A segurança viária está diretamente relacionada, dentre outros fatores, com as características do traçado da via. A dissertação tem como objetivo realizar uma comparação entre dois dos principais modelos de análise de consistência de traçado de rodovias de pista simples bidirecional, ou seja, o método dos critérios de segurança, estabelecido por Lamm et al. (1998), e o proposto pela Fitzpatrick et al. (2000), que foi incorporado no programa IHSDM (Interactive Highway Safety Design Model) pelo módulo DCM (Design Consistency Module), desenvolvido pela FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). São apresentadas as principais características do procedimento estabelecido por cada um dos métodos e os resultados de uma análise comparativa da aplicação de ambos os métodos em um estudo de caso. Nos dois modelos de análise, as equações de previsão de velocidades foram determinadas para as situações de outros países. No estudo de caso relatado na presente dissertação, foram pesquisadas as velocidades praticadas pelos motoristas em três rodovias de pista simples bidirecional, com base nas quais foi possível estabelecer uma equação de previsão de velocidades. Efetuada a comparação dos resultados obtidos no estudo de caso, pode-se verificar que nas curvas com raios de curvatura maior de 100 m, as velocidades praticadas pelos motoristas nas condições das rodovias pesquisadas são semelhantes às velocidades estimadas pela equação de Fitzpatrick (2000), e nas curvas com raios menores de 100 m, as velocidades praticadas estão próximas da equação elaborada por Lamm (1998) na Alemanha. / Highway safety is directly related, amongst other factors, to highway design characteristics. This dissertation compares two of the main existing models of analysis of highway design consistency, which are: the safety criteria method established by Lamm et al. (1998) and the one proposed by Fitzpatrick et al. (2000) incorporated in the Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM) by the Design Consistency Module (DCM), developed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The main characteristics of the process established by each of the methods are presented here along with the results of a comparative analysis of the application of both methods in a case study. Both models apply speed prediction equations based on studies carried out in other countries. In the case study reported in the present dissertation, the speed practiced by drivers in three bidirectional two-lane roads was investigated, yielding results which allowed the development of a speed prediction equation. After comparing the results obtained in the case study, it was verified that on curves with radius of curvature longer than 100m, the speeds practiced by drivers in the conditions of the roads here studied are similar to those predicted by Fitzpatrick\'s (2000) equation. However, on roads whose radius is shorter than 100m, the speeds practiced are closer to those yielded by the equation elaborated by Lamm (1988) in Germany.

The work traces the early history of the Texas State Department of Highways. Beginning with the first efforts to create a department, the study focuses on the period between 1917 and 1923. Much attention goes to the legislative background of the early actions of the department. Subsequently, the work examines various statistical measures of the department's performance. This includes comparisons between Texas and nearby states, and the national highs, lows, and averages. Concluding the study is an examination of the department's immediate goals and long range plans in the years after 1923. The general conclusion of the study is that the department played a useful role in the development of state roads in Texas.

M.Com. (IT Management) / Vehicle traffic congestion on Gauteng’s metropolitan and national roads in South Africa remains a challenge, especially during peak hours and also when incidents occur. They hamper the flow of vehicle traffic. Traffic congestion has negative consequences for business and for commuters’ quality of life. The goal of this research project is to identify variables that influence the flow of traffic and to design a vehicle traffic prediction model which will predict the traffic flow pattern in advance, given a set of predictor variables that will enable motorists to make appropriate travel decisions ahead of time. The traffic flow was categorised into three classes, namely traffic jam, free flowing and flowing congestion. In this study, the artificial intelligence algorithms that include Bayesian Networks, K-Nearest-Neighbour, Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) and C4.5 Decision Tree were used individually for predicting the vehicle traffic flow. The results obtained from these algorithms were compared using the predictive performance and prediction costs. The best predictive model is one that has lower cost and good performance. The results show that the MLP was the best performing algorithm in terms of predictive performance and low prediction costs. In order to predict a novel instance, a feed forward Multi-layer Perceptron network was built using Matlab and was used to predict the unseen vehicle traffic instance, also called a novel instance. The (MLP) model accurately predicts vehicle traffic flow on a single novel instance with a prediction performance of 80% (16 out of 20) on novel instances.

M.A. / The accessibility of a region or a country is important for maintaining a strong development rate. Its necessity in research has often been pointed out and especially in research on transportation geography overseas as well as in the Republic of South Africa. This study investigates the spatial variation in the road network link development patterns in Development Region G in order to establish which districts are adequately accessible and which are not, and to establish the relation between the existing accessibility and level of development in the study area. Due to the extent of the problem which had to be investigated, it was not possible to analyse the transport and communication system in the Republic of South-Africa as a whole ...

The continuous implementation of highly technological functions and specifically intelligent transport systems in public transport highlights the need of highly efficient, accurate and reliable bus operations network. Intelligent transport systems can support a variety of functions, including dynamic bus fleet management which has yet to be established in most bus fleets in the UK in a systematic way. In order to support dynamic bus fleet management by detecting the fundamental role of bus and traffic incidents in bus-based public transport, a microscopic simulation model capable of modelling the impact of the individual incidents‟ characteristics on bus operations has been developed and applied to a variety of scenarios. This research draws on a review of existing literature on bus fleet management and available computer software in this field. It investigates research gaps in modelling the impact of traffic incidents on overall bus performance; it describes the design and development of the new simulation model, SIBUFEM (Simulating Incidents for Bus Fleet Management) for modelling bus operations during whole day periods in which incidents of different types can occur. The model simulates a high frequency bus service using existing field data and incorporates the continuous circulation of buses along the bus route. It uses journey time profiles, passenger-dependent bus stop dwell times and deterministic time-dependent queuing theory to model traffic incidents and the impact of their characteristics on the bus performance parameters. The model results, presented in this thesis, focus on performance measures including but not limited to bus journey times, passenger waiting times and bus delays resulting from various bus and traffic incidents. Incidents vary from bus breakdowns, to traffic incidents such as road-works, traffic accidents, burst water mains, disabled vehicles and illegal parking; in SIBUFEM they are specified in terms of their location, duration and severity (i.e. loss of capacity). The model has been applied to a main bus corridor in Southampton, UK, with a base case of „normal‟ operations established, for comparison with results from 24 different incident scenarios, and using key model performance parameters of average bus journey time, bus speed and excess waiting time. This PhD demonstrates the functionality of SIBUFEM with model results demonstrating the extent to which passenger waiting times increase with increasing incident severity and duration. The overall comparison of the simulation results showed that the more severe the level of severity or the longer the duration of an incident, the higher the expected impact of the event on the overall bus performance was. In terms of the incident location parameter, the effect is greater when the incident occurs in the middle of the bus route than when it occurs at the end. The effect of incident location is especially evident in the case of traffic incidents such as roadworks, traffic accidents and illegal parking. Findings from this research also demonstrated that these incidents are usually more severely affected by a change in an incident parameter than by bus breakdown incidents. The thesis concludes with a discussion on potential dynamic bus fleet management strategies and how SIBUFEM can be further developed to allow these strategies to be evaluated. SIBUFEM is capable of modelling traffic incidents to support dynamic bus fleet management and, thus, encourage the use of intelligent transport systems applications in bus operations. This offers great potential in the field of bus-based public transport as part of a guidance tool for bus operators, as well as the way to increase bus level service thereby increasing customer satisfaction and thus the development of a sustainable transport system.

It is evident that several cities in China have experienced a variety of global impacts. Beijing for instance, has become synonymous with mass-migration over the years. The immense scale of projected rural migration, the unmanageable intervention of new housing urban developments, and the high levels of air pollution in Beijing have become a global dilemma. In order to alleviate Beijing's critical ecological conditions, the introduction of "new lungs", as an urban environmental design to the city should be examined. This thesis project illustrates how urban productive landscape and bike infrastructure can be essential in urban development through the implementation of an innovative dynamic Urban Eco-Filter that would respond to the active circumstances of the city of Beijing. The enormous amount of air pollution, ground-water depletion/pollution and particularly the lack of an ecological footprint are some of the challenges the city of Beijing continually battles. As a potential solution to assist the citizens of Beijing, who continually struggle to maintain a better quality of life, this thesis project proposes a new Urban Eco-Filter approach that will serve as a green corridor incorporating environmental resources. This innovative urban infrastructure would become the exceptional and unquestionable tool to create a holistic environment including productive urban landscape, bike infrastructure and sustainable themes. As a solution this project proposes the implementation of an elevated eco-network infrastructure in the center of the city of Beijing. In addition, the proposal would focus on developing a new productive landscape connection prototype at the Guomao Bridge on the 3rd Ring Road. The procedures analyzed are: case observation, case studies, strategies of 3-D modeling, and the design and qualitative investigation through workshops. In order to further validate the proposed solution, an in depth evaluation of the research techniques is necessary. It is indispensable to analyze the existing hazardous urban conditions and consider the uncontrollable growth of metropolitan cities, while introducing new ecological bike infrastructure. With the limited environmental footprint, constant amount of air pollution and the deficiency of ground-water, the investigation of a new Urban Eco-Filter is encouraged to enhance the social and environmental fabric of the city of Beijing.

The management of large-scale transportation infrastructure is becoming a very complex task for the urban areas of this century which are covering bigger geographic spaces and facing the inclusion of connected and self-controlled vehicles. This new system paradigm can leverage many forms of sensing and interaction, including a high-scale mobile sensing approach. To obtain a high penetration sensing system on urban areas more practical and scalable platforms are needed, combined with estimation algorithms suitable to the computational capabilities of these platforms. The purpose of this work was to develop a transportation framework that is able to handle different kinds of sensing data (e.g., connected vehicles, loop detectors) and optimize the traffic state on a defined traffic network. The framework estimates the traffic on road networks modeled by a family of Lighthill-Whitham-Richards equations. Based on an equivalent formulation of the problem using a Hamilton-Jacobi equation and using a semi-analytic formula, I will show that the model constraints resulting from the Hamilton-Jacobi equation are linear, albeit with unknown integer variables. This general framework solve exactly a variety of problems arising in transportation networks: traffic estimation, traffic control (including robust control), cybersecurity and sensor fault detection, or privacy analysis of users in probe-based traffic monitoring systems. This framework is very flexible, fast, and yields exact results. The recent advances in sensors (GPS, inertial measurement units) and microprocessors enable the development low-cost dedicated devices for traffic sensing in cities, 5 which are highly scalable, providing a feasible solution to cover large urban areas. However, one of the main problems to address is the privacy of the users of the transportation system, the framework presented here is a viable option to guarantee the privacy of the users by design.

La Carretera Panamericana Sur km. 37.5 y el Puente Arica, es una intersección vial tipo Diamante Convencional partido sin semáforos, ubicado en el distrito de Lurín y provincia de Lima. Esta intersección presenta congestionamiento vehicular ocasionando pérdida de horas hombre. Debido a esto, se determinó los niveles de servicio actuales, a través del software Synchro 8.0, mediante aforos vehiculares tomados en campo. Los niveles de servicio obtenidos fueron muy bajos y demoras elevadas. Como consecuencia se plantearon y modelaron con el software Synchro 8.0 diferentes propuestas para solucionar la congestión vehicular, tales como; Implementación de cruceros semafóricos con diferentes diseños, implementación de mini óvalos dentro de la intersección y en los extremos de la intersección, y un intercambio vial de tipo Diamante Divergente. La propuesta de solución se inicia con la comparación de resultados obtenidos de las alternativas para el escenario actual y proyectado a 5 y 10 años. En consecuencia, se obtuvieron dos propuestas que solucionan la congestión vehicular actual y proyectada a 5 años. La primera es la implementación de cruceros semafórico con un carril exclusivo para el giro libre a la derecha y la segunda es la implementación de un novedoso intercambio vial de tipo Diamante Divergente, mientras que las demás propuestas no son sostenibles en la proyección del tránsito futuro. Por otro lado, si bien es cierto que ambas propuestas mejoran y dan solución al problema planteado la segunda presenta mejores niveles de servicio y menores demoras en la proyección a 10 años. / The South Pan American Highway km. 37.5 and the Arica Bridge, is a Conventional Diamond-type road intersection without traffic lights, located in the district of Lurín and province of Lima. This intersection presents vehicular congestion causing loss of man-hours. Due to this, the current service levels were determined, through Synchro 8.0 software, through vehicle capacities taken in the field. The service levels obtained were very low and delays were high. As a consequence, different proposals were proposed and modeled with Synchro 8.0 software to solve vehicular congestion, such as; Implementation of traffic lights with different designs, implementation of mini ovals within the intersection and at the ends of the intersection, and a Divergent Diamond road interchange. The solution proposal begins with the comparison of results obtained from the alternatives for the current scenario and projected at 5 and 10 years. Consequently, two proposals were obtained that solve the current and projected vehicular congestion at 5 years. The first is the implementation of traffic light cruises with an exclusive lane for the free right turn and the second is the implementation of a new Divergent Diamond interchange, while the other proposals are not sustainable in the projection of future traffic. On the other hand, although it is true that both proposals improve and solve the problem posed, the second presents better levels of service and less delays in the 10-year projection. / Tesis

The thesis tries to analyse dispute over path of the D3 highway through locality of Posázaví. Discussion about this topic was talked over in media space for over twenty-five years. Many actors from public, governmental and political sphare participated in the discussion over the time. Thesis use analysis of local press andother other resources to create complex picture of the dispute including actors a their actions wih primary focus on description of argumetns and topics with their developement. Deeper analysis with use of other literature will be inherent. Secondary purpose of the thesis will be describe conflict from historic perspective and name main actors with their arguments.

Challenges associated with ensuring the accuracy and reliability of cost estimation of highway bid items, especially during the conceptual phase of a project, are of significant interest to state highway agencies. Even with the existing research undertaken on the subject, the problem of inaccurate estimation of highway bid items still exists. A systematic literature review was performed to determine research trends, identify, categorize the factors influencing highway unit prices, and assess the performance of conceptual cost prediction models. This research proposes a geographic information system (GIS)?based methodology that leverages vast historical bid data for unit-price estimation and the robust GIS capabilities with consideration of the effects of project-specific location and variations due to cost escalation on different bid items. A comparison of the three spatial interpolation techniques operationalized in this research revealed that disjunctive and empirical Bayesian kriging models led to more accurate cost prediction than ordinary kriging algorithms.