tornozelo, no sentido de detecção de sinais de espasticidade. Para crianças maiores de 3 anos de idade: 1. Início do uso de chinelo (capacidade de reter o chinelo nos pés - desenvolvimento da propriocepção). 2. Verificação do equilíbrio estático e dinâmico de acordo com Lefèvre (1972), nas faixas etárias de 3 a 7 anos. / Among the hereditary peripheral neuropathies, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most prevalent, being the second most common the subtype CMTX1, caused by mutations in the GJB1 gene and producing a X-linked inheritance. The symptoms of symmetrical and distal weakness, atrophy and progressive sensory changes, are characteristics of the CMT and in the CMTX1 central nervous system involvement is often associated with the typical picture. With respect to eletroneurophysiology, there is reduction of nerve conduction velocity parameters, with extension of F wave latency. There is no modifier therapies of the course of the disease, being important, multidisciplinary monitoring to assist the possible deformities, giving more comfort and optimization of daily life activities of patients. The main objective of this study is to report cases diagnosed as CMTX1 by Neurogenetics Clinic of the Hospital of Clinics of the School of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University (HCFMRPUSP) and to compare the data from the relevant literature. Inclusion criteria were age in attendance below 17 years and 11 months and CMTX1 confirmation by genetic testing, mutation GJB1. Four children were included, three female and a male, with age ranging from 3 to 17 years. Two of them presented late onset of independent walking. Clinical and eletroneuromiographics finds resulted similar to that observed in the literature, except for the absence of clinical signs of CNS involvement. The presence of delay for independent walking raises the need for proper protocol for children in the first and second years of life: 1. Time of onset (age) and duration of motion to lift from a horizontal position and upright posture of trunk to keep sitting. 2. Type of crawl. 3. Age in months earlier to sit and walk with and without support. 4. Analysis of manual functionality, fine motricity with specialty tests in occupational therapy, since the first few months age. 5. Type of gear when he or she begins to walk with support, and then, without support, the use of the heels. 6. Stretch Reflex - evolution - with special attention to the aquileus, that are the most affected early. 7. Ankle clonus checking, aimed to detecting signs of spasticity. For children after 3 years of age: 1. Initiation of the use of slippers (ability to retain the slippers on the feet - proprioception development). 2. Verification of static and dynamic balance according to Lefèvre (1972), in the age groups from 3 to 7 years.

Entre as neuropatias periféricas hereditárias, a Doença de Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) é a mais prevalente, sendo o Charcot Marie Tooth Lidado ao X tipo 1 (CMTX1) o segundo subtipo mais comum, causado por mutações no gene GJB1 e de herança ligada ao X. A sintomatologia de fraqueza, atrofia e alteração de sensibilidade progressiva, de padrão simétrico e distal é característica da CMT e, no CMTX1, o acometimento do sistema nervoso central pode estar associado ao quadro típico. Com relação à eletroneurofisiologia, há redução dos parâmetros de velocidade de condução nervosa, com prolongamento da latência de onda F. Não há terapias modificadoras do curso da doença, sendo importante acompanhamento multidiciplinar a fim de assistir as possíveis deformidades, dando mais conforto e otimização das atividades de vida diária dos pacientes. O objetivo do presente estudo é relatar casos diagnosticados como CMTX1 atendidos pelo ambulatório de Neurogenética do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) e comparar aos dados da literatura pertinente. Os critérios de inclusão foram idade no atendimento abaixo de 17 anos e 11 meses e confirmação do CMTX1 por exame genético molecular, com mutação em GJB1. Assim, foram encontradas quatro crianças, três do sexo feminino e uma do masculino, com idade variando de 3 a 17 anos, sendo que em dois deles foi observado atraso na marcha independente. Os sinais clínicos e eletroneuromiográficos observados foram concordantes com a literatura, exceto por não apresentarem sinais de acometimento do sistema norvoso central (SNC) associados. A presença de atraso na marcha e surgimento de casos precoces suscita a necessidade de protocolo adequado para crianças no primeiro e segundo anos de vida; 1. Anotar época de aparecimento e duração do movimento de levantar-se e postura ereta ou não do tronco ao se manter sentado. 2. Tipo do engatinhar. 3. Idade em meses no início de sentar e andar com e sem apoio. 4. Análise da funcionalidade manual, motricidade fina com auxílio de testes da especialidade em terapia ocupacional, desde os primeiros meses. 5. Tipo de marcha e época de início da marcha. 6. Reflexos fásicos - evolução - com atenção especial aos aquilianos, que são os mais precocemente acometidos. 7. Verificação de clônus de tornozelo, no sentido de detecção de sinais de espasticidade. Para crianças maiores de 3 anos de idade: 1. Início do uso de chinelo (capacidade de reter o chinelo nos pés - desenvolvimento da propriocepção). 2. Verificação do equilíbrio estático e dinâmico de acordo com Lefèvre (1972), nas faixas etárias de 3 a 7 anos. / Among the hereditary peripheral neuropathies, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most prevalent, being the second most common the subtype CMTX1, caused by mutations in the GJB1 gene and producing a X-linked inheritance. The symptoms of symmetrical and distal weakness, atrophy and progressive sensory changes, are characteristics of the CMT and in the CMTX1 central nervous system involvement is often associated with the typical picture. With respect to eletroneurophysiology, there is reduction of nerve conduction velocity parameters, with extension of F wave latency. There is no modifier therapies of the course of the disease, being important, multidisciplinary monitoring to assist the possible deformities, giving more comfort and optimization of daily life activities of patients. The main objective of this study is to report cases diagnosed as CMTX1 by Neurogenetics Clinic of the Hospital of Clinics of the School of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University (HCFMRPUSP) and to compare the data from the relevant literature. Inclusion criteria were age in attendance below 17 years and 11 months and CMTX1 confirmation by genetic testing, mutation GJB1. Four children were included, three female and a male, with age ranging from 3 to 17 years. Two of them presented late onset of independent walking. Clinical and eletroneuromiographics finds resulted similar to that observed in the literature, except for the absence of clinical signs of CNS involvement. The presence of delay for independent walking raises the need for proper protocol for children in the first and second years of life: 1. Time of onset (age) and duration of motion to lift from a horizontal position and upright posture of trunk to keep sitting. 2. Type of crawl. 3. Age in months earlier to sit and walk with and without support. 4. Analysis of manual functionality, fine motricity with specialty tests in occupational therapy, since the first few months age. 5. Type of gear when he or she begins to walk with support, and then, without support, the use of the heels. 6. Stretch Reflex - evolution - with special attention to the aquileus, that are the most affected early. 7. Ankle clonus checking, aimed to detecting signs of spasticity. For children after 3 years of age: 1. Initiation of the use of slippers (ability to retain the slippers on the feet - proprioception development). 2. Verification of static and dynamic balance according to Lefèvre (1972), in the age groups from 3 to 7 years.

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The population of northern Sweden has previously been shown to be well suited for the mapping of monogenic diseases. In this thesis we have tested the hypothesis that this population could also be used for efficient identification of risk genes for common diseases. In Paper I we have hypothesised that despite the admixture of Swedish, Finnish and Sami, the northern Swedish population consists of sub-populations geographically restricted by the main river valleys running through the region. This geographic isolation, in combination with founder effects and genetic drift, could represent a unique resource for genetic studies. On the other hand, it also underlines the importance of accounting for this e.g. in genetic association studies. To test this hypothesis, we studied the patterns of marriage within and between river valley regions and compared allelic frequencies of genetic markers between these regions. The tendency to find a spouse and live in the river valley where one was born is strong, and allelic frequencies of genetic markers vary significantly between adjacent regions. These data support our hypothesis that the river valleys are home to distinct sub-populations and that this is likely to affect mapping of genetic diseases in these populations. In Paper II, we tested the applicability of the population in mapping HSAN V, a monogenic disease. This disease was identified in only three consanguineous individuals suffering from a severe loss of deep pain perception and an impaired perception of heat. A genome-wide scan combined with sequencing of candidate genes resulted in the identification of a causative point mutation in the nerve growth factor beta (NGFB) gene. In Paper III, a large family with multiple members affected by familial forms of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and autoimmune thyroiditis (AITD) was studied. This syndrome was mapped to the IDDM12 region on 2q33, giving positive lodscores when conditioning on HLA haplotype. The linkage to HLA and to the IDDM12 region thus confirmed previous reports of linkage and/or association of T1DM and AITD to these loci and provided evidence that the same genetic factors may be mediating these diseases. This also supported the feasibility of mapping complex diseases in northern Sweden by the use of familial forms of these diseases. In Paper IV, we applied the same approach to study type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A non-parametric genome-wide scan was carried out on a family material from northern Sweden, and linkage was found to the calpain-10 locus, a previously described T2DM-susceptibility gene on 2q37. Together, these findings demonstrate that selecting for familial forms of even complex diseases, and choosing families from the same geographical region can efficiently reduce the genetic heterogeneity of the disease and facilitate the identification of risk genes for the disease.

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