Orientador: Fernando Antônio Santos Coelho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T04:45:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_MariliaSimaodos_M.pdf: 8319783 bytes, checksum: b09561f94bf536402f8e5e21e0e6dc3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A potenciabilidade sintética dos adutos de Morita-Baylis-Hillman foi explorada no desenvolvimento de uma nova estratégia para a preparação de compostos tricarbonilados vicinais e derivados ciclopenta[b]indólicos. Os compostos tricarbonilados vicinais representam um padrão estrutural de grande interesse sintético, pois são empregados na síntese de heterociclos e diversas moléculas com atividade biológica. A metodologia desenvolvida envolve três etapas que constituem na síntese do aduto de MBH e de duas oxidações subsequentes. A rota se mostrou rápida, simples e eficiente, com rendimentos globais variando entre 15-75%. Além da facilidade operacional essa estratégia é quimicamente sustentável já que apresenta um baixo nível de geração de resíduos químicos. Os núcleos ciclopenta[b]indólicos estão presentes na estrutura de diversos produtos naturais e moléculas bioativas, fato que se torna um estímulo para o desenvolvimento de novas rotas sintéticas. A estratégia baseia-se na oxidação do aduto de MBH seguida de adição de Michael utilizando indol. O produto gerado sofre redução e em seguida é ciclizado em meio ácido levando à obtenção do núcleo de interesse. A síntese se mostrou altamente diastereosseletiva e o mecanismo da etapa de ciclização foi investigado através de espectrometria de massas. Os compostos foram avaliados contra algumas linhagens de células tumorais exibindo atividade citótóxica promissora / Abstract: The synthetic potential of Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts was exploited towards the development of a new strategy for the preparation of vicinal tricarbonyl compounds and cyclopenta [b] indole derivatives. The vicinal tricarbonyl compounds represent a structural pattern of great synthetic interest because they are employed in the synthesis of heterocycles and several biologically active compounds. The three steps methodology involves the the preparation of MBH adducts, followed by two subsequent oxidations. The route proved to be fast, simple and efficient, with overall yields ranging from 15 to 75%. This strategy is operationally ease and sustainable, since a low level of waste is generated. The nuclei cyclopenta [b]indoles are present in the structure of some natural products and bioactive compounds. This has stimulated efforts towards the development of new synthetic routes to prepare this heterocyclic pattern. Our strategy is based on the oxidation of MBH adduct followed by Michael addition using indole as nucleophile to provide a substituted b-ketoester. The keto carbonyl was reduced and the substituted b-hydroxyester was therefore cyclized in acid conditions leading the desired heterocycles. The synthesis was highly diastereoselectivity and mechanism of the cyclization step was monitored by mass spectrometry. The compounds were evaluated against some tumor cell lines exhibiting promising cytotoxic activity / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestra em Química

Orientadores: Marcos Nogueira Eberlin, Fernando Antonio Santos Coelho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T16:01:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galaverna_RenanSouza_M.pdf: 4687299 bytes, checksum: d06d242cdf07c9f8f7f1abfb050e76ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Essa dissertação de Mestrado visa estudar o mecanismo da reação de Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) em três versões (Clássica, Aza e Assimétrica) utilizando a técnica de espectrometria de massas com ionização por eletrospray (ESI-MS). Para o monitoramento mecanístico das versões clássica e Aza (MBH/Aza-MBH) foi introduzida uma nova abordagem, que é a utilização de reagentes marcados com etiquetas de carga (líquidos iônicos), a fim de facilitar a detecção dos intermediários e maximizar a aquisição de dados obtidos pelo monitoramento destas reações. Entre os reagentes de partida, (eletrófilo, catalisador e alceno ativado) o alceno ativado foi o reagente marcado, utilizou-se o íon metil imidazólio como etiqueta de carga. Além do uso de um reagente marcado, ambas as versões foram monitoradas utilizando reagentes neutros, com o propósito de avaliar em nível de comparação as metodologias abordadas, marcada e não-marcada. Para versão assimétrica da reação de MBH, foram utilizadas duas aminas hidroxiladas quirais derivadas de alcalóides cinchona, quinidina e ?-isocupreidina. O monitoramento mecanístico da versão assimétrica foi realizado utilizando um espectrômetro de massas com mobilidade iônica IM-MS. O tipo de mobilidade utilizada nesse estudo foi a Traveling Wave, comercialmente conhecida como TWIM-MS (Traveling Wave Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry). A utilização desta possibilitou a separação e caracterização de intermediários estereoisoméricos formados no percurso da reação. Cálculos teóricos dos estados de transição para formação desses intermediários foram realizados a fim de suportar os dados obtidos por TWIM-MS. A utilização de um reagente marcado no monitoramento completo da reação de MBH/Aza-MBH mostrou melhores resultados em relação à reação não-marcada. Intermediários não detectados pela metodologia não-marcada foram detectados e caracterizados pela metodologia marcada, além do fato que a intensidade desses intermediários foi maior quando comparado à versão não-marcada. Para versão assimétrica, os dados obtidos por TWIM-MS e cálculos teóricos possibilitaram um melhor entendimento acerca da enantiosseletividade da reação de MBH quando diferentes catalisadores quirais são utilizados / Abstract: This dissertation aims to study the mechanism of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction in three versions (Classical, Aza and Asymmetric) using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). For the mechanistic monitoring of the classical and Aza versions (MBH/Aza-MBH) a new approach was introduced, that is the use of marked reagents with charge tag (ionic liquid) in order to facilitate the detection of the reaction intermediates and maximize the data acquisition when monitoring these reactions. Among the start material, (electrophile, catalyst and activated alkene) the activated alkene was the marked reagent, using imidazolium ion as charge tag. Besides the use of a marked reagent, both versions (MBH/Aza-MBH) were monitored using neutral reagents, in order to compare the methodologies used, with and without charge tag. For the asymmetric MBH reaction, were used two hidroxylated chiral amines derived from cinchona alkaloids, quinidine and ?-isocupreidine. The mechanistic monitoring of the asymmetric reaction was performed using an ion mobility mass spectrometry IM-MS. The type of mobility used in this study was "traveling wave", commercially known as TWIM-MS (Traveling Wave Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry). Using this instrument was possible to separate and characterize stereoisomerics intermediates formed in the course of the reaction. Theoretical calculations of the transition states for the formation of these intermediates were performed in order to support the data obtained by TWIM-MS. The use of a marked reagent in complete monitoring of the MBH/Aza-MBH reaction showed better results than non-tag reaction. Intermediates not detected by the non-tag methodology were detected and characterized by the charge tag methodology, furthermore, the intensity of these intermediates were higher than non-tag reaction. For the asymmetric version, the data obtained by TWIM-MS and theoretical calculations enabled a better understanding of the enantioselectivity of the MBH reaction when different chiral catalysts are used / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

This thesis develops a new way of engaging emotion in a large organisation and develops a new form of organisational practice entitled “Reflective Emotional Practitioning.” The thesis argues that the concept of emotional intelligence as accepted in organisations represses rather than embraces emotion. The conceptual framework centres the inquiry on the problem of organisational power as an obstacle to the creative harnessing of emotion at work. The thesis reverses the organisations’ centralised power by placing the individual at the centre so that the individual learns to reflect upon and embrace emotion in collective and self inquiry, and demonstrates how this may lead to creative and ethical work. The thesis is divided into two parts: in the first, the author carried out action research workshops on emotional intelligence and performance management, but it became clear that power was an issue, repressing emotions. But through reflection this became a turning point after the author engaged in deep self-reflection in meditative supervisions, writing and reflective practice. This enabled the author to process experience into a methodological shift towards a self-ethnography and research action applied to the work situation in what became called Reflective Emotional Practitioning (REP). The REP model was used as a tool to venture further on a visceral pathway, uncovering the author’s relationship with emotion. The author began to recognise that the self and the other could be held in reflexive practice and writing. In the second part evidence comes through further vignettes representing the author’s pathway and shone a light on a dialogical process between the self and others. Freedom and space were revealed and the research began to demonstrate the inner- and outer-selves working through emotion. Through this process emotion became conceptualised as “felt energy”. Felt energy was triggered by the outer world, but also a place of knowing from which further action could be taken, and then further reflected upon. The reflexive writing process used vignettes to illustrate how emotion was engaged, fed back and stored as a “return to the self” in a continual learning process. Through illuminating a new way of both conceptualising and working with emotions, the author shows how, over several years of reflective practice, the method underpinned some major innovative and sustainable work projects. The thesis concludes by defining the contribution of this research as a transferable approach that can engage emotion in self-empowered actions within an organisation’s power regime. The contribution is to both methodology and knowledge about the way emotion is experienced, used and conceptualised, although the author acknowledges and discusses the difficulty of producing knowledge through writing the self, particularly within the confines of a large public sector organisation. However, the struggle to write the self has produced a rich text that conveys the possibilities of transferring the approach for other organisational researchers and reflective practitioners engaging emotion in their different personal and organisational contexts.

Morita Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction a carbon-carbon bond forming reaction between an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl and aldehydes or activated ketones in the presence of a nucleophilic catalyst. The MBH reaction is an atom-economical method of rapid increase of molecular complexity. The development of this process has received considerable attention in recent years. This dissertation presents the development of a new catalytic system for the symmetric and asymmetric MBH reaction. The new system for the racemic version of this reaction was accomplished employing a 1:1:1 ratio of catalytic amounts (10 mol%) of MgI2, TMEDA and DMAP and proved to be highly effective. For the asymmetric version was developed a highly enantio-selective system based on Fu’s planar chiral DMAP derivative (II) with ee´s up to 98%. Abnormal MBH adducts are obtained employing either ethyl 2,3-butadienoate or ethyl propiolate in good yields, in the presence if MgI2 and either a tertiary amine or phosphine as the nucleophile. The α,β-unsaturated carbonyls where prepared by a modified direct α- methylenation using paraformaldehyde, diisopropylammonium trifluoroacetate, and catalytic acid or base with excellent yields for several carbonyls compounds. The Negishi cross-coupling reaction is the Pd or Ni-catalyzed stereoselective cross-coupling or organozincs and aryl-, alkenyl-, or alkynyl halides. Enantioselective Negishi cross-coupling of aryl zincs and α-bromo ketones was accomplished employing a NCN Pincer complex as the catalyst with ee´s up 99%. The required pincer complexes have been prepared by the oxidative addition of pincer ligands with palladium or nickel. Additionally, It has been developed a direct and highly active, (NCN)-Pd catalytic system for the α-arylation of ketones with a variety of aryl bromides using the air and moisture stable [t-BuPheBox-Me2]PdBr (XVI) as the catalyst. The adducts are obtained in excellent yields (92% average for 20 examples) in only 1 hour using 1 mol% of catalyst loading. Perhaps more importantly, the work described here shows that XVI is highly reactive, highly selective, even on substrates bearing challenging functional groups such alkenes.

During my research career in Prof. V.J.Hruby's laboratory I worked on two different projects. The first project, which was initiated by the author, was planned to serve the need of our laboratory for a novel method of peptide cyclization. This method was planned to use recent advances in Pd0-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis combined with the structural richness offered by the Baylis-Hillman chemistry which could open new ways to diverse areas of drug design, molecular immunology and chemotherapy. This approach would provide cyclic peptides featuring N-alkylated amino acids that would confer high resistance to degradation by proteases. Because of numerous synthetic problems imposed, this strategy was not of considerable current use in peptide synthesis, especially on solid supports. However, despite a substantial amount of effort invested, this method faced serious drawbacks such as multistep synthesis and side reactions when applied to solid supports. Moreover, recent introduction of microwave technology which has helped to solve a great number of problems has led to a renaissance in the classical lactam and thioester bond cyclizations which overshadowed our quest for a novel methodology. The second project was focused on application of 4-anilidopiperidines for the synthesis of chimeric bioactive peptides. It was an effort towards the development of novel analgesics with reduced toxicity and enhanced potency. This project linked small molecule and multimeric ligand designs that were ongoing in our laboratory at the time. Major accomplishments in this project were made possible by successful resolution of several research challenges. I was able to find a straightforward, convenient and economical approach for the synthesis of novel analogues on a solid support. These developments led to novel compounds which showed substantial increases in their binding affinity relative to corresponding opioid analogues. To illustrate, compounds PET25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, and 32 showed high bioactivity and sub-nanomolar binding affinity to opioid receptors. Most of the peptides generated in the second project are still being investigated for their biological activities by our colleagues at the Department of Pharmacology, but the results to date indicate that some highly potent novel compounds have been made.

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Santos Coelho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T02:31:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rezende_Patricia_D.pdf: 4429618 bytes, checksum: 8b5bb87a85f841dc4aeabf56b44376ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e avaliar a atividade biológica de algumas 2-oxazolidinonas. As oxazolidinonas são compostos versáteis utilizados na preparação de uma série de outras classes de compostos e são largamente utilizados como auxiliares quirais em sínteses orgânicas assimétricas. Biologicamente são de grande importância por apresentarem efeitos neurolépticos, efeitos psicotrópicos, antialérgicos e antibacterianos. No que se refere a atividade antibacteriana, as oxazolidinonas, apresentam atividade notável contra muitas cepas resistentes de bactérias gram-positivas, através de um novo mecanismo de ação. As oxazolidinonas 4- e 4,5-substituídas oriundas de aldeídos alifáticos e aromáticos foram sintetizadas a partir de adutos de Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH), através de duas principais rotas: via rearranjo de Curtius e via reação de ozonólise do aduto de MBH, sendo esta última, resultado de estudos prévios realizados em nosso laboratório. A reprodutibilidade desta rota sintética nos possibilitou a preparação de um intermediário avançado da substância isocitoxazona, um isômero estrutural da citoxazona, uma oxazolidinona que apresenta atividade citocina moduladora sobre células Th2. A partir da rota via Rearranjo de Curtius e através de uma adaptação da mesma, sintetizamos cetonas a, b-saturadas, a partir de adutos de MBH. E finalmente, iniciamos um estudo para a síntese assimétrica de 2- oxazolidinonas, utilizando a base quiral b-isocupreidina. A mesma foi sintetizada e utilizada na reação de MBH na preparação de um aduto de MBH quiral. As oxazolidinonas sintetizadas estão sendo submetidas a ensaios para a determinação da atividade biológica frente a uma série de microorganismos / Abstract: This work has been as main purpose the synthesis and the biological evaluation of some 2-oxazolidinones. These compounds have been used as substrates for the preparation of different compounds and used as chiral auxiliary in asymmetric organic synthesis. Besides the synthetic relevance of this class of compounds, they also exhibit important biological effects, as neuroleptic, psychotropic, anti-allergenic and antibacterial. In the last years, an special attention has been paid to these compounds due to their antibacterial activity, since they show a remarkable activity against Gram-positive drugs multi-resistant strains, through a new action mechanism. In this work several 4- and 4,5-substituted oxazolidinones were synthesized from Morita-Baylis-Hillman prepared from aliphatic and aromatic commercial aldehydes, using two synthetic approaches. The first approach was based on employing a Curtius rearrangement, and the second was based on the utilization of an ozonolysis reaction of the MBH adducts. Both synthetic approaches have permitted preparing several oxazolidinones. An advanced intermediate for the total synthesis of isocytoxazone, a structural isomer of cytoxazone, was also prepared. Cytoxazone, a natural oxazolidinone, exhibits cytocine modulator activity for Th2 cells. Through an adaptation of the strategy based on Curtius rearrangement, we have also synthesized a, b-unsaturated ketones from MBH adducts. Finally, a study was started aiming at synthesizing chiral oxazolidinones, using chiral base b-isocupreidine prepared by us. Synthetic oxazolidinones prepared in this work are under biological screening for evaluating theirs antibacterial profiles / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Santos Coelho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T10:23:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Porto_RicardoSilva_D.pdf: 3135868 bytes, checksum: 7dce1204558b2d304fe05902e3a3eef4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, descrevemos a utilização de ultrassom e de líquido iônico em reações de Morita-Baylis-Hillman utilizando aldeídos quirais contendo oxigênio na posição a-carbonila. Devido aos longos tempos reacionais normalmente observados na reação de Morita-Baylis-Hillman, aldeídos quirais a-oxigenados podem ser passíveis de racemização no meio reacional, diminuindo dessa forma a diastereosseletividade da reação. Tanto o ultrassom quanto o líquido iônico aceleraram a reação drasticamente para vários aldeídos, em comparação com os dados descritos previamente na literatura. Diferentes grupos de proteção foram utilizados no oxigênio a-carbonila, sendo a escolha desse grupo importante para o sucesso da reação. Aldeídos derivados de açúcares se mostraram substratos eficientes na reação, levando à formação dos produtos com bons excessos diastereoisoméricos em alguns casos. Interessantemente, a associação de ultrassom e líquido iônico levou a uma queda no rendimento, o que pode estar relacionado com a destruição da estrutura supramolecular bem definida do líquido iônico na presença de ultrassom. Essa hipótese foi reforçada após a realização da mesma associação (ultrassom + líquido iônico) a 0º C, onde obtivemos excelente rendimento em curto tempo reacional. Com o objetivo de mapear a influência de cada um destes fatores (ultrassom, líquido iônico e temperatura) na reação de Morita-Baylis-Hillman, um estudo quimiométrico foi realizado variando estes três fatores. A utilização de líquido iônico a 0ºC, tanto na presença de ultrassom quanto sob agitação se mostrou uma condição bastante eficiente para a reação de Morita-Baylis-Hillman. Dessa forma vários aldeídos alifáticos e aromáticos foram testados utilizando esta condição, levando a bons resultados, em alguns casos superiores àqueles descritos na literatura. Finalmente, foi preparada uma alfa-metileno-gama-butirolactona, dotada de potente atividade biológica. Estudos visando a preparação do ácido polioxâmico e do fragmento polar da miriocina também foram realizados neste trabalho. / Abstract: In this work, we describe the utilization of ultrasound and ionic liquid in Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions, with chiral aldehydes bearing oxygen at the a-carbonyl position. Due to the long reaction times normally observed in the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction, a-oxigenated chiral aldehydes can be racemized in the reaction, directly impacting on the diastereoselectivity of the reaction. Ultrasound as well as ionic liquid drastically accelerated the reaction rate with several aldehydes, in comparison to data described earlier in the literature. The a-carbonyl oxygen was protected with different protecting groups and the correct choice of these groups was important for the success of the reaction. Sugar derived aldehydes were efficient substrates in the reaction, leading to the formation of adducts with good diastereoisomeric excesses in some cases. Interestingly, the association of ultrasound and ionic liquid led to a lower yield, which can be related with the destruction of the well defined supramolecular structure of the ionic liquid on the presence of ultrasound radiation. This hypothesis was reinforced after carrying out some reaction using the same association (ultrasound + ionic liquid) at 0º C. Under this experimental conditions we observed an excellent yield with short reaction time. Searching to map the influence of each one of these factors (ultrasound, ionic liquid and temperature) in the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction, a chemometric study was carried out varying simultaneously these three factors. The utilization of ionic liquid at 0º C, as much as in the ultrasound presence as under agitation, was the best condition to the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction. In this way, several aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes were tested utilizing this condition, conducting to good results, in some cases superior to those already described in the literature. Finally, an alfa-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone was prepared, which has a potent biological activity. Studies toward the preparation of polyoxamic acid and the miriocin polar fragment were also realized in this work. / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

The Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction is a very versatile synthetic protocol to synthesize various useful compounds containing several functional groups. MBH acetates and carbonates are highly valued compounds as they have good potential to be precursors for organic synthesis reactions due to their ease of modification and synthesis. This thesis utilizes Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to understand the mechanism and selectivity of an unexpected tandem conjugate addition-elimination (CA-E) reaction of allylic alkylated Morita-Baylis-Hillman C- adducts. This synthetic protocol was developed by Prof. Zhi-Yong Jiang and co-workers from Henan University, China. The reaction required the use of sub-stoichiometric amounts of an organic or inorganic Brøndst base as a catalyst and was achieved with excellent yields (96%) in neat conditions. TBD gave the highest yield amongst the organocatalysts and Cs2CO3 gave the highest yield amongst all screened bases. A possible mechanistic pathway was proposed and three different energy profiles were modeled using 1,5,7-triaza-bicyclo-[4.4.0]-dec-5-ene (TBD), Cs2CO3 and CO32- as catalysts. All three models were able to explain the experimental observations, revealing both kinetic and thermodynamic factors influencing the selectivity of the CA-E reaction. CO32- model gave the most promising result, revealing a significant energy difference of 17.9 kcal/mol between the transition states of the two differing pathways and an energy difference of 20.9 kcal/mol between the two possible products. Although TBD modeling did not show significant difference in the transition states of the differing pathways, it revealed an unexpected secondary non-covalent electrostatic interaction, involving the electron deficient C atom of the triaza CN3 moiety of the TBD catalyst and the O atom of a neighboring NO2- group in the intermediate. Subsequent modeling using a similar substrate proved the possibility of this non-covalent electrostatic interaction, as there was significant overlap of the orbital cloud present in both the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) of the molecule between the C atom of the triaza moiety belonging to the TBD catalyst and the O atom of the nitro group of the substrate. The Mayer bond order was of the C-O interaction was determined to be 0.138.

Cette thèse est une exploration de l’utilisation d’aldéhydes furaniques biosourcés, tels que l’hydroxyméthyl furfural (HMF) et ses analogues, en tant que substrat pour la réaction de Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH). L’étendue de la réaction a été étudiée avec un focus sur la possibilité d’utiliser des milieux aqueux et biosourcés pour effectuer cette transformation. En premier lieu, l’étude a concerné la réaction de MBH du glycosyloxyméthylfurfural (GFM) avec des motifs acryliques, conduisant dans des rendements acceptables à de nouveaux glycodérivés porteurs de motifs α-hydroxyacrylates and α-méthylène-β-amino acrylates. Pour les réactions conduisant aux α-hydroxyacrylates, l’eau peut être utilisée comme solvant, de même que des mélanges d’eau et de diméthylisosorbide (DMI), remplaçant ainsi efficacement le dioxane ou le THF comparativement aux méthodes habituellement employées. Les esters acryliques de départ pouvant être eux-mêmes biosourcés, les glycoacrylates obtenus par la réaction MBH sont donc potentiellement 100% biosourcés. La version aza-MBH de la réaction a été ensuite explorée, associant 3 composants: le GMF, une sulfonamide et un accepteur de Micheal, conduisant à de nouveaux α-méthylène-b-amino carbonyl dérivatives construits sur un motif glucidique. L’étude s’est ensuite focalisée sur le HMF lui-même. Plusieurs solvants biosourcés, en particulier le 2-hydroxymethyl THF et l’isopropylidénéglycerol, se sont révélés efficaces pour la réaction de MBH du HMF avec l’acrylate d’éthyle. Pour le HMF et le furfural, la réaction est améliorée si de l’eau est ajoutée; ce qui permet d’étendre la gamme de solvants biosourcés pouvant être utilisée dans ce processus. Il a aussi été montré que l’imidazolyl alcool bicyclique DPI est un catalyseur très efficace pour la réaction MBH du HMF, du furfural ou du GMF avec des énones cycliques, conduisant à une diversité de nouvelles structures par une voie écorespectueuse et efficacement. / This thesis is an exploration of the use of biosourced furanic aldehydes, namely hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and analogues, as a substrate for the Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction. The scope of the reaction has been explored, with a focus on the possibility to perform the reaction in aqueous or biobased medium. First, the MBH reaction of the glucosyloxymethylfurfural (GMF) with acrylic building blocks has been explored, led to two new series of glycoderivatives containing α-hydroxyacrylates and α-methylene-β-amino acrylates in fair yields. For the coupling reaction which produces the α-hydroxyacrylates, water can be used as the solvent. Mixtures of water and dimethylisosorbide (DMI) have also been shown to be possibly used in the reactions, allowing replacement of dioxane or THF compared to previous methods. The strategy is atom-economical. Due to the fact that those acrylic esters are also available from biomass, such kind of glycoacrylates appears as possibly 100% bio-based. The aza-MBH version of the reaction was further explored, studying the reaction involving the three components GMF, sulfonamides and a Micheal acceptor, leading to carbohydrate-based α-methylene-β-amino carbonyl derivatives. The focus was then made on HMF itself. Several biobased solvents, in particular 2-hydroxymethyl THF and isopropylideneglycerol, could be used for the MBH reaction of HMF and ethyl acrylate. For HMF and furfural, the reaction was improved when water was added allowing to widen the range of biobased solvent systems. We have also found that the bicyclic imidazolyl alcohol DPI is an efficient catalyst for the aqueous MBH reaction between HMF, furfural, GMF, and cyclic enones that gives access to a variety of potentially very useful molecules in an efficient and environmentally friendly way.

Ziel der Arbeit war es, Katalysatoren zu entwickeln, in Modellsystemen zu testen und Rückschlüsse auf deren Aktivität und Verbesserungspotential zu ziehen. Dabei standen sowohl theoretische Betrachtungen mittels quantenmechanischer Berechnungen, aber auch experimentelle Arbeiten im Mittelpunkt. Die Untersuchungen wurden an ausgewählten Beispielen der Claisen-Umlagerung und der Morita-Baylis-Hillmann-Reaktion sowie verbrückter Bis(NHC)metallkomplexe auf der Basis von Triazolen in der Mizoroki-Heck-Reaktion durchgeführt. Claisen-Umlagerung. Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Substrat und dem Katalysator sollte hierbei auf eine bidendate Ausbildung von Wasserstoffbrücken zum Substrat entsprechend dem Design nach Jørgensen[1-4] abzielen. Die Auswahl der „Organokatalysatoren“ erstreckte sich von den Thioharnstoffen, über L-Milchsäure, einem Phosphorsäure-Derivat bis hin zu 2,2,2-Trifluorethanol (TFE). Mit dem Allyl Vinyl Ether (AVE) 83 wurden die theoretischen Betrachtungen der Wechselwirkung und der sich daraus ergebende Einfluss auf die Umlagerungs-geschwindigkeit durchgeführt. Der Thioharnstoff 1 und dessen Wechselwirkung mit 83 standen dabei im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtungen. Es wurden zwei mögliche entscheidende Übergangszustände postuliert. Im Vergleich zum konkurrierenden Übergangszustand [s-cis-83b•1A]# war [s-trans-83b•1A]# in Summe bevorzugt. Gegenüber der thermischen Claisen-Umlagerung von 83 war [s-trans-83b•1A]# für ΔG#[3,3] um +3,1 Kcal mol-1 erniedrigt, was einer leichten Erhöhung der Umlagerungsgeschwindigkeit entsprach. Dies konnte durch experimentelle Untersuchungen bestätigt werden. Das Phosphorsäure-Derivat 94 war im Vergleich zur L-Milchsäure 91 besser in der Lage, die Barriere des sigmatropen Umlagerungsschrittes abzusenken. Es zeigte sich, dass die Kombination von 91 mit einem Wassermolekül 8 zu dem Komplex 92 zu einer verbesserten Stabilisierung des Übergangszustandes führte. Bei beiden Systemen wurde jedoch beobachtet, dass die Barrieren über den Gesamtverlauf der Reaktion nicht ausreichend stark abgesenkt werden konnten. Für die Berechnungen mit dem Lösungsmittel TFE wurde gezeigt, dass die Betrachtung der Wechselwirkung einzelner TFE-Moleküle mit dem Substrat 83 nicht ausreichte. Morita-Baylis-Hillman-Reaktion. Mit der Morita-Baylis-Hillman-Reaktion[5, 6] (MBH) kann im Sinne einer C-C-Verknüpfungs-reaktion neben der atomökonomischen Durchführung zusätzlich ein Stereozentrum erzeugt werden. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen von Cheng et al.[7] wurde ein systematischer Zusammenhang zwischen dem eingesetzen Vermittler/Katalysator und Ausbeute/Umsatz hergestellt. Die aus der Literatur bekannte pH-Wert-Abhängigkeit der Reaktion konnte auf einen Bereich zwischen 8 und 9 eingegrenzt werden. Unter Verwendung verschiedener Substitutionsmuster am Imidazol konnte gezeigt werden, dass 1H-substituierte Imidazole die Reaktion wesentlich langsamer als die in 1-Position unsubstituierten Imidazole vermittelten, was durch DFT-Rechnungen unterstrichen werden konnte. Im weiteren Verlauf der experimentellen Untersuchungen stellte sich heraus, dass TFE als Lösungsmittel ohne Zusatz einer weiteren Base für die Vermittlung der Reaktion gut geeignet ist. Verbrückte Bis(NHC)metallkomplexe auf der Basis von Triazolen. Die Synthese der Bis(NHC)metallkomplexe und deren Einsatz in der Katalyse wurde von Straßner et al.[8-15] sehr intensiv studiert. Teil dieser Arbeit war es, die Bandbreite der Katalysatoren zu erweitern und den Einfluss von einem Stickstoffatom im (NHC)-Rückgrat zu untersuchen. Die synthetische Zugänglichkeit der Konstitutionsisomere wurde bereits bei der Darstellung der aromatischen Triazole gewährleistet. Die sich anschließende Darstellung der entsprechenden Salze konnte für die Methoxy-Gruppe am Aromaten erfolgreich durchgeführt werden. Die Unterscheidung von Konstitutionsisomeren eines Komplexes wurde am Beispiel von 126 und 128 durchgeführt. Hierbei zeigten sich bereits im 1H-NMR-Spektrum feine Unterschiede in den Kopplungskonstanten und auch in den Signalen für die Methylenbrücke. Der tatsächliche Beweis wurde mit der 2D-Methode, der sogenannten „Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation“ – HMBC, erbracht. Der Einsatz der dargestellten Palladium(II)komplexe zeigte für p-Bromacetophenon analoge Ergebnisse zu den Imidazol-Derivaten bei „gleicher“ Konzentration. Für die Komplexe, ausgehend von den asymmetrischen Triazolen (zum Beispiel 128), wurde eine erhöhte Reaktivität beobachtet. Weiterhin wurde ein signifikanter Unterschied in der Ausbeute bei Reaktionen mit p-Chloracetophenon beobachtet. Literatur. [1] D. L. Severance, W. L. 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Strassner, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2006, 1268. [13] S. Ahrens, T. Strassner, Inorganica Chimica Acta 2006, 359, 4789. [14] T. Strassner, M. Muehlhofer, A. Zeller, E. Herdtweck, W. A. Herrmann, Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 2004, 689, 1418. [15] M. Muehlhofer, T. Strassner, W. A. Herrmann, Angewandte Chemie, International Edition 2002, 41, 1745.