Abstract This essay has a gender perspective on didactics and literature with the aim to highlight the circumstances surrounding reading and understanding the novel Pride and Prejudice in a classroom context. Since Pride and Prejudice is written with a somewhat complicated language the pupils are likely to encounter some difficulties when reading the novel. This is something that I have chosen to focus my essay on. What is more, they are likely to also have difficulties to understand different episodes in the novel since they have little knowledge about the society depicted in Pride and Prejudice. This is referred to as a cultural and historical hindrance and they are present due to the fact that the story is set at the end of the 18th and beginning of 19th century England. However, there are various approaches which might diminish obstacles like those I have mentioned, for instance, by offering background information about the novel and recurring issues, such as marriage and financial heritance. The areas of importance in the novel that I have chosen to highlight, because of the limited background knowledge that the students have, are marriage and financial independence for women. Marriage is depicted to be very important for a woman, especially if they do not have a large fortune of their own. Due to lack of financial resources they needed to marry, since if they did not they could end up as old maids or even worse; having to support themselves by working as prostitutes. The chance of inheriting a lot of money was small, since the money from their father or mother was generally entitled to their closest male heir.

<p>Abstract</p><p>This essay has a gender perspective on didactics and literature with the aim to highlight the circumstances surrounding reading and understanding the novel Pride and Prejudice in a classroom context.</p><p>Since Pride and Prejudice is written with a somewhat complicated language the pupils are likely to encounter some difficulties when reading the novel. This is something that I have chosen to focus my essay on. What is more, they are likely to also have difficulties to understand different episodes in the novel since they have little knowledge about the society depicted in Pride and Prejudice. This is referred to as a cultural and historical hindrance and they are present due to the fact that the story is set at the end of the 18th and beginning of 19th century England. However, there are various approaches which might diminish obstacles like those I have mentioned, for instance, by offering background information about the novel and recurring issues, such as marriage and financial heritance.</p><p>The areas of importance in the novel that I have chosen to highlight, because of the limited background knowledge that the students have, are marriage and financial independence for women. Marriage is depicted to be very important for a woman, especially</p><p>if they do not have a large fortune of their own. Due to lack of financial resources they needed to marry, since if they did not they could end up as old maids or even worse; having to support themselves by working as prostitutes. The chance of inheriting a lot of money was small, since the money from their father or mother was generally entitled to their closest male heir.</p>

Submitted by LILIAN CRISTINA ANDRADE DE ARAUJO TEIXEIRA null (lili_crist@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-03T00:05:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Lilian_Cristina_Andrade_de_Araújo_Teixeira.pdf: 1549316 bytes, checksum: 8c099514dd713d5bf0160216b03c05b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-04T14:26:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_lcaa_dr_jabo.pdf: 1549316 bytes, checksum: 8c099514dd713d5bf0160216b03c05b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T14:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_lcaa_dr_jabo.pdf: 1549316 bytes, checksum: 8c099514dd713d5bf0160216b03c05b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] é uma leguminosa de ciclo anual que apresenta distintas finalidades, dentre elas, uma crescente vertente relaciona-se ao uso na alimentação humana. Há demanda de cultivares de soja com esta destinação com resistência a patógenos e pragas. Em especial destaca-se o nematoide de cisto da soja (Heterodera glycines) que causa expressiva perda na produtividade. Em virtude do exposto, utilizando topocruzamentos de soja tipo alimento x tipo grão, o objetivo do presente trabalho é: a. Determinar a herança da cor do tegumento, da cor do hilo e da expressão do caráter derramamento de hilo em populações F2:3; b. Determinação do estudo da herança da resistência ao nematoide de cisto da soja (NCS), bem como estimativa do número e modo de ação dos genes envolvidos a fim de contribuir no delineamento de cruzamentos, que envolvem os genitores em estudo, com maior possibilidade de acumular genes que conferem resistência à raça 3 do NCS e; c. Verificar com uma abordagem quantitativa, a adequação das populações a um modelo aditivo-dominante, assim como estimar parâmetros genéticos nos cruzamentos gerados. Utilizaram-se genitores contrastantes, um resistente ao NCS raça 3 (‘BRSMG 810C’) e dois suscetíveis, porém aptos para utilização na alimentação humana (‘BRSMG 790A’ e ‘BRSMG 800A’). Obtiveram-se as gerações F1, RCr, RCs e F2 que foram utilizadas para o estudo da herança da resistência, por meio da segregação do caráter. As avaliações de nematoide foram realizadas utilizando-se como estimador o Índice de Fêmeas (IF) e analisadas pelo teste de Qui-Quadrado (χ2) para testar o ajuste ao modelo proposto para a herança. As sementes F3 provenientes de plantas F2 foram caracterizadas para elucidar a herança para caracteres morfológicos de interesse (cor de tegumento, cor e aspecto de hilo). Para os caracteres morfológicos dos grãos avaliados, os resultados observados se ajustam à proporção esperada considerando a existência de quatro genes (R/I/W/T) controlando a expressão da cor do tegumento e cor do hilo para ambos os cruzamentos. Para o cruzamento ‘BRSMG 810C’ x ‘BRSMG 800A’ genótipos ii impediram a expressão dos genes W e T na pigmentação da semente. Ocorreu variação na expressividade do caráter hilo derramado, com herança monogênica e dominância completa para o fenótipo ausência de derramamento de hilo. Há ligação do locus que confere derramamento do hilo com o genótipo T_ (pubescência marrom). O processo de hibridação foi eficiente na geração de variabilidade. Quanto à avaliação nematológica, as plantas F2 apresentaram dois padrões de segregação aceitos (resistente: suscetível): 1:15 (dois genes recessivos complementares) e 3:61 (um gene dominante e dois recessivos complementares). A herança foi confirmada utilizando-se as plantas do RCr, que segregaram na proporção de 1:7, padrão esperado para herança condicionada por três genes. A hipótese de segregação 1:3 (dois genes) foi rejeitada em RCr. A falta de um dos genes recessivos proporcionou resistência moderada ao NCS raça 3 aceitando-se a hipótese de moderadamente resistente: suscetível na proporção de 3:13 (um gene dominante e um gene recessivo). Assim, nestes cruzamentos, a resistência moderada ao NCS raça 3 é condicionada por dois genes epistáticos (um dominante e um recessivo) e o acúmulo de um terceiro gene recessivo confere resistência completa em relação ao fitonematoide em estudo. Os resultados evidenciam que ambos os cruzamentos apresentam acentuada variabilidade genética em F2. O modelo aditivo-dominante foi suficiente para explicar o caráter, sendo o efeito genético aditivo o mais importante. A resistência ao NCS raça 3 teve grande influência ambiental. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, existe evidência de ganho com seleção em processo seletivo. A herdabilidade no sentido restrito de baixa magnitude indica provável ponderação na pressão de seleção, fato que prioriza a realização de seleção em fase avançada dos programas de melhoramento, como no teste de progênies, para a obtenção de cultivares especiais para a alimentação humana e homozigota para resistência a este fitonematoide. / Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is an annual leguminous that has distinct purposes, among them, a growing amount is related to the human feed. There is a demand of cultivars aiming this destination, which are resistant to pathogens and plagues. A special plague is highlighted, the soybean nematode of cyst (Heterodera glycines) (NCS). It causes expressive loss of productivity. Facing this, using soybean topcrosses feed-like x grain-like this work aims: a. determine the tegument color, hilum color, and hilum spread character heritance in F2 populations; b. determine the NCS resistance heritage, as well the involved genes number and action mode estimative in order to contribute in the crosses design, which involve the parents studied, with a higher possibility of accumulation of genes which provide resistance to the NCS race 3; and c. Verify in a quantitative approach the adequacy population in an additive-dominant model, as well estimate the genetic parameter into the crossings. We used contrasting parents, being resistant to the race 3 (‘BRSMG 810C’) and two susceptible, however suitable to the human feed (‘BRSMG 790A’ and ‘BRSMG 800A’). Thus, the generations F1, RCr, RCs, and F2 were created. They were used to study heritage resistance through the character segregation. The nematode evaluations were done using as estimator the Female Index (IF) and they were analyzed by the chi-square test (χ2) to test the adjustment to the suggested model to the heritage. The F3 seeds from the F2 plants were characterized to elucidate the heritage to interest morphologic traits (seed coat color, hilum color and hilum aspect). For the morphological character of grain, the results observed of descendent were adjusted to the expected proportion, considering that there were four genes (R/I/W/T) controlling the expression coat and hilum color to both crossings. At crossing ‘BRSMG 810C’ x ‘BRSMG 800A’, the allele ii genetic owners hindered the expression of genes W and T at seed pigmentation. There was variation in the expression of spread hilum character, presenting monogenic heritance and full dominance to the characteristic. There are locus binding that gives outpouring of spread hilum with T_ locus (brown pubescence). The hybridization process was efficient to obtain genetic variability. Regarding to the nematologic evaluation, F2 plants presented two segregation patterns accepted: (resistant:susceptible) 1:15 (two complementary recessive genes) and 3:61 (one dominant gene and two complementary recessive genes). The heritability was confirmed using the BCr plants, which segregated at 1:7 proportion. Such proportion is expected in heritance conditioned to three genes. The 1:3 segregation hypothesis (two genes) was rejected in BCr. The lack of one of recessive gene provided moderate resistance to NCS race 3, accepting the hypothesis of moderately resistant: susceptible at 3:13 proportion (one dominant and one recessive). Thus, in these crossings, the moderate resistance to NCS race 3 is conditioned by two epistatic genes (one dominant and one recessive) and the accumulation of a third recessive gene provides full resistance to the phytonematodes evaluated in this article. The results highlight that both crossings have high genetic variability in the F2. The additive-dominant model was enough to explain the character, where the most important genetic effect was the additive. The NCS race 3 resistance had a great environmental influence. According to the obtained results, there is an evidence of gain with selection in the selective process. The heritability in the narrow sense of low magnitude indicates a probable weighting in the selection pressure. This fact prioritizes the selection conduction in a more advanced phase of breeding program, like in the progenies test, to obtain special cultivars to feed humans, and in the homozygote to resist to this phytonematode. / CNPq: 1406592012-9 / FAPESP: 2012/15448-4

The subject of this diploma thesis is inheritance, inheritance procedure and probate proceedings. It reflects the current (new) legal regulations founded by the Law No. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code, as amended. The aim of the thesis is to analyse and evaluate the current legal regulations of inheritance in such a manner to provide sufficient amount of information about the basic terminology in this area of the law even to a layman. This applies to both substantive and procedural law. The thesis comprises of three parts. The first part focuses on the history of inheritance procedure with special emphasis in institutions introduced into current legal regulations. The second part contains an analysis of substantive law regulations of inheritance procedure. Several controversial points put to practice by the new regulations can also be found there. The third and last part deals with the procedural regulations and the probate proceedings.

Under två terminer har vi medverkat i en forskningscirkel på en grundskola som behandlat historieundervisning i en mångkulturell miljö. Forskningscirkeln startades i samband med att den aktuella skolan fick ett stort tillskott av elever med invandrarbakgrund. Det ena syftet med detta examensarbete är att synliggöra lärarnas syn på rollfördelningen inom den aktuella forskningscirkeln. Den rollfördelning vi syftar på är framförallt den mellan forskarna och lärarna, inte lärarna emellan. Det andra syftet är att se hur lärarna upplever att de påverkats av att medverka i forskningscirkeln, och då med fokus på historieundervisning i en mångkulturell miljö. Forskningscirklar inom skolans värld är ett ganska nytt fenomen. I forskningscirkeln möts teoretiker och praktiker kring ett gemensamt problem, utformat av praktikerna. Om forskningscirkeln i skolan ska kunna bli ett möte på lika villkor bör forskarna håller en medvetet låg profil. Risken finns annars att traditionella mönster upprepas; forskarna agerar ledare och lärarna blir de passiva deltagarna som utför uppgifter de tilldelats. Även om forskarnas låga profil kan innebära att arbetsprocessen i cirkeln tar längre tid så uppnås troligtvis resultat som är mer relevanta både för forskare och för lärare. Lärarna i den aktuella forskningscirkeln upplever att forskarna i cirkeln har hållit en låg profil. Deras uppfattning är att alla deltagit på lika villkor, oavsett yrke och tidigare erfarenheter. Dagens forskning inom det historiedidaktiska området fokuserar framförallt på hur man i skolan kan förändra sin historieundervisning utifrån de elever läraren har framför sig, och vems historia det egentligen är som ska förmedlas. Undersökningen visar att lärarna anser att på grund av sin medverkan i forskningscirkeln har det vuxit fram idéer och tankar kring hur de ska kunna förändra sin undervisning. Även om det inte är helt oproblematiskt, så försöker lärarna att hitta nya vägar, så att historieundervisningen ska angå alla i klassrummet. Centrala begrepp för forskningscirkeln och för detta examensarbete har varit, identitet, historiemedvetenhet, kultur och kulturarv. Begreppen har diskuterats utifrån ett didaktiskt perspektiv. / During these two last terms we took part in a research group on history teaching in a multi-cultural environment at a compulsory school. The research group started when the school in question had recently taken on a large number of pupils of a foreign background. This thesis has two purposes, the first of which is to show the teachers’ view on the division of rolls within the aforementioned research group. The division referred to is principally that between the researchers and the teachers, not that between the teachers. The other purpose is to see how the teachers perceived the influence of participating in the research group, the focus being on history teaching in a multi-cultural environment. Research groups in the school world are quite new phenomena. In the research group theoreticians and practitioners meet about a mutual problem, defined by the practitioners. In order for the research group to meet on an equal footing, the researchers have to maintain a consciously low profile. Otherwise they run the risk of repeating a worn pattern where the researchers act as leaders and the teachers become the participants performing their allocated tasks. Even though the researchers’ low profile may mean the work process taking a longer time, chances are that results more relevant to the teachers and researchers are achieved. The teachers in this particular research group feel the researchers in the group did keep a low profile. Their impression is that everyone who participated took part on equal conditions, regardless of their profession and earlier experiences. Research today within the area of history didactics mainly focuses on how schools might change their history teaching based on the pupils sitting in front of the teacher, and on whose history one is actually trying to convey. This research shows that the teachers feel their participation in the research group did provoke ideas and thoughts on how to change the lessons. While it is not completely unproblematic, the teachers are trying to find new ways of making the history lessons relate to everyone in the classroom. Central conceptions for the research group and for this thesis have been identity, history awareness, culture and culture heritance. These conceptions have been discussed from a didactic perspective.