Submitted by MARISA AIDA DIOGO MATSINHE null (matsinhemariza@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-12T20:04:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao final PDF.pdf: 1292345 bytes, checksum: 1f952736843ecae57e522f429c52141b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-07-13T14:26:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 matsinhe_mad_me_bot.pdf: 1292345 bytes, checksum: 1f952736843ecae57e522f429c52141b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-13T14:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 matsinhe_mad_me_bot.pdf: 1292345 bytes, checksum: 1f952736843ecae57e522f429c52141b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-03 / Outra / A espécie Hibiscus acetocella Welw. Ex Hiern popularmente conhecida por vinagreira roxa é um arbusto de caule semi-lenhoso pertencente à família das malváceas. Usada tradicionalmente como alimentícia e medicinal sendo as partes usadas, folhas, flores e seus cálices jovens, possui propriedades antioxidantes, antifúngicas, antibacterianas e entre outras. Existem poucos estudos realizados ou quase nenhum disponível sobre estudos agronômicos nesta espécie. Assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o comportamento fitotécnico da vinagreira roxa no que se refere à fenologia, desenvolvimento vegetativo e melhor época de colheita de frutos, adubação orgânica, bem o teor de compostos fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante. O estudo foi conduzido no Departamento de Horticultura, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio De Mesquita Filho, localizada no município de Botucatu, estado de São Paulo. Em casa de sombra foram conduzidos dois experimentos, sendo dois nos períodos de janeiro a Julho (adubação e época de colheita). O experimento de análise fitoquímica foi realizado no laboratório de plantas medicinais e em campo foi conduzido o experimento de fenologia com recurso a 36 indivíduos dos quais usouse 30 . Foi verificada uma alta sincronia da planta em relação as fenofases e pouca correlação com os fatores climáticos. A época com maior número de frutos não coincidiu com frutos de maior peso. O estudo de adubação demostrou que a vinagreira roxa responde positivamente a adubação orgânica. Observou-se que a dose testemunha proporcionou maior quantidade de compostos fenólicos totais e maior atividade antioxidante para folhas e fruto. As flores e folhas de H. acetosella mostraram ter maior quantidade de compostos fenólicos totais e maior atividade antioxidante em relação aos frutos. A pranta de H.acetosella mostrou ser uma boa fonte natural de antioxidante. / The Hibiscus acetocella Welw. Ex Hiern species popularly known as purple vinegar is a semi-woody shrub belonging to the malvaceous family. Traditionally used as food and medicine being the used parts, leaves, flowers and their young calyces, it has antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial and other properties. There are few or almost none studies available on agronomic studies in this species. The objective of this work was to evaluate the phytotechnical behavior of the purple vinegar with regard to phenology, vegetative development and better fruit harvesting season, organic fertilization, as well as total phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity. The study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, State University Paulista Júlio De Mesquita Filho, located in the city of Botucatu, state of São Paulo. In the shade house, two experiments were conducted, two in the periods from January to July (fertilization and harvesting season). The experiment of phytochemical analysis was carried out in the laboratory of medicinal plants and in the field was conducted the experiment of phenology with recourse to 36 individuals of whom 30 were used. It was verified a high synchrony of the plant in relation to the phenophases and little correlation with the climatic factors. The time with the greatest number of fruits did not coincide with fruits of greater weight. The fertilizer study showed that the purple vinegar respond positively to organic fertilization. It was observed that the control dose provided higher amount of total phenolic compounds and greater antioxidant activity for leaves and fruit. The flowers and leaves of H. acetosella showed to have greater amount of total phenolic compounds and greater antioxidant activity in relation to the fruits. The H.acetosella pranta proved to be a good natural source of antioxidant.

Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / Cancer is the leading cause of death in both developed and developing countries. In particular, breast cancer is regarded as the most common neoplastic disease in females and accounts for the high mortality rates in women. Increased mortality rates could be attributed to ineffective current cancer treatment modalities that have been implicated to cause multidrug resistance, high toxicity and induction of several side effects. In addition, oxidative stress appears to play a role in the development of breast cancer. Therefore, current cancer research aims to search for plant based anticancer compounds with less side effects and toxicity towards the human body. An example of such a plant is Hibiscus sabdariffa also known as roselle and is reported to have bioactive compounds that exhibit anticancer and antioxidant effects. However, the effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa on breast cancer in relation to oxidative stress and apoptosis have not been investigated. In this research study, the aim was to evaluate the cytotoxic and antioxidant effects of water and methanolic extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) on cancerous MCF7 and non-cancerous MCF12A breast cell lines with special reference to oxidative stress and apoptosis. This was done based on the fact that HS has been documented for its traditional use against cancer and other ailments.

Os cálices do hibisco possuem uma grande quantidade de compostos bioativos responsáveis pela sua atividade antioxidante. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos a obtenção de extratos contendo esses compostos bioativos em solução aquosa com 2 % de ácido cítrico por extração assistida por micro-ondas (EAM) e o encapsulamento desses extratos por atomização e liofilização utilizando polidextrose (PD), proteína isolada do soro de leite (WPI) e a mistura destes na concentração de 10 %. Previamente foram estudados três métodos de extração, o primeiro usando somente EAM a 200, 300 e 700 W de potência, e tempos de 2, 5 e 8 minutos; o segundo consistiu de dois períodos, a extração aquosa ácida com tempos de 1, 2, 4, 6, 18 e 24 horas seguida de EAM nas potências de 200, 300 e 700 W; o terceiro consistiu de EAM seguida de extração aquosa ácida, nos mesmos tempos e potências citados para o segundo método. Os resultados indicaram que a melhor condição do primeiro método foi a 700 W e 8 min, do segundo método realizada a 6 horas de extração aquosa ácida, seguida de EAM a 700 W por 8 min e do terceiro método, EAM a 700 W por 8 min seguida de 6 horas de extração aquosa ácida. Quando os três métodos foram comparados, a melhor condição de extração foi aquela obtida no terceiro método: 1,63 mg delfinidina-3-sambubiosídeo · g-1; 29,62 mg EAG · g-1; 133,25 μmol ET · g-1 para antocianinas, fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante por ABTS, respectivamente. Para avaliar o efeito da extração obtida somente por EAM, os extratos obtidos por extração exaustiva com metanol por 25 min e EAM a 700 W e 8 min foram quantificados por HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, sendo encontrados 13 compostos (6 ácidos fenólicos, 2 antocianinas e 5 flavonóides derivados da quercetina, kaempferol e miricetina). Os compostos fenólicos majoritários foram o ácido 3-cafeoilquínico (2,58 e 1,32 mg · g-1) e ácido 5-cafeoilquínico (1,71 e 0,90 mg · g-1) para extração exaustiva e EAM, respectivamente. Esse mesmo extrato (700 W e 8 min) foi encapsulado por atomização (160 °C) e liofilização (- 68 °C por 54 horas). Os pós obtidos foram avaliados quanto aos teores de compostos fenólicos totais, antocianinas monoméricas totais, atividade antioxidante (ABTS, DPPH e HRSA), medidas por análises espectrofotométricas, atividade de água, umidade, higroscopicidade, solubilidade, eficiência de encapsulação, cor, análise termogravimétrica, temperatura de transição vítrea, espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e microestrutura (MEV). Os pós atomizados tiveram menor atividade de água (0,14 a 0,17), umidade (3,4 a 4,5 %), higroscopicidade (23,9 a 34,1 %), solubilidade (86 a 98,2 %) e eficiência de encapsulação (51,62 a 84,52 %) do que os pós liofilizados. Os resultados do FTIR mostraram que os encapsulantes não interagiram quimicamente, visto que não foram observados mudanças na frequência dos picos; as provas termogravimétricas indicaram que os pós apresentaram a mesma tendência nas perdas de massa. Na análise de microestrutura foi observado um melhor desempenho nas micropartículas atomizadas com PD, as quais mostraram partículas mais esféricas e sem tendência de atração e aderência entre si. Foram obtidas retenções de 38 a 77 % para antocianinas monoméricas totais, 42 a 89 % para compostos fenólicos totais, e entre 33 e 90 % para atividade antioxidante nos pós obtidos. O pó encapsulado liofilizado com 10 % de polidextrose mostrou uma maior retenção de antocianinas (77 %), atividade antioxidante por DDPH (90 %) e HRSA (74 %), entretanto com maior higroscopicidade (39,4 %). As provas aceleradas de estocagem (umidades relativas de 75 e 90 % em temperaturas de 40 e 60 °C) realizadas em todos os pós encapsulados, após 30 dias, indicaram que o tratamento liofilizado com 10 % de PD foi o que apresentou melhores resultados a essas condições, retendo 75 % dos compostos fenólicos, com atividades antioxidantes medidas por ABTS, DPPH e HRSA de 75, 90 e 74 %, respectivamente, existentes no extrato original. O pó obtido tem potencial para aplicação em alimentos, portanto, devido ao hibisco ser uma matriz com ampla composição de compostos bioativos. / The hibiscus calyces contend a high quantity of bioactive compounds responsible for their antioxidant activity. The present paper was aimed the production of extracts containing those bioactive compounds in acidified aqueous solution 2 % of citric acid by microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and the encapsulation of those extracts by spray drying and freeze-drying using polydextrose (PD), whey protein isolate (WPI) and their mixture in the concentration of 10 %. Previously three methods of extraction were studied, the first using only MAE at 200, 300 and 700 W of power, and times of 2, 5 and 8 minutes; the second consisted of two steps, the acid aqueous extraction with times of 1, 2, 4, 6, 18 and 24 hours followed by MAE at the powers of 200, 300 and 700 Watts; the third consisted of MAE followed by acid aqueous extraction, in the same times and powers mentioned for the second method. The results indicated that the best condition of the first method was 700 W and 8 minutes, the second method performed at 6 hours of acid aqueous extraction, followed by MAE at 700 W for 8 minutes and the third method, MAE at 700 W for 8 minutes followed by 6 hours of acid aqueous extraction. When the three methods are compared, the best condition of extraction was obtained in the third method: 1.63 mg delphinidin-3-sambubioside · g-1; 29.62 mg GAE · g-1; 133.25 μmol TE · g-1 for total monomeric anthocyanins, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity by ABTS, respectively. To evaluate the effect of the extraction obtained only by MAE, the extracts obtained by exhaustive extraction with methanol for 25 minutes and MAE at 700 W and 8 minutes were quantified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, was found 13 compounds (6 phenolic acids, 2 anthocyanins and 5 flavonoids derived from quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin). The phenolic compounds majorities were acid 3-caffeoylquinic (2.58 e 1.32 mg · g-1) and acid 5-caffeoylquinic (1.71 e 0.90 mg · g-1) for exhaustive extraction and MAE, respectively. That same extract (700 W and 8 minutes) was encapsulated by spray drying (160 ºC) and freeze-drying (- 68 °C for 54 hours). The obtained powders were evaluated about the levels of total phenolic compounds, total monomeric anthocyanins, antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH e HRSA), measured by spectrophotometric analysis, water activity, moisture, hygroscopicity, solubility, encapsulation efficiency, color, thermogravimetric analysis, glass transition temperature, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and microstructure (MEV). The spray dried powders had lower water activity (0.14 to 0.17), moisture (3.4 to 4.5 %), hygroscopicity (23.9 to 34.1 %), solubility (86 to 98.2 %) and encapsulation efficiency (51.62 to 84.52 %) than the freeze-dried powders. The results of FTIR showed that the encapsulants did not interact chemically, since changes were not observed on the frequency of the peaks; the thermogravimetric tests indicated that the powders presented the same tendency on the mass loss. On the microstructure analysis a better perform was observed on the spray dried microparticles with PD, which showed more spherical particles and with no tendency of attraction and adherence between them. Were obtained retentions of 38 to 77 % for total monomeric anthocyanins, 42 to 89 % for total phenolic compounds and between 33 and 90 % for antioxidant activity in the obtained powders. The encapsulated power by freeze-drying, with 10 % of polydextrose, was showed higher retention of anthocyanins (77 %), antioxidant activity by DDPH (90 %) and HRSA (74 %), however with higher hygroscopicity (39.4 %). The accelerated tests of storage (relative humidity of 75 and 90 % in temperatures of 40 and 60 ºC) performed in all the encapsulated powders, after 30 days, indicated that the freeze-drying treatment with 10 % of PD has the best behavior in those conditions, retaining 75 % of the phenolic compounds, with antioxidant activities measured by ABTS, DPPH and HRSA of 75, 90 and 74 %, respectively, present in the original extract. The obtained powder has potential for application in foods, therefore, due to the hibiscus being a matrix with ample composition of bioactive compounds.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2018-03-14T13:55:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Kaliny Veiga Pessoa da Silva.pdf: 1645641 bytes, checksum: 7d934fe1a156047987054c35f1981b65 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-14T13:55:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kaliny Veiga Pessoa da Silva.pdf: 1645641 bytes, checksum: 7d934fe1a156047987054c35f1981b65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-22 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Cotton stands out as a high value textile plant in the world market due to the quality of its fibers and the commercial derivatives that the plant produces. Ramulose is a disease that causes great damage to this crop, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gossypii South var. cephalosporioides Costa, mainly affects young leaves, the most common symptoms being the darkening and necrosis of leaves and branches, which may compromise the whole development of the plant. Extracts and vegetable oils have been studied as an alternative to control pests and diseases such as ramulose in crops. These have as main constituents the secondary compounds, chemicals known as phytochemicals, terpenoids, alkaloids and glycosides. Among these the geraniol, monoterpene that stands out for its fungicidal property. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) belongs to the family Malvaceae and is rich in compounds known as polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins and essential oils, also being a promising source of fungicidal oil. This work aimed to analyze the effect of oils and extracts on the development of the fungus C. gossypii, which causes ramulose, by means of two researches: In the first one, we sought to prospect Geraniol synthase, the precursor enzyme of geraniol, in aromatic species, for means of molecular analyzes via PCR and qPCR, besides phytopathological tests, in order to evaluate the geraniol expression and the effectiveness of its extracts and vegetable oils in the prevention and control of ramulose; The second study evaluated the effect of Kenaf oil on the development of fungus C. gossypii under laboratory conditions. In order to carry out the first research eleven aromatic species were evaluated, among them M. pulegium, O. basilicum, O. majorana and R. officinalise, which presented satisfactory levels of expression of this enzyme in the molecular assays, being selected for bioassays in vivo against C. gossypii. O. basilicum, M. pulegium and O. majorana oils, at 2000 ppm concentration, were tested in vivo and their preventive and curative actions compared to commercial fungicide. There was effective control of the oils O. basilicum and M. pulegium under ambient conditions, and M. Polegium was distinguished with D.S.I. around 30%, lower value than that presented by the commercial fungicide (40%). These results indicate that the use of aromatic species can be an effective alternative for the treatment of ramulose, with the advantages of being a low cost method and not presenting risks of environmental contamination. In addition, the genetic characterization of aromatic species is an important source of information to expand the use of natural resources, allowing new materials that hold genes of interest to be found and serve as environmental conservation strategies. In the second study, phytopathological tests were performed on isolate 287 of C. gossypii on the effect of Kenaf oil at concentrations of 25, 50 and 75 μl / 1 ml. It was verified by regression analysis that there was no reduction in the mycelial growth of C. gossypii in the oil concentrations adopted in this work. The data presented by fungus growth, fungistatic effect and spore production did not reveal a statistical difference between the treatment with oil and control. Based on the composition of kenaf oil, rich in fungicidal ingredients, even this oil lacking control over C. gossypii in the present study, it is believed that in higher concentrations this oil may exert an effect on this pathogen. / O algodoeiro destaca-se como uma planta têxtil de alto valor no mercado mundial devido à qualidade de suas fibras e aos derivados comerciais que a planta produz. A ramulose é uma doença que causa grandes danos a esta cultura, causada pelo fungo Colletotrichum gossypii South var. cephalosporioides Costa, afeta principalmente folhas jovens, sendo os sintomas mais comuns o escurecimento e necrose das folhas e ramos, podendo comprometer todo o desenvolvimento da planta. Extratos e óleos vegetais vêm sendo estudados como alternativa para controle de pragas e doenças como a ramulose em lavouras. Estes têm como principais constituintes os compostos secundários, substâncias químicas conhecidas como fitoquímicos, terpenóides, alcalóides e glicosídeos. Dentre estes o geraniol, monoterpeno que destaca-se por sua propriedade fungicida. Já o Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) pertence à família Malvaceae e é rica em compostos conhecidos como polifenóis, alcalóides, taninos e óleos essenciais, também sendo uma promissora fonte de óleo fungicida. Este trabalho buscou analisar o efeito de óleos e extratos sobre o desenvolvimento do fungo C. gossypii, causador da ramulose, por meio de duas pesquisas: Na primeira, buscou-se prospectar a Geraniol synthase, enzima precursora do geraniol, em espécies aromáticas, por meio de análises moleculares via PCR e qPCR, além de testes fitopatológicos, a fim de avaliar a expressão do geraniol e a eficácia de seus extratos e óleos vegetais na prevenção e no controle da ramulose; Na segunda pesquisa avaliou-se o efeito do óleo de Kenaf sobre o desenvolvimento do fungo C. gossypii em condições de laboratório. Para realização da primeira pesquisa onze espécies aromáticas foram avaliadas, entre elas M. pulegium, O. basilicum, O. majorana e R. officinalise, as quais apresentaram níveis satisfatório de expressão desta enzima nos ensaios moleculares, sendo selecionadas para bioensaios em in vivo contra C. gossypii. Os óleos de O. basilicum, M. pulegium e O. majorana, na concentração de 2000 ppm, foram testados in vivo e suas ações preventivas e curativas comparadas com fungicida comercial. Houve controle efetivo dos óleos O. basilicum e M. pulegium em condições ambiente, sendo que M. Polegium destacou-se com D.S.I. em torno de 30%, valor menor do que o apresentado pelo fungicida comercial (40%). Esses resultados denotam que o uso de espécies aromáticas pode se constituir numa alternativa eficaz para o tratamento da ramulose, com as vantagens de ser um método de baixo custo e de não fornecer riscos de contaminação ambiental. Além disso, a caracterização genética de espécies aromáticas é uma importante fonte de informações para ampliar a utilização dos recursos naturais possibilitando que novos materiais detentores de genes de interesse sejam encontrados e sirvam como estratégias de conservação ambiental. Na segunda pesquisa, testes fitopatológicos foram realizados no isolado 287, de C. gossypii, sobre o efeito do óleo de Kenaf em concentrações de 25, 50 e 75 μl/1ml. Verificou-se por análise de regressão que não houve redução no crescimento micelial de C. gossypii nas concentrações de óleo adotadas neste trabalho. Os dados apresentados pelo crescimento de fungos, efeito fungistático e produção de esporos não revelaram diferença estatística entre o tratamento com óleo e controle. Com base na composição do óleo de kenaf, rica em ingredientes fungicida, mesmo este óleo não apresentando controle sobre C. gossypii no presente estudo, acredita-se que em concentrações mais elevadas este óleo possa exercer efeito sobre este patógeno.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Basella alba (BA) and Hibiscus macranthus (HM) are used by traditional healers in Cameroon to treat male sexual fertility problems. Previous studies showed that in vivo administration of the leaf extracts of both plants caused a significant increase in rat seminal vesicle weight and spermatozoa numbers was accompanied by a significant increase in serum testosterone. The aim of this study was to establish the effects of BA and HM extracts on Sertoli cell functions. TM4 cell line was used in this study as it exhibited properties similar to the Sertoli cells (Mather, 1982). Sertoli cell play a key role in spermatogenesis by regulating and supporting germ cell development. Therefore, any alterations in Sertoli cell physiology or structure may lead to impaired spermatogenesis, germ cell loss and male infertility. Developing germ cells in the seminiferous tubule require a constant supply of lactate and pyruvate (Jutte et al, 1981; 1982) and toxicant induced alterations in these nutrients have been shown to induce germ cell necrosis (Monsees et al., 2000). TM4 Sertoli cells were cultured in DMEM/Ham F-12 (M) for one day and exposed to 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 μg/ml of BA and HM extracts, respectively, for four further days. The extracts were dissolved in 0.5 % DMSO in M, while 0.5 % and 2% DMSO in M were used as negative or positive controls, respectively, and 100mM ethanol as positive control where indicated. Results obtained from the Sertoli cells exposed to BA extracts, showed that the plant extract had no significant effect on the cell viability but induced a significant concentration-dependent increase in lactate (19-67%) and pyruvate levels (39-102%) and a concentration-dependent decrease in the protein content (9-42%). The H&E histological study confirmed that the BA extract had no cytotoxic effect, as there were no changes in the morphology of the cell. Likewise, apoptotic study using DAPI showed no alteration in the nucleus when compared to the negative control. The HM plant extract significantly enhanced mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (7fold) in the Sertoli cells but caused only slight alterations in the lactate and pyruvate levels. There was no effect seen in the protein content of the Sertoli cells. H&E and DAPI staining revealed that there were neither changes in the morphology of the cells nor any alteration regarding the mitotic and apoptotic indices. Thus, the HM extract did not have a cytotoxic effect on the cells. This study demonstrated that the Basella alba methanol extract may enhance spermatogenesis as it stimulated the source of energy required for the development of germ cells without exerting a cytotoxic effect. The Hibiscus macranthus extract stimulated mitochondrial dehydrogenase activities and may thus trigger changes in Sertoli cell physiology. In summary, both plant extracts enhanced certain Sertoli cell functions and thus might explain the positive in vivo effects of the combined plant extracts on rat spermatogenesis observed by Moundipa et al. (1999). / South Africa

Os cálices do hibisco possuem uma grande quantidade de compostos bioativos responsáveis pela sua atividade antioxidante. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos a obtenção de extratos contendo esses compostos bioativos em solução aquosa com 2 % de ácido cítrico por extração assistida por micro-ondas (EAM) e o encapsulamento desses extratos por atomização e liofilização utilizando polidextrose (PD), proteína isolada do soro de leite (WPI) e a mistura destes na concentração de 10 %. Previamente foram estudados três métodos de extração, o primeiro usando somente EAM a 200, 300 e 700 W de potência, e tempos de 2, 5 e 8 minutos; o segundo consistiu de dois períodos, a extração aquosa ácida com tempos de 1, 2, 4, 6, 18 e 24 horas seguida de EAM nas potências de 200, 300 e 700 W; o terceiro consistiu de EAM seguida de extração aquosa ácida, nos mesmos tempos e potências citados para o segundo método. Os resultados indicaram que a melhor condição do primeiro método foi a 700 W e 8 min, do segundo método realizada a 6 horas de extração aquosa ácida, seguida de EAM a 700 W por 8 min e do terceiro método, EAM a 700 W por 8 min seguida de 6 horas de extração aquosa ácida. Quando os três métodos foram comparados, a melhor condição de extração foi aquela obtida no terceiro método: 1,63 mg delfinidina-3-sambubiosídeo · g-1; 29,62 mg EAG · g-1; 133,25 μmol ET · g-1 para antocianinas, fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante por ABTS, respectivamente. Para avaliar o efeito da extração obtida somente por EAM, os extratos obtidos por extração exaustiva com metanol por 25 min e EAM a 700 W e 8 min foram quantificados por HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, sendo encontrados 13 compostos (6 ácidos fenólicos, 2 antocianinas e 5 flavonóides derivados da quercetina, kaempferol e miricetina). Os compostos fenólicos majoritários foram o ácido 3-cafeoilquínico (2,58 e 1,32 mg · g-1) e ácido 5-cafeoilquínico (1,71 e 0,90 mg · g-1) para extração exaustiva e EAM, respectivamente. Esse mesmo extrato (700 W e 8 min) foi encapsulado por atomização (160 °C) e liofilização (- 68 °C por 54 horas). Os pós obtidos foram avaliados quanto aos teores de compostos fenólicos totais, antocianinas monoméricas totais, atividade antioxidante (ABTS, DPPH e HRSA), medidas por análises espectrofotométricas, atividade de água, umidade, higroscopicidade, solubilidade, eficiência de encapsulação, cor, análise termogravimétrica, temperatura de transição vítrea, espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e microestrutura (MEV). Os pós atomizados tiveram menor atividade de água (0,14 a 0,17), umidade (3,4 a 4,5 %), higroscopicidade (23,9 a 34,1 %), solubilidade (86 a 98,2 %) e eficiência de encapsulação (51,62 a 84,52 %) do que os pós liofilizados. Os resultados do FTIR mostraram que os encapsulantes não interagiram quimicamente, visto que não foram observados mudanças na frequência dos picos; as provas termogravimétricas indicaram que os pós apresentaram a mesma tendência nas perdas de massa. Na análise de microestrutura foi observado um melhor desempenho nas micropartículas atomizadas com PD, as quais mostraram partículas mais esféricas e sem tendência de atração e aderência entre si. Foram obtidas retenções de 38 a 77 % para antocianinas monoméricas totais, 42 a 89 % para compostos fenólicos totais, e entre 33 e 90 % para atividade antioxidante nos pós obtidos. O pó encapsulado liofilizado com 10 % de polidextrose mostrou uma maior retenção de antocianinas (77 %), atividade antioxidante por DDPH (90 %) e HRSA (74 %), entretanto com maior higroscopicidade (39,4 %). As provas aceleradas de estocagem (umidades relativas de 75 e 90 % em temperaturas de 40 e 60 °C) realizadas em todos os pós encapsulados, após 30 dias, indicaram que o tratamento liofilizado com 10 % de PD foi o que apresentou melhores resultados a essas condições, retendo 75 % dos compostos fenólicos, com atividades antioxidantes medidas por ABTS, DPPH e HRSA de 75, 90 e 74 %, respectivamente, existentes no extrato original. O pó obtido tem potencial para aplicação em alimentos, portanto, devido ao hibisco ser uma matriz com ampla composição de compostos bioativos. / The hibiscus calyces contend a high quantity of bioactive compounds responsible for their antioxidant activity. The present paper was aimed the production of extracts containing those bioactive compounds in acidified aqueous solution 2 % of citric acid by microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and the encapsulation of those extracts by spray drying and freeze-drying using polydextrose (PD), whey protein isolate (WPI) and their mixture in the concentration of 10 %. Previously three methods of extraction were studied, the first using only MAE at 200, 300 and 700 W of power, and times of 2, 5 and 8 minutes; the second consisted of two steps, the acid aqueous extraction with times of 1, 2, 4, 6, 18 and 24 hours followed by MAE at the powers of 200, 300 and 700 Watts; the third consisted of MAE followed by acid aqueous extraction, in the same times and powers mentioned for the second method. The results indicated that the best condition of the first method was 700 W and 8 minutes, the second method performed at 6 hours of acid aqueous extraction, followed by MAE at 700 W for 8 minutes and the third method, MAE at 700 W for 8 minutes followed by 6 hours of acid aqueous extraction. When the three methods are compared, the best condition of extraction was obtained in the third method: 1.63 mg delphinidin-3-sambubioside · g-1; 29.62 mg GAE · g-1; 133.25 μmol TE · g-1 for total monomeric anthocyanins, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity by ABTS, respectively. To evaluate the effect of the extraction obtained only by MAE, the extracts obtained by exhaustive extraction with methanol for 25 minutes and MAE at 700 W and 8 minutes were quantified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, was found 13 compounds (6 phenolic acids, 2 anthocyanins and 5 flavonoids derived from quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin). The phenolic compounds majorities were acid 3-caffeoylquinic (2.58 e 1.32 mg · g-1) and acid 5-caffeoylquinic (1.71 e 0.90 mg · g-1) for exhaustive extraction and MAE, respectively. That same extract (700 W and 8 minutes) was encapsulated by spray drying (160 ºC) and freeze-drying (- 68 °C for 54 hours). The obtained powders were evaluated about the levels of total phenolic compounds, total monomeric anthocyanins, antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH e HRSA), measured by spectrophotometric analysis, water activity, moisture, hygroscopicity, solubility, encapsulation efficiency, color, thermogravimetric analysis, glass transition temperature, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and microstructure (MEV). The spray dried powders had lower water activity (0.14 to 0.17), moisture (3.4 to 4.5 %), hygroscopicity (23.9 to 34.1 %), solubility (86 to 98.2 %) and encapsulation efficiency (51.62 to 84.52 %) than the freeze-dried powders. The results of FTIR showed that the encapsulants did not interact chemically, since changes were not observed on the frequency of the peaks; the thermogravimetric tests indicated that the powders presented the same tendency on the mass loss. On the microstructure analysis a better perform was observed on the spray dried microparticles with PD, which showed more spherical particles and with no tendency of attraction and adherence between them. Were obtained retentions of 38 to 77 % for total monomeric anthocyanins, 42 to 89 % for total phenolic compounds and between 33 and 90 % for antioxidant activity in the obtained powders. The encapsulated power by freeze-drying, with 10 % of polydextrose, was showed higher retention of anthocyanins (77 %), antioxidant activity by DDPH (90 %) and HRSA (74 %), however with higher hygroscopicity (39.4 %). The accelerated tests of storage (relative humidity of 75 and 90 % in temperatures of 40 and 60 ºC) performed in all the encapsulated powders, after 30 days, indicated that the freeze-drying treatment with 10 % of PD has the best behavior in those conditions, retaining 75 % of the phenolic compounds, with antioxidant activities measured by ABTS, DPPH and HRSA of 75, 90 and 74 %, respectively, present in the original extract. The obtained powder has potential for application in foods, therefore, due to the hibiscus being a matrix with ample composition of bioactive compounds.

Thing theorist Bill Brown writes that “the thing names less an object than a particular subject-object relation.” This article examines the subject-object relation between African things and African bodies in Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's first novel, Purple Hibiscus. While the main character, Kambili, eventually learns to assimilate Western Catholicism into her Nigerian reality, her Christian fundamentalist father, Eugene, uses Catholicism to justify his self-hating destruction of African things and bodies. This article argues that both reactions are rooted in the characters' ability or inability to see African material things, including both objects and bodies, as autonomous subjects. Adichie's novel demonstrates that religious syncretism centered in an ethics of things is a viable, fruitful reaction to the colonizers' religion, and that religious practice can be healthily enacted through the medium of things and bodies.

Hibiscus calyces have anti-inflammatory effects, reduce metabolic risk factors, and act as a prebiotic in the human gut. Bioactive compounds in hibiscus include dietary fiber, polyphenols and vitamins and hibiscus calyces have a well appreciated flavor. Preparation of juice from hibiscus is done using hot or cold aqueous maceration procedures. When hibiscus beverages are made, the remaining biomass, the spent calyces, is discarded. Little information is available on the composition of the spent calyces. To determine whether the spent calyces have potential value, it is important to evaluate the composition of major bioactive elements and other potentially valuable components like aromas. The overall goal of this work was to determine if hibiscus spent calyces have components that would be of nutritional value, and to investigate consumer interest in hibiscus consumption in the U.S. The first objective was to measure the contents of sugar, fiber, anthocyanins, other phenolics, vitamin C, and organic acids (hibiscus/garcinic, citric, succinic, fumaric acid) in spent calyces. The second objective was to identify and quantify flavor compounds in the spent calyces. The third objective was to assess American consumers knowledge and perception of hibiscus products. Cold and hot aqueous extractions were carried out on whole calyces of red and white hibiscus using a calyces:water ratio of 1:15. The spent calyces were freeze-dried and analyzed for sugar, fiber, anthocyanins, total phenolics, vitamin C, organic acids and flavor compounds and compared to whole calyces. Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber were measured using sequential enzymatic digestion and gravimetric filtration according to the AOAC method. HPLC was used to determine sugars, anthocyanins and vitamin C, acids. UPLC to identify polyphenols and GCMS with SPME to identify and quantify aroma compounds. Results of the survey show that most of the American consumers who participated in this study have consumed hibiscus products before and were aware of the health attributes of hibiscus products. The most liked products were tea and juices. Main reason for hibiscus consumption was in order: taste, health, flavor, and trend. The health statement provided to the participants of the survey did not affect their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for hibiscus beverages. Spent calyces contained significant amounts of sugars, anthocyanins, total phenolic, organic acids, vitamin C, dietary fiber, and aroma compounds. More fiber was found in the spent calyces than in the raw ones; volatiles profile and phenolics profile were similar to those of the raw calyces. These important nutritional compounds make hibiscus spent calyces useful as a functional ingredient in food products or for producing nutraceutical products. Use of spent calyces will increase value of hibiscus products benefit to both consumers and industrials and help reduce economic and environmental issues related to food waste management. / Doctor of Philosophy / Hibiscus is a plant native to the tropics. Two types of hibiscus plants exist: red and white; both have been used in traditional medicine, in cooking and for making beverages. Both share the following characteristics: sour taste, pleasant natural flavor, refreshing properties, and high content of elements such as dietary fiber and antioxidants that promote health. Hibiscus calyces are reported to have potential to retard early aging, fight against inflammation, and reduce metabolic risk factors (diabetes, obesity, and high blood cholesterol). Fiber acts as prebiotic in the human gut and therefore facilitate bowl movement. Hibiscus calyces are consumed in the forms of tea, juice, smoothies, jam and marmalade and are highly appreciated by consumers. However, despite these attributes and possible uses, the whole calyces' byproducts, spent calyces, are discarded after obtaining the juice from the whole calyces. They are considered as a waste product. As hibiscus is mostly produced and mainly known in places like India and Africa, we were interested in learning about American consumers knowledge and perception of hibiscus products. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the spent calyces' major components and investigate American consumers' knowledge of hibiscus. Red and white hibiscus were obtained from Senegal. Nutrients in spent calyces obtained from cold or hot aqueous extraction of each type of hibiscus was determined. The waste calyces obtained from both hibiscus types contain significant amounts of fiber, sugars, acids, anthocyanin pigments and other phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds were idenuutified and many are known to have positive effects on health. Many aroma compounds were present in the waste product as well. The results revealed that most American consumers were familiar with and had consumed hibiscus products before. They were most interested in teas followed by juice. Taste was the prime reason why they consume hibiscus products then health properties. participants` willing to pay (WTP) did not increase after they were provided with information on hibiscus health benefits. Hibiscus spent calyces could be used for new food products manufacturing as they can add value to our diet and help consumers stay healthy. The findings can help in the promotion of hibiscus products consumption and commercialization and in reducing food waste.

The purpose of this essay is to conduct a character analysis on Eugene Achike from Chimamana Ngozi Adichie’s novel Purple Hibiscus, to see whether or not the character is used by Adichie as a portrayal of colonial Nigeria and its values. I have done this by looking at the themes of violence and hypocrisy in relation to Eugene’s language usage, religious attitude, and behaviour towards others, and comparing these aspects of his personality with the attitudes shown by colonialists in colonial Nigeria. The more important issues that prove Eugene’s character is a portrayal of colonial Nigeria are: his utter disregard for his heritage and background, including the physical disregard of his father; his absolute control over his family members, both physically and mentally, which leads to violent outbursts if he is disobeyed; the fact that he is shown in the novel to be a direct product of the missionaries and colonial structure that was present in Nigeria when he grew up. These things, together with the subtle connections in Adichie’s writing that connect her novel to Things Fall Apart, firmly place Purple Hibiscus in the postcolonial category. Thus, I concluded that Eugene’s character is a portrayal of Colonial Nigeria. / Syftet med denna upsats är att genomföra en karaktärsanalys på karaktären Eugene Achike i Chimamanda Ngozi Adichis roman Purple Hibiscus, för att se ifall karaktären används av Adichie som en skildring av koloniala Nigeria och dess värderingar. Jag har gjort detta genom att undersöka två teman – våld och hyckleri – i samband med Eugenes användning av språk, religös attityd, och beteende mot andra, för att då jämföra dessa aspekter av hans personlighet med attityderna kolonisatörer hade i koloniala Nigeria. De viktigaste sakerna som bevisar att Eugenes karaktär är en skildring av koloniala Nigeria är: hans fullständiga ignoreing av sin bakgrund, inklusive den fysiska ignorering av hans pappa; hans absoluta kontroll över sin familj, både fysiskt och mentalt, vilket leder till våldsamma utbrott om han inte blir åtlydd; det faktum att han beskrivs som en produkt av missionärerna och koloniala samhället vid flera tillfällen i boken. Detta tillsammans med romanens subtila kopplingar till Achebes Things Fall Apart, placerar tveklöst Purple Hibiscus i den postkoloniala kategorin. Därmed drar jag slutsatsen att Eugene’s karaktär är en skildring av koloniala Nigeria.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2002--Braunschweig.