This study explores the emergence of changing values associated with heritage in postapartheid South Africa, expressed as a shift from tangible to intangible heritage values. Central to the study is an understanding of the evolutionary construction of changing values in a rooted heritage community within the urban historic environment of Bo-Kaap, the oldest residential suburb of Cape Town. Exploring changing values in Bo-Kaap, where tangible and intangible heritage intersect in the contemporary moment, showcases how heritage ably and fluidly adapts and transforms as an ever-shifting cultural process, and forges new, or altered, modes of identity construction. Bo-Kaap, as the case study, is a significant historic urban environment of Cape Town's central city with a vibrant community having cultural rootedness in place, in slave ancestral heritage, and existing living heritage deserving of protection. It is examined against a backdrop of the localised political, governance and civic agency milieu. The study follows the narrative of Bo-Kaap from its origins as a residential quarter of the early Cape colonial settlement, through the mid twentieth century when Bo-Kaap became largely fashioned and formed into an ethnically defined 'Malay' quarter, conforming to essentialised notions of race and ethnicity dominant in nationalist ideology, through the apartheid regime and the penetrating effects of Group Areas on the social and physical fabric of the area, until the present day where we are witness to a sea-change in outlook of the public on the very meaning and purpose of heritage. Heritage claims and heritage activism entered the realm of active public discourse in 2019 in response to free-market developmental pressures in Bo-Kaap, with inflections of social justice touching the edges of the heritage debate, and invited a broadening of the outermost limits of heritage discourse. Integral to this story is how heritage systems have been shaped by the past and colonial histories, new systems of governance post 1994, and a culture of intensifying identity politics. Following the arc of time illuminates the complex interrelatedness of heritage values with social, historical, and political trajectories, and aims to examine just how dynamically heritage values arise, merge and shift within the inter-relational temporal space; what activates them, who activates them, and to what end; and how they have entered into a space of heritage activism and public discourse. I suggest that this present change in discourse and the display of emerging sets of heritage values requires a highly critical reflexivity on the part of heritage structures and the profession, to look at what these changes mean for heritage praxis and governance and, more importantly, how to advance the relevance of heritage to a sector of South African society advocating for a decolonised heritage value framework.

This thesis researches into the heritage tourism characteristics on Gotland. Many destinations see a great potential to develop new tourism products around their heritage and thus meet a rising demand for enriching and unique visitor experiences. However, different considerations and stakeholders need to be taken into account to foster a sustainable development. The Swedish island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea has a long history as a tourism destination and is rich in heritage resources of diverse origin. A qualitative approach has been taken to study which traits characterise heritage related tourism to Gotland, and which potentials and challenges are seen by major stakeholders in the tourism and heritage development. One protruding result has been the strong connection between natural and cultural elements at the heritage sites as well as in tourism demand. Also the tourism strategy for Gotland strives for a further development of nature and culture as thematic tourism areas. Hence, a closer look has been taken into the relation of these two heritage elements. With help of the concept and methodology of heritagescapes two heritage sites have been analysed in a case study approach. The result shows that the integration of natural and cultural heritage to create cohesive and immersive visitor experiences at one site is challenging. However, taking both heritage elements into account can create synergies and they enhance how the respective other heritage element is experienced. This can broaden which visitor groups are attracted and in which season. Furthermore, the heritagescape approach gives practical management implications for the sites.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第20542号 / 地環博第163号 / 新制||地環||33(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 昌三, 教授 星野 敏, 准教授 深町 加津枝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Thesis (M.A. (Anthropology) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Heritage conservation is an enormous challenge in South Africa. Although the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) (NHRA) is amongst the best heritage legislation in the world, implementation has proved to be problematic. NHRA made provision for the establishment of the Limpopo Heritage Resources Authority (LIHRA), an institution of the provincial government responsible to coordinate heritage management in the Limpopo Province. Currently, LIHRA’s duties are either not clearly articulated, or it is not exercising its authority prudently. Consequently, heritage conservation in the Limpopo Province is limited. This study explored the challenges experienced by LIHRA in the conservation and management of heritage resources in the Limpopo Province. It examined LIHRA’s mandate and duties, legislation, budget, physical resources, personnel profile, social responsibility challenges, local politics, infrastructure, and external developmental threats. Furthermore, it investigated LIHRA’s intergovernmental relations and cooperation with other government bodies. The attitudes of heritage site managers and other staff towards conservation and their working conditions, as well as execution challenges, were also documented. Lastly, the study examined the local community’s awareness and expectations of the work being done by LIHRA, as well as the need to conserve and manage heritage resources. The study selected members of the LIHRA council and the seconded LIHRA officials from the Department of Sports, Arts and Culture (DSAC), executives of Limpopo Economic Development, Environment and Tourism (LEDET), the Department of Public Works (DPW) and the South African Police Services (SAPS), and heritage manager at the Dzata in the Vhembe District, as well as the custodian of the Tšate Provincial Heritage Site in the Greater Sekhukhune District of the Limpopo Province. Furthermore, local community members of Ha-Mandiwana in the Vhembe District and in the Tšate Greater Sekhukhune District were also designated. These participants were nominated because of their involvement and knowledge in heritage conservation. A semi-structured questionnaire was employed, and a thematic analysis method was used to analyse the data. v It has been established that LIHRA does not receive sufficient support from the provincial DSAC, even though the NHRA makes provision of the Member of the Executive Council (MEC) of DSAC to be accountable for it. LIHRA is not fully functional and is therefore unable to fulfil its mandate. This is due to a lack of adequate funds, staff, and physical (logistical) resources, such as vehicles. Therefore, most of its duties are performed by the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) on their behalf. Instead, it has been assigned to only perform Section 34 of the NHRA, which deals with the conservation of historic buildings. LIHRA is unable to attend to site visits or to interact with heritage site managers. Therefore, to the managers/custodians, LIHRA exists only in name. Furthermore, it comes as no surprise that local communities near heritage sites are not even aware of LIHRA’s existence. However, the museum section of DSAC oversees provincial heritage sites with museums, which effectively means that provincial sites, which do not have museums are neglected by both LIHRA and DSAC. In conclusion, LIHRA’s existence is very important for the survival of heritage resources in the Limpopo Province; hence the MEC must be held accountable for its under-performance. It is recommended that the MEC must ensure that LIHRA is provided with the essential tools it needs to become fully functional, commencing with legislation and a competency assessment from SAHRA. LIHRA must strengthen ties with other government departments to simplify heritage conservation in the province. Heritage managers/custodians need to have a close relationship with LIHRA to ensure that sites do not lose their provincial heritage status. However, for that to happen, LIHRA needs to be more proactive. Information about LIHRA must be accessible to the public, as heritage conservation is the responsibility of everyone, not only LIHRA.

<p>With the increased role of local authorities in creating cultural policy, gathering information on how successful and sustainable local heritage conservation programs are established will be very valuable in crafting future policies. This dissertation investigated the development of local government heritage conservation policies in the City of San Fernando, Pampanga in the Philippines in order to determine (1) predictors of community support for heritage conservation policy – why communities support heritage conservation policy and what characteristics or elements of communities lead them to support heritage conservation policies, (2) factors that lead to the adoption and implementation of heritage conservation policies or policy drivers of heritage conservation policy, and (3) given the deeper understanding of community support and policy drivers, the relationship between these predictors and drivers with heritage conservation policy management and sustainability. It did this by being cognizant of the lack of homogeneity across communities, with actors, factors, contexts, and nuances specific to each community.</p><p>Implementing two component studies, the dissertation used mixed methods, which interprets and integrates information drawn from the combined strength of both quantitative and qualitative data, following the convergent design (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2018; Harrison et al., 2020) and guided by the Rigorous Mixed Methods framework (Harrison, Reilly and Creswell, 2020). This first study used a self-administered online survey to collect data from stakeholders and ordinary residents of the City of San Fernando, Pampanga which was analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). In the second study, guided by the naturalist paradigm (Guba and Lincoln, 1982; Lincoln and Guba, 1985), transcripts of semi-structured interviews conducted by City Tourism and Investment Promotion Office (CTIPO) were coded and analyzed using the grounded theory approach. It combined several coding approaches, specifically a blended approach (Skjott Linneberg, and Korsgaard, 2006), with the the Gioia Methodology (Gioia et al., 2012) and Ünlü-Qureshi instrument (Qureshi and Ünlü, 2020)</p> <p>The integration of qualitative and quantitative data and results was guided by the dimensions of the mixed methods research integration trilogy (Fetters and Molina-Azorin, 2017). The dissertation identified predictors for community support for heritage conservation policy, policy drivers of the heritage conservation policy process, and the relationship between these predictors and drivers and within the heritage conservation policy process and produced three models: (1) predictors of community support for local heritage conservation policy, (2) heritage conservation policy drivers, and (3) managerial implications for heritage conservation policy sustainability, and a framework for heritage conservation, management, and sustainability. The data suggested that in the case of San Fernando, (1) knowledge and awareness, (2) sense of belonging and attachment, (3) place image and community identity, and (4) evaluation of value are predictors of support for heritage conservation policies, with evaluation of value as a mediator for the first three. It also identified two major policy drivers: (1) good governance, and (2) heritage consciousness, and six specific policy drivers: (1) understanding the dynamics of heritage conservation, (2) addressing program sustainability, (3) stakeholder integration in the policy process, (4) appreciation of process-oriented governance, (5) manifesting pride and attachment, and (6) awareness of long-term outcomes of policies, that serve as factors leading to the adoption and implementation of heritage conservation policies. The predictors and policy drivers were incorporated into a single framework for heritage conservation policy management and sustainability.</p>

Atliktas tyrimas, kurio pagrindinis tikslas – Senamiesčio ir Naujamiesčio teritorijose esančių blogos ir avarinės būklės architektūros objektų įvertinimas, pagrindinį dėmesį atkreipiant į objektų reikšmingumo lygį, kaitą ir atnaujinimo galimybes. Aptarta bendra paveldosauginė tiriamos teritorijos situacija, teritorijų ribos ir veiklos reglamentavimas jose. Atlikti vizualiniai tyrimai, fotofiksacija, sudarytas nykstančių architektūros objektų sąrašas, objektai suklasifikuoti stilistiniu ir fizinio sunykimo požiūriu. Pristatomas šių objektų išsidėstymas ir architektūrinė sankloda. Sudaryti žemėlapiai: 2011 metais patikslinta 2006 metų blogos būklės Kauno Senamiesčio (20171) ir Naujamiesčio (22149) architektūros objektų sklaida. Išskirtos architektūros objektų nykimo priežastys. Darbas taikomojo pobūdžio. Pateikiamos rekomendacijos nykstančių Kauno centro objektų esamos situacijos pristatymui internetinėje medijoje. Pasiūlytas koncepcinis nykstančio Kauno centro paveldo pateikimo internete modelis. Siekis - demokratizuoti priėjimą prie kultūros vertybių, skatinti aktyvų santykį su jomis. / The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the emergency condition of architectural objects located in the Old town and New town areas of the city. The main emphasis was put on the significance of the objects, their change and reconstruction options. The analysis discusses overall situation of area under heritage protection, the territorial limits and related regulation of activities. The analysis was conducted by multiple ways, i.e. on-site visits, photo shoots, etc. Consequently a list of endangered architectural objects was prepared by classifying them based on stylistic and physical deterioration perspectives. The location and architectural structure of the objects shall be also presented. The following maps where prepared in 2011: a revised version of dissemination of emergency condition architectural objects in Kaunas Old town (20171) and New town (22149) of year 2006. The causes of architectural objects loss were examined as well. It should be noted that the study may be approached as a guideline since recommendations are provided regarding endangered architectural objects located in Kaunas city center and their presentation to the online media. The results of the study suggest a conceptual model of online presentation of endangered architectural objects in Kaunas city center. The goal of the study is to democratize the access to cultural values and promote a strong active relationship with them.

Créé en 1972 par l’adoption de la Convention concernant la protection du patrimoine mondial, culturel et naturel, le patrimoine mondial a connu en 40 ans une importance croissante. Aujourd’hui, il est devenu l’élément incontournable et prestigieux d’une culture qui s’internationalise au rythme des nouvelles technologies, des flux mondiaux et du numérique. Mais il semble également représenter un ancrage plus marqué à la fois dans la matérialité des sites, toujours plus nombreux, et dans leur unicité. Parmi ces sites, les centres historiques connaissent des situations où l’inscription ajoute un niveau de complexité supplémentaire aux tensions existantes. Ainsi, la reconnaissance internationale et la hausse du tourisme semblent transformer physiquement l’environnement urbain, mais aussi ses usages et sa population. Le plus souvent, la réflexion à propos de ces sites s’intéresse donc à leur aménagement et leur gestion, où les habitants sont un élément parmi d’autres à ordonner, pour préserver le site et profiter des retombées économiques de son exploitation touristique.Cette recherche tente au contraire d’examiner comment ces sites se transforment et comment ils deviennent du patrimoine mondial. En outre, elle propose que le processus de patrimonialisation ne soit pas seulement le fait des autorités, mais qu’il repose aussi sur les habitants qui continuent de donner un sens à ces espaces urbains. En effet, le patrimoine est entendu ici comme une construction sociale résultant de la production de représentations par les groupes sociaux qui le revendiquent. La compréhension de ce processus requiert donc du chercheur qu’il mette en évidence les différentes représentations patrimoniales.Le site choisi pour cette étude, le centre historique d’Arequipa au Pérou, est situé dans une région où la conception du patrimoine urbain est plus sociale et plus inclusive des habitants, avec des enjeux exacerbés par des contrastes forts entre richesse et pauvreté, entre centres et périphéries, entre cultures urbaines et rurales.L’étude s’inscrit dans une perspective phénoménologique et propose une herméneutique de la patrimonialisation, c’est-à-dire une interprétation des représentations patrimoniales à partir de leur contexte de production, permettant de restituer les différents processus de patrimonialisation, et ainsi de comprendre l’évolution des valeurs patrimoniales et des transformations qui y sont liées. Pour ce faire une méthode historico-interprétative d’analyse contextualisée des données recueillies dans les documents, par l’observation et par des entretiens, est utilisée. Cette analyse souhaite ainsi contribuer au développement des études patrimoniales en proposant une approche herméneutique qui puisse servir à d’autres travaux.Cette recherche démontre que la patrimonialisation du site du patrimoine mondial du centre historique d’Arequipa est un processus hybride, à la fois physique et symbolique, institutionnel et social, global et local. Elle met en évidence la construction de représentations patrimoniales liées à l’inscription, mais aussi la reconstruction a posteriori d’une continuité historique entre les représentations issues de différents processus, ou cycles, de patrimonialisation. Elle montre enfin que les interventions sur l’environnement bâti sont l’expression des valeurs patrimoniales qui lui sont attribuées plutôt que la recherche d’un état de conservation.Ce travail permet aussi de dégager des effets plus liés à la reconnaissance en tant que patrimoine mondial, tels que des effets d’amplification et d’essentialisation du patrimoine. On observe également une possible prise en compte, dans les interventions, des attentes supposées des touristes. Cette mise en abyme des représentations conférerait au patrimoine mondial un caractère « méta-patrimonial ». Enfin, d’autres conséquences de l’inscription semblent exister, bien qu’elles n’aient pas été confirmées par cette étude, notamment en termes économiques et fonciers / Created in 1972 by the adoption of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the idea of World Heritage has experienced 40 years of growing importance. Today, it has become the essential and prestigious element of a culture that becomes global by following new technologies, global flows and the digital era. But it also seems to be more firmly anchored in both the materiality of the sites on an ever growing World Heritage List and their uniqueness.Among these sites, historic centres experience situations where the inscription on the World Heritage List adds another level of complexity to existing tensions. International recognition and increased tourism seem to physically transform the urban environment, but also its uses and its population. In most cases/often studies about historic centres focus on planning and management, with people being one factor among many others, to preserve the site and benefit from tourism development.This research aims instead at examining how these sites are changing and how they become World Heritage. In addition, it proposes that the heritagization process is not only managed by the authorities, but it also relies on the inhabitants who continue to give meaning to these urban areas. In this work, heritage is understood as social construction that results from the production of representations by social groups claiming it. Understanding this process therefore requires the researcher to bring out the various heritage representations.The site chosen for this study, the Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa in Peru, is located in a region where the concept of urban heritage is more social and inclusive of people, with issues aggravated by strong contrasts between wealth and poverty, centres and peripheries, urban and rural cultures.This study adopted a phenomenological perspective and proposes a hermeneutic of heritage, that is to say, an interpretation of heritage representations from their context of production to reconstruct the different heritage processes and to understand the evolution of heritage values and physical changes. To do so, the researcher employed a historical-interpretative method of contextualized analysis of data collected through document review, observation and interviews. This study seeks to contribute to the development of heritage studies proposing a hermeneutic approach that could be used in other research.This research shows that the heritagization process of the Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa is a hybrid process, both physical and symbolic, institutional and social, global and local. It highlights the making of heritage representations related to the inscription on the World Heritage List, but also an a posteriori reconstruction of historical continuity among representations produced by different processes, or cycles, of heritagization. Finally, it shows that most interventions on the built environment are a result of assigned values rather than a search for a state of conservation.This work also suggests the existence of effects related to the recognition as World Heritage, such as amplification and essentialisation of heritage. There is also a presumed consideration of the supposed expectations of tourists to intervene on the built environment. This mise en abyme of representations gives World Heritage a "meta-heritage" character. Finally, other consequences of the inscription seem to exist, especially in terms of economic impact and land value. These have however not been confirmed through this study

A Política de Patrimônio Imaterial no Brasil foi instituída em 2000. Desde então bens intangíveis são registrados como patrimônio cultural imaterial e ao Estado cabe garantir a salvaguarda destes, assegurando continuidade, fruição e sustentabilidade. A Roda de Capoeira e o Ofício de Mestre foram registrados como Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial do Brasil, em 2008, pelo Iphan Instituto de Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional. Como preveem as políticas de patrimônio, seguiram-se as ações de salvaguarda. Em 2012, estas foram descentralizadas para as superintendências estaduais do Iphan. Em 2014, a Roda de Capoeira foi inscrita pela Unesco Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura como Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial da Humanidade. As controvérsias públicas dos últimos anos entre Estado e Capoeira, exibem questões teóricas para antropologia e para as políticas de patrimônio. Os objetivos desta tese são compreender como os capoeiristas conceituam o termo patrimônio, como semantizam o registro e o que esperam das ações de salvaguarda. Por meio da etnografia multissituada e a partir das ações do CGSPR - Comitê da Salvaguarda da Capoeira no Paraná, realizei a pesquisa de campo em eventos de Capoeira, lugares onde as ações para salvaguarda foram desenhadas e realizavam-se, como trocas de saberes e afetos entre capoeiras, entre Iphan e Capoeira. A tese divide-se em duas partes, como forma de remontar uma roda; na primeira parte o registro, na segunda a salvaguarda, com a intenção de demonstrar as especificidades de cada um dos instrumentos de patrimonialização, como complementares em suas intenções. O registro é analisado a partir dos relatos orais dos mestres, de documentos disponibilizados pelo Iphan e da bibliografia de capoeiristas. A salvaguarda é descrita a partir das ações do CGSCPR. Nos traçados da tese revela-se como os capoeiristas semantizam o registro por meio de suas trajetórias pregressas com o Estado e suas memórias não-vividas da escravidão e da criminalização. E esperam da patrimonialização ação, razão e reconhecimento em forma de direitos. Ao conotarem o conceito de salvaguarda os mestres consideram que a Capoeira já foi salvaguardada no século XX, enquanto os mestres morreram à mingua, portanto para estes agora a salvaguarda é esperada. / The Intangible Heritage Policy in Brazil was instituted in 2000. Since then, intangible assets have been registered as intangible cultural heritage and the state is responsible for ensuring their safeguarding, ensuring continuity, fruition and sustainability.Capoeira Circle and the Craft Master of Capoeira were declared as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Brazil in 2008, by the Institute of National Historical and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN). As it is provided in the heritage policies, safeguarding actions were carried out.In 2012, these actions were decentralized to Iphan\'s state superintendencies. In 2014, Capoeira Circle was inscribed by Unesco - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.Public controversies of recent years between State and Capoeira, present theoretical questions for anthropology and heritage policies. The objectives of this thesis are to understand how capoeiristas conceptualize the term heritage, how they semanticize the registry and what they expect from the actions of safeguarding. Through the multisituated ethnography and from the actions of the CGSPR (Capoeira Safeguarding Committee) in Paraná, I conducted field research at Capoeira events, places where safeguarding actions were designed and carried out, as exchanges of knowledge and affections between capoeiras, between Iphan and Capoeira. The thesis is divided into two parts, as a way of reassembling a Circle, the first part is the registry, the second is the safeguarding, meaning to demonstrate the specificities of each of the instruments of patrimonialization, as complementary in their intentions. The registry is analyzed from the oral reports of the craft master of Capoeira, documents made available by Iphan and the bibliography of capoeiristas. The safeguarding is described from the actions of the CGSCPR. In the traces of the thesis it is revealed how the capoeiristas semantize the registry by means of its previous trajectories with the state and its \"memories unlived\" of the slavery and the criminalization. And, they expect from the patrimonialization action, reason and recognition in the form of rights. In connoting the concept of safeguarding, the masters consider that Capoeira was already safeguarded in the 20th Century, while the masters morrem à mingua (to die without assistance). Therefore, safeguarding is expected to these present Mestres.

For decades, the heritage language learner has been the topic of research in the field of second language acquisition for commonly taught languages such as Spanish. However, in the field of Arabic second language acquisition, little research has been done on this learning community. This report seeks to fill this gap in scholarship by reporting the survey results of religious heritage language learners of Arabic, defined as non-Arab Muslim students. This report analyzes a qualitative survey of fourteen religious heritage students of Arabic. The analysis helps characterize this community with regards to trends in previous exposure to Arabic before enrolling in university courses, motivations for learning Arabic and shifts in motivations, attitudes and preferences towards teachers, and the effect their studies has had on their personal spirituality and perceptions about their spirituality. Each section of this report presents suggestions for further research and implications on teaching and learning. Finally, I propose suggestions for curriculum development based on the results of the survey. Given the geopolitical importance of the Middle East and the prevalence of misperceptions about the region amongst Americans, competence in Arab cultural literacies is especially timely and critically urgent. A closer look at religious heritage students of Arabic can help educators strategize the teaching of cultural literacy. For instance, religious heritage students can help their peers learn about Islam and the religious significance of Arabic. At the same time, religious heritage students in particular may benefit most from being taught about the religious diversity of the Arab world and other aspects of the rich Arab cultures to which they may not previously been exposed. By re-envisioning the role of religious heritage learners of Arabic, the hope is that educators can create curricula that effectively and efficiently convey cultural literacy to all students in the Arabic language classroom. The study of religious heritage also has potential for targeted improvement of pedagogical praxis for teaching the four skills of speaking, listening, reading and writing to these students. / text

Dual tracks - for Foreign (FL) and Heritage languages (HL) - in Spanish language programs are becoming increasingly common in U.S. higher education institutions, although most only offer HL courses for intermediate and/or advanced learners. Few universities have incorporated specialized courses for receptive bilinguals into their programs. Contradictory arguments can be found in the HL education literature regarding the type of curriculum (FL or HL) that would best serve the pedagogical needs of these students (Carreira, 2004; Lipski, 1996; Potowski, 2005).This study attempts to offer insights into this discussion by examining the effects of these two types of curricula on the written and oral language development of three groups of learners: two groups of HL learners enrolled in HL and FL courses, and a group of FL learners taking the same FL courses. The purpose of this study is four-fold: 1) delineate a profile of receptive bilinguals; 2) measure changes in oral and written production and other language-related variables after one semester of instruction; 3) examine the students' level of satisfaction with the language curriculum; and 4) uncover linguistic differences between FL and HL learners. The data collection consisted of series of written and oral-elicitation tasks and online questionnaires at the beginning and end of the semester.The results showed that all groups made significant gains in writing fluency and complexity but only the HL group in the HL course significantly improved their writing accuracy. Both HL groups made greater gains in oral fluency and complexity than the FL group but the HL group in the HL course outperformed both groups in syntactic complexity gains. The HL group in the HL course showed the highest level of satisfaction and the greatest improvement in self-confidence and language attitudes but no differences in language use outside the classroom and self-evaluation of language abilities. The results offer implications for the inclusion of receptive bilinguals in HL programs, their language placement, and pedagogical and curricular practices most suitable for these students in the HL classroom.