A dissertation of limited scope submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree coursework of Master of Recreation and Tourism in the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies at the University of Zululand, 1998. / Heritage tourism is gaining widespread acceptance as a special-interest tourist attraction and as part of overall tourism planning. The tourism industry is discovering how the planned integration of historic, cultural and natural resources can help sustain local economics and contribute to a greater appreciation of each unique heritage. Heritage tourism is emerging as one of the most promising areas of economic development. Recent studies show that the single greatest motivator for travel in the 1990 is to understand culture. What has become known as 'heritage' attraction here is based on the history of the region, the buildings, historic monuments as well as traditional events and cultural performances. This study examines how the areas of Mpanza Valley and Ngome near Greytown, affected by the Bhambatha Rebellion of 1906, can develop heritage tourism. It also investigates how local communities can meaningfully participate in, and benefit from this unique feature of their culture. In order to put the investigation in perspective, the study briefly traces the events of the Bhambatha Rebellion and highlights important factors in heritage tourism planning and management. An investigative approach to the study was adopted. Six workshops and meetings were held with the Bhambatha Commemoration Committee. Other interviewees included officials from the Department of Economic Affairs and Tourism, the Greytown Museum as well as the Directorate for Arts, Culture Museums and Youth Affairs. Findings of the study indicate that local communities, government departments and agencies are already making attempts at tourism development within the region. In conclusion, the study found that there was a significant opportunity for tourism development and that the study area has the potential to attract local as well as overseas tourists.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters of Recreation and Tourism in the Department of Recreation and Tourism at the the University of Zululand, 2009. / Any development or promotion of a product, be it in cultural tourism development or heritage, needs to be well planned and executed on the basis of existing policies, so as to effectively benefit the broader local community. Many municipalities in KwaZulu-Natal, such as the Ndwedwe Local Municipality, are dependent on an effective implementation of local policies and cultural tourism national mandate to promote tourism development within their areas with a bias to enhance Black economic empowerment. The application of such principles is particularly needed in the Ndwedwe Local Municipality, mainly for addressing of basic needs, equity and redistribution of cultural tourism wealth for the benefit of the previously disadvantaged communities. The fundamental aim of this research study is to establish how stakeholders perceive the existence and effectiveness of tourism policies and practices in the development and promotion of cultural tourism in the Ndwedwe Local Municipality. In other words the study seeks to establish the role played by policy and practice in the involvement, participation, and beneficiation of the Ndwedwe local communities. Among other things, the study is also carried out with a purpose of motivating the local community at Ndwedwe, to promote cultural tourism as well as to strive for the conservation of culture and heritage. It is clear that one of South Africa’ most abundant resources are the people and their diverse cultures. It is only recently that local community’s culture has begun to be appreciated and acknowledged for their true tourism potential. So cultural and heritage tourism is gradually gaining widespread acceptance as a true tourist attraction and also emerging as one of the most promising areas of economic development in South Africa. In order to put this investigation in its proper perspective, the following objectives were formulated: (a) To determine the level of understanding that the Ndwedwe stakeholders have towards the meaning of cultural tourism. (b) To examine the importance and value of developing and conserving culture for future generations in the study area. (c) To investigate the provision and maintenance of cultural and heritage tourism facilities in the study area. (d) To establish the levels of stakeholders participation in cultural and heritage tourism activities in the Ndwedwe Municipal Area. (e) To indicate how stakeholders perceive the existence and effectiveness of tourism policies and practices in the study area. (f) To assess the extent to which cultural and heritage tourism benefits are perceived by Ndwedwe stakeholders within the study area. The methodology for collecting data comprised a stratified sample size of 133 respondents, who were distributed in the Ndwedwe Local Municipality as follows: sample consisting of Tourism & Municipal Officials [12], Tourists [21], Tour Operators [16] and Local Community [84]. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences [SPSS] computer programme and represented using frequency tables and various graphics.

This study affirms the value inherent in memory work, demonstrating that it can create empowering pathways through which to activate personal, community and by extension, national healing- the latter being a constant underlying theme of South Africa’s journey to deepen its rights-based democracy. It uses the example of District Six Museum (D6M) in Cape Town, South Africa, as a significant example of how a community has been empowered through the activation and valuing of its memory. The main thrust of my study focuses on the blockages experienced in navigating the regulatory procedures related to the declaration of District Six as a National Heritage Site (NHS). I present an underlying critique of the ways in which government departments generally conduct public engagements, referring specifically to the limited role that it has permitted community members to play in the shaping and protection of its own heritage in the context of District Six. This study raises questions about what recourse citizens have when they find that the implementation of the laws intended to bring redress and restitution, have the opposite effect. D6M’s origin in the context of a struggle for land is an important part of its identity and for this reason I have referred to the land claims process in the context of mobilising memory. District Six was an inner-city neighbourhood in Cape Town which was razed to the ground as part of legally sanctioned forced removals under apartheid. The Museum’s formation was prompted by the twin issues of land rights and memory of the land. The focus of its work in the new South Africa has been to support community members as they lodged claims for their loss of their right to land, to reclaim their connection to the land through memory, and to be acknowledged as major partners in the future development of District Six which includes memorialisation. Over time, D6M has ostensibly become the ‘face of the District Six story’ (Coombes, 2003: 118), and the trajectories of the community and the institution continue to be inextricably intertwined. In the new South Africa inaugurated in 1994, citizens are able to access land and heritage rights through the provisions of the Restitution of Land Rights Act No. 22 of 1994, (RLRA) and the National Heritage Resources Act No. 25 of 1999 (NHRA). The latter act makes allowance for sites deemed to be of national significance, to be declared NHS’s. The application to have District Six graded as a site of national significance ahead of its declaration was approved by the Council of the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) in 2004, affirming its national relevance. It is during this application period that D6M’s memory work came to engage more directly with the discourse of formal and authorised heritage. My approach has been interdisciplinary. I have drawn largely on theories and practices of memory work, museology, historiography, literature, discourse analysis, pedagogy and human rights. My argument for memory is not intended to be pitted against the discourse of heritage, but I do make the case for a richer conversation between these different modes. I also argue for deeper engagements with people as knowledge-bearers and makers – including those who are not formally trained disciplinary experts, but who are experts on their own lives and on the things that make or break communities. I make an argument for building national identity incrementally from the base, not as a predetermined narrative schematised from the top down. The colonial origins of the ‘museum’ construct cannot be ignored. It carries with it the burdened connotation of being object-focused spaces that present fixed narratives curated by experts. I demonstrate that despite the colonial residue associated with museums, critical engagement with its contemporary purpose can enable work within its frame in a decolonised way. The sector is under particular pressure during the ravages of the COVID-19 pandemic, and has to demonstrate relevance, at a time when resources from the public and private sectors need to be redirected towards saving lives and livelihoods. When I started this study, the pandemic was nowhere on the horizon. Having become a factor which affects every facet of life from here onwards, it has forced its way into my thesis. I have had to give it due consideration in terms of what the future might hold and how this study might contribute towards that future. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Mellon Foundation / Historical and Heritage Studies / PhD / Unrestricted

The design of housing in an urban fabric designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site requires consideration of the historic character and how each building contributes to the streetscape. Beyond the facade, one discovers the unique story of each parcel through the transformations that its residents have enacted over many centuries in order to accommodate greater density and the evolution of family structures. One might even find a record of building periods following a hurricane, for example, inscribed by hand on a column in the shared patio for the collective memory of current and future tenants. These transformations are almost all realized through self-effort construction and are a community-building exercise. Unfortunately, the paradox that accompanies the informal typologies to construct additional housing is destructive more often than not. The additions to and division of the highly articulated residential architecture in Havana have a pervasive impact on the building structure and exacerbates the decay of the built environment. The formal typologies established to define thresholds and transition between public and private spaces are as much a part of the social landscape as the informal insertions. Housing la Habana Vieja calls for a reconciliation of the architectural heritage with contemporary building attitudes in its design for multi-family housing in the historic city center of Cuba. This project addresses the housing crisis in Havana and proposes a resolution that is suited to the "economy of means, both material and aesthetic,"to appropriate the design philosophy of Cuban-American architect Belmont Freeman. The context investigates the underpinnings of housing attitudes by identifying milestones and gaining perspective from dialogue with the residents of la Habana Vieja. Documenting the formal and informal typologies allowed for a comparison of both their spatial implications and their performance, or function. The design proposal explores the intersection of these typologies to manifest the social behaviors and cultural values in the definition of shared and private space. The formal typologies engage the transitional qualities of space by layering building elements as thresholds to private realms. The informal typologies are engaged in the construction of habitable space by activating the immediate built environment through the addition and multiplication of planes. To design at the corner of the past and present is to preserve the vernacular and brandish the opportunities that the future holds for Housing la Habana Vieja. / Master of Architecture

Yes / Peatlands have often been represented in cultural material as being dangerous and inhospitable places, partly based on post-medieval influences, but also partly based on elements of folklore which emphasise the ‘other-worldly’ and liminal nature of these environments. Using Ilkley Moor, West Yorkshire, as a case study, the role of heritage, folklore and cultural media in guiding perceptions of the landscape is explored. Contemporary society is more diversified than historic situations, and our review indicates that perceptions of heritage landscapes reflect this complexity. The use of the peatland by different groups is explored, before addressing the interconnected roles of folklore and archaeology in past, present and future engagement with this landscape. / JP-ICH under Grant number AH/S006427/1.

Yes / Heritage (and by extension, archaeology) is an important part of the Star Wars universe. Both the Jedi and the Sith share teachings revolving around sites and artifacts important to their heritage and identities, and archaeologists like Chelli Aphra have played important roles in the development and maintenance of heritage. However, the politicization of sites and artifacts by many groups and individuals has also served as motivation behind significant schisms, battles, imperialism, and resistance. As professional archaeologists, we have become familiar with the ways these themes are appearing within our real world discipline as well. This paper will broadly examine the roles that archaeology and heritage play in the Star Wars universe. Using examples from both canon media and expanded universe (now referred to as Legends) lore, this paper will explore the ways in which political factions manipulate and weaponize heritage and archaeology to their benefit. These examples will then be discussed within real world contexts to illustrate how Star Wars is ultimately a perfect encapsulation of the political powers inherent in archaeology and heritage studies, and the resistance to the manipulation of these fields.

Throughout history, the direct or indirect choice of preservation has resulted in the successful incorporation of tangible products of the human past into modern cultural environments. Within the current American historic preservation system, "significance" is used as a delimiter for identifying historic properties that are determined beneficial to the heritage of the American people. As defined under U.S. law, however, "significance" is attributed only to places and objects whose importance is limited within an historical or scientific framework. This thesis proposes that the significance of historic properties transcends the boundaries of these limited frameworks of importance, and demonstrates that the public benefits of preservation are maximized when history is reified through the modern-use of these places and objects as cultural resources for the current and future generations of the American people.

Cultural heritage is fundamentally important to humanity. Societies around the world have recognized this for centuries. However, in the context of war, damage to cultural heritage goes unnoticed until it is too late. Palestinian cultural heritage is disappearing at a rate of 12,000 pieces per year. If this destruction continues, there may not be any cultural heritage left for future generations. This paper examines the current legal framework in place for the protection of Palestinian cultural heritage in light of the biggest threats to it, in order to determine if there is an adequate legal framework in place for the protection of Palestinian cultural heritage. Then, considering how many cultural heritage pieces have already been illicitly exported from the Palestinian territories, I examine the legal duties of the Palestinian government, Israeli government, and International governments that may aid in the restitution of Palestinian cultural heritage.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo a reflexão sobre conceitos, relações e informações relevantes para a criação de uma ferramenta de auxílio um banco de dados dedicada à gestão de bens patrimoniais em rede. Para tanto, incorpora em seu escopo o cotidiano de trabalho no Centro de Gestão de Informação e Documentação do Acervo Artístico-Cultural dos Palácios do Governo do Estado de São Paulo. A proposta desse estudo é desenvolver um modelo de normatização no registro, tratamento e pesquisa em sistema de informação para a construção de ferramenta de auxílio na gestão de patrimônio artístico, cultural e histórico do Estado de São Paulo. A investigação situa-se em um campo interdisciplinar que envolve a Museologia, a História da Arte, a Ciência da Informação e a Administração. Como exercício prático, a pesquisa ora apresentada propõe um modelo de organização, fluxo e recuperação de dados que inclui: ficha de inventário; ficha de catalogação; fluxo de trabalho e instrumento de avaliação. / The present research aims at reflecting on concepts, relations and relevant information for creating an aiding tool - a database management system for patrimonial asset network. Therefore, in its scope it includes the daily work at the Information and Documentation Management Center of the Curatorship of the collections of the palaces of São Paulo State Government. The main purpose of this dissertation is to develop a regulatory model in registering, treating and researching an information system in order to build an aiding tool for managing the State of São Paulo artistic, cultural and historic heritage. Bearing this in mind, the course of this investigation is directed to interdisciplinary studies that encompass Museology, History of Arts, Information Sciences and Administration. As a practical exercise, the research shown here suggests a model of organization and recovery of data that includes: inventory card files, catalog card files, workflow, and evaluation tools.

Thesis (M. Dev.)--University of Limpopo, 2010.