Orientador: Eliane Gonçalves-de-Freitas / Banca: Gelson Genaro / Banca: Percília Cardoso Giaquinto / Resumo: Animais sociais interagem agressivamente para estabelecer territórios e hierarquia de dominância. Para evitar lutas constantes e reduzir a probabilidade de injúrias, eles mantêm a posição social por meio de displays e outros tipos de sinalização social. Em algumas espécies de peixes, sinais químicos que sinalizam a posição social são liberados na água. Porém, a troca da água em aquários ou tanques de criação (necessária para remover restos de alimentos e materiais orgânicos) diluem os sinais químicos, atrapalhando a comunicação social e o reconhecimento da posição social. O resultado é um aumento e persistência da interação agressiva, o que pode causar severas injúrias físicas e aumentar o nível de estresse social nos peixes. Nesse estudo, perguntamos se a agressividade está associada com os níveis de sinais químicos diluídos. Assim, foi testado o efeito da quantidade de água do aquário renovada na agressividade e estabilidade social em dois ciclídeos neotropicais, o Pterophyllum scalare e o Cichlasoma paranaense, pois o mecanismo pode variar entre espécies. Observamos para P. scalare que a renovação de uma pequena quantidade de água (25%) interfere menos no comportamento agressivo dos indivíduos dentro do grupo social do que uma maior quantidade de água (50%). Além disso, a agressividade rapidamente retorna a níveis basais. Em contraste a renovação de 50% da água parece reduzir as interações agressivas no grupo de C. paranaense. Assim, esses efeitos podem estar associados a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Social animals interact aggressively to establish territories and social hierarchy. To avoid constant fights and reduce the probability of injuries, they signalize social rank by means of displays and other types of signaling. In some fish species, chemicals that signalize social rank are released into the water. However, the water renewal in aquaria or breeding tanks (required to remove food leftovers and organic materials) dilutes the chemicals, therefore impairing social communication and rank recognition. The result is an increased and constant group aggressive interaction that may cause severe physical injuries, and raise fish's social stress levels. In this study, it was asked whether the aggressiveness is associated with the levels of chemicals diluted. Then, it was tested the effect of the amount of aquarium's water renewed on the aggressiveness and social stability in two Neotropical cichlids, Pterophyllum scalare, and Cichlasoma paranaense, as the mechanisms can vary according to the species. It was noticed to P. scalare that the renovation of a small amount of aquarium's water (25%) interfere less in aggressive behavior of individuals within the social group than in higher changing water (50%). Aggressiveness, moreover, quickly returns to basal levels. In contrast, the renewal of 50% of water seems to reduce aggressive interactions in C. paranaense's social groups. Thus, these effects may be associated with different mechanisms of social signaling between the cichl... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:34:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fontanari_r_me_fran.pdf: 874930 bytes, checksum: 86018692461e08a9ce54f06aea3a3e33 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho visa analisar algumas facetas da cadeia do crédito no complexo cafeeiro paulista, entre 1874 e 1914. Busca-se compreender as formas de financiamento que possibilitaram a expansão do núcleo agroexportador cafeeiro mesmo no momento em que a atividade creditícia era pouco institucionalizada e formalizada no país, valendo-se para isso de arranjos alternativos na tentativa de superar o denominado problema do financiamento. Verifica-se, assim, a importância da atividade creditícia para a cristalização do complexo cafeeiro. A pesquisa está ancorada em fontes primárias de origem cartorial, principalmente as dívidas hipotecárias e os penhores agrícolas, passíveis de quantificação, e na análise da bibliografia existente, de caráter mais generalizante, de forma que se procura fundamentar as interpretações a nível local, ou seja, no estudo da parte – para o qual selecionamos a cidade de Casa Branca, no interior de São Paulo – a fim de tecer correlações com o todo da história econômica paulista e do avanço do capitalismo no Brasil. Tenta-se, ainda, apreender como a dinâmica do crédito impediu o transbordamento dos capitais gerados na economia agrária de exportação de fixarem-se na cidade / This paper aims to examine some facets of the credit chain in the São Paulo State coffee complex between 1874 and 1914. We want to understand the ways of financing that allowed the expansion of the coffee agro-exporting center even when the credit activity was little institutionalized and formalized in the country, making use of alternative arrangements in an attempt to overcome the so-called problem of financing. This way we verify the importance of credit activity for the crystallization of the coffee complex. The research is grounded in primary sources of registry office origin, especially mortgage debt and agricultural liens, subject to quantification, and analysis of the literature, of a more generalizing character, to attempt to base the interpretations at the local level, i.e. in the study of part - to which we selected the city of Casa Branca, inside São Paulo State - in order to make correlations with the whole economic history of São Paulo and the advance of capitalism in Brazil. We still try to learn how the dynamics of credit prevented the overflow of capital generated in the agrarian economy of exportation from settling down in the city

O objetivo da presente tese foi investigar o efeito do nível de dificuldade do adversário nas respostas hormonais, comportamentais e de desempenho de jovens jogadores de basquetebol. Para tanto, 29 atletas de basquetebol do sexo masculino, das categorias sub-15, sub-16 e sub-17 de um mesmo clube (15,3 ± 1,1 anos; 85,5 ± 15,0 kg; 189,0 ± 7,9 cm) foram avaliados na primeira fase do Campeonato Paulista em três partidas com diferentes níveis de dificuldade do adversário (Difícil, Médio e Fácil) para cada uma das três categorias, somando um total de nove partidas. As concentrações salivares de cortisol (C) e testosterona (T) pré e pós-partida, a ansiedade pré-competitiva, o desempenho técnico através do número de envolvimentos técnico-táticos com bola de cada jogador, a percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão (PSE da sessão) e o desempenho percebido, foram consideradas em cada partida. A comparação de T e C, e o desempenho técnico foi realizada com uma análise de modelos mistos de um (nível de dificuldade) ou dois fatores (nível de dificuldade e momento), com medidas repetidas. Por sua vez, a comparação das variáveis ansiedade pré-competitiva, PSE da sessão e desempenho percebido foi realizada pelo teste de Friedman, seguido do teste de Wilcoxon, quando necessário. Em ambas as análises foi utilizado o post hoc de Bonferroni. Além disso, a associação entre as repostas normalizadas pelo score Z da variação de T com o desempenho percebido e técnico foi verificada por meio da correlação de Pearson. Em todas as análises foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Foi verificado aumento de T do pré para o pós nas partidas contra adversários de nível de dificuldade Fácil (p = 0,0064) e Médio (p = 0,0375). A C pós-partida foi superior aos valores pré (p < 0,0001), independentemente do nível de dificuldade; e C no nível Fácil foi inferior ao nível Médio (p = 0,0351) e Difícil (p = 0,0035). A ansiedade cognitiva foi maior no nível Difícil em relação ao nível Fácil (p < 0.01). A ansiedade somática, por sua vez, foi maior no nível Difícil em relação aos níveis Fácil (p<0,001) e Médio (p = 0,01), e maior no nível Médio em relação ao nível Fácil (p = 0,004). A PSE da sessão foi maior no nível Difícil em relação aos níveis Fácil (p = 0,003) e Médio (p = 0,003). Não foi observado efeito do nível de dificuldade para autoconfiança (p = 0,118), desempenho técnico (p = 0,728) e desempenho percebido (p = 0,113). Além disso, não foi verificada correlação significante entre as variáveis desempenho técnico e percebido com a variação da concentração de T (r < 0,35 e p > 0,07 para todas as comparações). Os resultados da presente tese indicam que quanto maior o nível de dificuldade do adversário maior a ansiedade pré-competitiva e a PSE da sessão. A concentração de C aumentou independente do nível do adversário. Já a T aumentou nos jogos de menor dificuldade, mas não no jogo Difícil. Esse aumento da T não se correlacionou significativamente com o desempenho técnico ou percebido. Não houve influência do nível do adversário no desempenho técnico ou percebido / The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of the adversary difficulty level on hormonal and behavioral responses, technical performance and perceived performance in young basketball players. Thereunto, 29 male young basketball players, from under-15, under-16 and under-17 categories from the same club (15.3 ± 1.1 years, 85.5 ± 15.0 kg, 189.0 ± 7.9 cm) were evaluated in the first phase of the Paulista Championship in three matches with different opponent difficulty levels (Hard, Medium and Easy) for each of the three categories, totaling nine matches. Salivary concentrations of cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) pre and post-match, pre-competitive anxiety, technical performance through individual technical-tactical ball involvements, session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) and perceived performance were considered in each match. The comparisons of T and C, and technical performance were performed with a mixed model analysis with one (difficulty level) or two factors (difficulty level and moment), with repeated measures. On the other hand, the comparisons of pre-competitive anxiety, session-RPE and perceived performance were performed by the Friedman test, followed by the Wilcoxon test, when it was necessary. In both analyses, Bonferroni post hoc was used. Moreover, the association between the responses normalized by the Z score of T variation with the perceived and technical performance was verified through the Pearson correlation. A significance level of 5% was adopted for all analyzes. It was verified an increase in T from pre- to post-match against Easy (p = 0,0064) and Medium (p = 0,0375) opponent levels. C level increased from pre- to post-match, regardless of the difficulty level; and C in the Easy level was lower than the Medium (p = 0.0351) and Hard (p = 0.0035) difficulty levels. Cognitive anxiety was higher in the Hard level compared to the Easy one (p <0.01). Somatic anxiety, on the other hand, was higher in the Hard level compared to the Easy (p <0.001) and Medium (p = 0.01) levels and was higher in the Medium level compared to the Easy one (p = 0.004). Session-RPE was higher in the Hard level compared to the Easy (p = 0.003) and Medium (p = 0.003) levels. No effect of difficulty level for self-confidence (p = 0.118), technical performance (p = 0.728) and perceived performance (p = 0.113) was observed. In addition, no significant correlation was observed between the technical and perceived performance with T variation (r <0.35 and p> 0.07 for all comparisons). The results of this thesis indicate that the higher the opponent difficulty level, the greater the pre-competitive anxiety and the session-RPE. C increased independently of the opponent level. T increased in less difficult matches, but not in the Hard one. This increase in T did not correlate significantly with the technical or perceived performance. There was no influence of the opponent\'s level on technical or perceived performance

Topic hierarchies are efficient ways of organizing document collections. These structures help users to manage the knowledge contained in textual data. These hierarchies are usually obtained through unsupervised hierarchical clustering algorithms. By not considering the context of the user in the formation of the hierarchical groups, unsupervised topic hierarchies may not attend the user\'s expectations in some cases. One possible solution for this problem is to employ semi-supervised clustering algorithms. These algorithms incorporate the user\'s knowledge through the usage of constraints to the clustering process. However, in the context of semi-supervised hierarchical clustering, the works in the literature do not efficient explore the selection of cases (instances or cluster) to add constraints, neither the interaction of the user with the clustering process. In this sense, in this work we introduce two semi-supervised hierarchical clustering algorithms: HCAC (Hierarchical Confidence-based Active Clustering) and HCAC-LC (Hierarchical Confidence-based Active Clustering with Limited Constraints). These algorithms employ an active learning approach based in the confidence of cluster merges. When a low confidence merge is detected, the user is invited to decide, from a pool of candidate pairs of clusters, the best cluster merge in that point. In this work, we employ HCAC and HCAC-LC in the extraction of topic hierarchies through the SMITH framework, which is also proposed in this thesis. This framework provides a series of well defined activities that allow the user\'s interaction in the generation of topic hierarchies. The active learning approach used in the HCAC-based algorithms, the kind of queries employed in these algorithms, as well as the SMITH framework for the generation of semi-supervised topic hierarchies are innovations to the state of the art proposed in this thesis. Our experimental results indicate that HCAC and HCAC-LC outperform other semi-supervised hierarchical clustering algorithms in diverse scenarios. The results also indicate that semi-supervised topic hierarchies obtained through the SMITH framework are more intuitive and easier to navigate than unsupervised topic hierarchies / Hierarquias de tópicos são formas eficientes de organização de coleções de documentos, auxiliando usuários a gerir o conhecimento materializado nessas publicações textuais. Tais hierarquias são usualmente construídas por meio de algoritmos de agrupamento hierárquico não supervisionado. Entretanto, por não considerarem o contexto do usuário na formação dos grupos, hierarquias de tópicos não supervisionadas nem sempre conseguem atender as suas expectativas. Uma solução para este problema e o emprego de algoritmos de agrupamento semissupervisionado, os quais incorporam o conhecimento de domínio do usuário por meio de restrições. Entretanto, para o contexto de agrupamento hierárquico semissupervisionado, não são eficientemente explorados na literatura métodos de seleção de casos (instâncias ou grupos) para receber restrições, bem como não há formas eficientes de interação do usuário com o processo de agrupamento hierárquico. Dessa maneira, neste trabalho, dois algoritmos de agrupamento hierárquico semissupervisionado são propostos: HCAC (Hierarchical Confidence-based Active Clustering) e HCAC-LC (Hierarchical Confidence-based Active Clustering with Limited Constraints). Estes algoritmos empregam uma abordagem de aprendizado ativo baseado na confiança de uma junção de clusters. Quando uma junção de baixa confiança e detectada, o usuário e convidado a decidir, em um conjunto de pares de grupos candidatos, a melhor junção naquele ponto. Estes algoritmos são aqui utilizados na extração de hierarquias de tópicos por meio do framework SMITH, também proposto nesse trabalho. Este framework fornece uma série de atividades bem definidas que possibilitam a interação do usuário para a obtenção de hierarquias de tópicos. A abordagem de aprendizado ativo utilizado nos algoritmos HCAC e HCAC-LC, o tipo de restrição utilizada nestes algoritmos, bem como o framework SMITH para obtenção de hierarquias de tópicos semissupervisionadas são inovações ao estado da arte propostos neste trabalho. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os algoritmos HCAC e HCAC-LC superam o desempenho de outros algoritmos hierárquicos semissupervisionados em diversos cenários. Os resultados também indicam que hierarquias de tópico semissupervisionadas obtidas por meio do framework SMITH são mais intuitivas e fáceis de navegar do que aquelas não supervisionadas

Just as the surrealistic movement challenged our perception of reality, the present work applies surrealistic methods to challenge our preconceived hierarchies between body, dress, and accessory. Adding to past surrealistic work in fashion design, the present work does not only strive to create surrealistic expressions, but to enhance the creative process through surrealistic methods. Three surrealistic methods were tested: Entopic Graphomani, Frottage, and Exquisite Corpse. The methods ability to challenge hierarchies between body, dress, and accessory was assessed through their ability to result in an element of surprise. For the present work, Exquisite Corpse had the greatest potential. By using participant observation and an adapted version of Exquisite Corpse seven looks were developed. The present work concludes that the surrealistic methods can by used not only to develop surrealistic expressions, but also to enhance the creative process within fashion design.

The representation and manipulation of visual content in a computer vision system requires a suitable abstraction of raw visual content such as pixels in an image. In this thesis, we study region-based feature representations and in particular, hierarchical segmentations because they do make no assumptions about region granularity. Hierarchical segmentations create a large feature space that increases the cost of subsequent processing in computer vision systems. We introduce a segment filter to reduce the feature space of hierarchical segmentations by identifying unique regions in the images. The filter uses appearance-based properties of the regions and the structure of the segmentation for the selection of a small set of descriptive regions. The filter works in two phases: selection with a criteria based on relative region size and a sorting based on a variational criteria. The filter is applicable to any hierarchical segmentation algorithm, in particular to bottom-up and region growing approaches. We evaluate the filter's performance against an extensive set of ground-truth regions from a dataset containing image sequences with scenes of different complexity. We demonstrate a novel region-to-region image matching approach as a possible application of our segment filter. A reduced segmentation tree is reconstructed based on the set of regions provided by the filtering. The reduction of the feature space by the segment filter simplifies our region-to-region matching approach. The correspondences between regions from two different images is established by a similarity measure. We use a modified mutual information measurement to compute the similarity of regions. The identified region correspondences are refined using the reduced segmentation tree. Our region-to-region matching approach is evaluated with an extensive set of ground-truth correspondences. This evaluation shows the large potential of both, our filtering and our matching approach.

In this project I am investigating my relationship with western traditional porcelain produced between 1700 and 1900 from a gender perspective. While looking at what has been feminine coded within the late history of ceramics I made the horrible realization that I do not value this kind of ceramics. The 21th century Scandinavia with stripped down, clean surfaces, filled with cool people dressed in black leaves little room for romantic, billowy vases decorated with flowers.     I have produced a series of 30 porcelain vases, all decorated in the same way with a botanical pattern. They are installed in an old wooden shelf, packed tightly together. With this installation I want to discuss what part art history has made it to the museums and what parts has been stored away and labelled as tasteless knick knack. How has gender affected this? For some reason all my artistic role models has been male painters and not female ceramicists.

Living neural networks are capable of processing information much faster than a modern computer, despite running at significantly lower clock speeds. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms neural networks utilize is an issue of substantial importance. Neuronal interaction dynamics were studied using histiotypic networks growing on microelectrode arrays in vitro. Hierarchical relationships were explored using bursting (when many neurons fire in a short time frame) dynamics, pairwise neuronal activation, and information theoretic measures. Together, these methods reveal that global network activity results from ignition by a small group of burst leader neurons, which form a primary circuit that is responsible for initiating most network-wide burst events. Phase delays between leaders and followers reveal information about the nature of the connection between the two. Physical distance from a burst leader appears to be an important factor in follower response dynamics. Information theory reveals that mutual information between neuronal pairs is also a function of physical distance. Activation relationships in developing networks were studied and plating density was found to play an important role in network connectivity development. These measures provide unique views of network connectivity and hierarchical relationship in vitro which should be included in biologically meaningful models of neural networks.

This essay examines hierarchical structures in two versions of Jules Vernes’ Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870). A full translation by Erik Carlquist is compared with a retelling of the story by Peter Gotthardt (2010), and the comparison is intended to show similarities and differences in the hierarchical structures that can be found in the two versions. The essay uses an ecofeminist perspective to locate and analyse the hierarchies, and a postcolonial view is also present to deepen the analysis of the imperialistic aspects that can be found in the novel. The essay examines the relationship between human and nature, civilisation and the primitive and also between four characters in the novels. The essay shows that the hierarchical structures that can be found in the full translation can still be observed in the retelling, even though the retelling is around 300 pages shorter. In both versions, humans are dominant in its relation to nature, and the imperialistic tendencies maintain a hierarchical relationship between civilisation and the primitive, with the nationalistic features and the Western identity further establishing the civilisation as dominant. The hierarchical structures between the characters mainly stay the same between the two versions, although attempts to flatten out the hierarchical relationships can be seen in the retelling.

Forecasting is used as the basis for business planning in many application areas such as energy, sales and traffic management. Time series data used in these areas is often hierarchically organized and thus, aggregated along the hierarchy levels based on their dimensional features. Calculating forecasts in these environments is very time consuming, due to ensuring forecasting consistency between hierarchy levels. To increase the forecasting efficiency for hierarchically organized time series, we introduce a novel forecasting approach that takes advantage of the hierarchical organization. There, we reuse the forecast models maintained on the lowest level of the hierarchy to almost instantly create already estimated forecast models on higher hierarchical levels. In addition, we define a hierarchical communication framework, increasing the communication flexibility and efficiency. Our experiments show significant runtime improvements for creating a forecast model at higher hierarchical levels, while still providing a very high accuracy.