Loin de la scène politique, Abbas II en exil, Nubar en retraite, chacun enregistre ses Mémoires pour offrir à la postérité leur précieux témoignage, en français non seulement sur leur vie publique mais aussi sur l’Égypte des vice-rois et sur les faits de leurs temps. Nubar, ce pacha d’origine arménienne qui a servi tous les vice-rois de l’Égypte depuis Mohamed Ali jusqu’à Abbas II, insiste dans ses Mémoires sur les projets qu’il a le plus défendus et les défis qu’il a relevés au fil des années : la réforme de la justice, la défense des droits du fellah, son refus du projet du canal de Suez, ainsi que son opposition aux caprices de Saïd et surtout à ceux d’Ismaïl qui ont conduit progressivement l’Égypte à la faillite.Abbas II se défend dans ses Mémoires devant l’Histoire et surtout contre les accusations de son rival Cromer, le consul général britannique, publiées dans Modern Egypt et dans Abbas II. Le Khédive met en avant la lutte nationaliste qu’il a menée aux niveaux politique, éducatif, culturel, entre autres, afin de faire face à l’occupation anglaise. Il explique l’évolution de sa relation avec les généraux britanniques de la politique de rupture sous Cromer à celle de l’entente qui a commencé en 1907 après l’incident de Denchaway (1906).Cette forme d’écriture de soi se distingue de ses formes voisines (le journal, l’autobiographie, le récit de voyage) par son identité mixte (historique, juridique, politique et esthétique). Cela explique la variété des stratégies suivies par le pacha et le Khédive dans leurs Mémoires : stratégie de dénégation, de disqualification de l’adversaire, de l’interprétation, de prudence, etc. Nous étudions ces deux textes en insistant sur le côté littéraire des Mémoires, qui est d’habitude marginalisé au profit de leur dimension historique.Les Mémoires constituent une arme de l’homme politique qui lui permettent de bénéficier d’une grande liberté grâce à leur identité mixte. Le mémorialiste homme de pouvoir multiplie les stratégies d’écriture pour prouver sa crédibilité. Il se défend et fait de son ouvrage un monument capable de traverser les siècles aussi bien par sa valeur historique qu’esthétique. Malgré le débat sur la subjectivité du mémorialiste et sa relation avec l’écriture de l’Histoire, la valeur historique des Mémoires est indéniable. Au terme de notre travail, nous revendiquons l’insertion des Mémoires dans l’enseignement : un moyen parmi d’autres pour tirer ce patrimoine précieux de l’oubli et lui octroyer la place qu’il mérite dans la mémoire collective. / Away from the political scene, Abbas II in exile, Nubar retired, each one has written his Memoirs to offer to the posterity their precious testimony in french, not only about their public life but also about Egypt’s vice-kings and about their time.Nubar, this pacha of armenian origin, and who served all the vice-kings of Egypt since Mohamed Ali to Abbas II, insists in his Memoirs on the projects which he defended the most and his won challenges over the years: the justice reform, the defense of the fellah’s rights, the rejection of the canal of Suez project, his opposition to the whims of Saïd and especially those of Ismaïl which have led Egypt to the bankruptcy.Abbas II defends himself in front of the history, especially against his rival’s charges: Cromer, the general British consul published in Modern Egypt and in Abbas II. The Khedive highlighted his nationalist struggle that he led in several fields: political, educational, cultural fields in order to face the British occupation. He explains the evolution of his relation with the British generals from the discord policy under Cromer leadership to the agreement that began in 1907 after the Denchaway incident (1906).This form of personnal writing differs from its related forms (the diaries, the autobiography, the travel novels) by its mixed identity (historical, legal, political and aesthetic). This explains the variety of the strategies followed by the pacha and the Khedive in their memoirs: strategie of denial, of disqualification of the opponent, of the interpretation, of the caution, etc. We study these texts focussing on the lirerary side which is usually marginalized in the benefit of their historical side.The Memoirs are weapons of the politician which give him free style due to their hybrid identity. The political memoirist multiplies his writing strategies to prove his credibility. He defends himself and makes his book a monument able to cross the centuries by both historical and aesthetic value. Despite the debate about the subjectivity of the memoirist and its relationship with writing the history, the historical value of Memoirs is undeniable. At the end of our study, we reclam to insert the Memoirs in the education programs: a way among others to save this precious heritage from oblivion and give it its rightful place in the collective memory.

In this study, the socio-spatial formation of a public place in Ankara, the capital city of the Turkish Republic, is analyzed between the 1950s and the 1980s. Within this framework, the focus of analysis is the Tunali Hilmi Avenue (earlier &Ouml / zdemir Street) as one of the main streets in Ankara. To understand experiences of daily life in relation to spatial constitution of a public place is vital for this study, because this opens the way for discussing the formation of a &ldquo / street&rdquo / as a public place where social forms and practices come into being in the city. Focusing on the socio-spatial experiences of people on a street as a public place, this study uses visual and written documents about the architectural and planning processes, as well as the information gathered from oral history survey about the experiences of individuals, in order to understand how public life and public place are shaped in a reciprocal manner, and how the spatial formation of a street is realized in relation to daily experiences of its inhabitants. The decades from the foundation of the Turkish Republic until the late-1950s are initially presented as the period when this part of the city transformed from a suburb of vineyards into a residential area. The main period of analysis in this study is from the late 1950s to the late 1980s when the Tunali Hilmi Avenue was formed as a significant public place in Ankara, acquiring residential as well as cultural, recreational and commercial functions to act as an urban sub-center in the city. Aiming to produce a comprehensive architectural history of the socio-spatial formation of the Tunali Hilmi Avenue as a public place, with reference to its public role in a specific period of time, this study examines this process as associated with the contemporary changes in the built environment and daily life of Ankara. From such a broad perspective, the study evaluates the unplanned formation of the Avenue as an urban sub-center not only as an urban or architectural entity but also as a social process.

Streets, the usual public spaces of cities, lose their popularities and users every passing day. The reason of this decline is the erroneous transport policies implemented in cities that increase the entrance of automobile into city centers and facilitate faster movement of automobiles at the expense of pedestrians. While pedestrians are marginalized in city centers, automobiles become the primary users of streets. The traffic, noise and air pollution that automobiles cause contribute to the decline of town centers and shopping streets lose their function as meeting places and public spaces. In addition, automobile oriented policies create car-dependent urban forms and cause sprawl towards the peripheries. Because of the newly developing dwelling areas on the peripheries and the increasingly inaccessible city centers, number of out-of-town shopping centers increase day by day to meet the daily needs. While shopping centers develop, there is now a new tendency to design them with streets, squares and bazaars, with a view to resemble and simulate street life in these shopping centers. This situation shows us that, users, who are the reason of existence of social spaces, actually need the atmosphere of streets. In this study, while analyzing all these trends and factors, Tunali Hilmi Street, which is a once pedestrian-friendly street in Ankara, will be analyzed. The study has two main research tasks. First, it analyses Tunali Hilmi Street&rsquo / s potentials as a public space and street, through the development of a framework that incorporates the essential urban design theorems with a special focus on street design. Secondly, it carries out a questionnaire on shopping center users in Ankara, in order to assess their choices, preferences, and perceptions regarding shopping centers and Tunali Hilmi Street. Based on the findings of these two analyses, this thesis aims to propose planning and design strategies to improve Tunali Hilmi Street as a public space and to attract more users to it.

ABSTRACT INCREASING WALKABILITY IN PUBLIC SPACES OF CITY CENTRES: THE CASE OF TUNALI HILMI STREET, ANKARA GHADIMKHANI, PARISA M.Sc., the Department of City and Regional Planning in Urban Design Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. M&Uuml / GE AKKAR ERCAN May 2011, 204 pages Liveability and walkability have recently become one of the major policy topics in the agenda of many cities all over the world because of the negative effects of car-oriented urban developments that have impoverished physical, social, cultural, economic and environmental values of cities. In Ankara, however, the urban development policies based on the decentralization of the city centre and inner city, the impoverished public transportation services and infrastructure, the increasing car-dependent development and the neglect of pedestrians accessibility within the urban public spaces in last twenty years have decreased the walkability and therefore liveability of the city center. This thesis aims to investigate the notion of &lsquo / walkability&rsquo / in urban space, specifically in urban public space, and to identify the measures of &lsquo / walkability&rsquo / . By employing a case study method, it examines how far Tunali Hilmi Street (THS) - one of the major high streets and public spaces of Ankara - is a walkable street and identifies the positive and negative factors which effect its walkability capacity. The analysis on THS is carried out through six measures of the walkability: safety, orientation, attractiveness, comfort, diversity and local destination. Based on the findings of the investigation, this thesis gives recommendations which are practical and which can be implemented on the design of the case study area, as well as on the public spaces that are similar to THS in Ankara or other cities. Key words: Liveability, sustainability, walkability, public space, urban design, Ankara, Tunali Hilmi Street

Urban aesthetics has been the concern of many academic researches, and there have been now more than hundred definitions of urban aesthetics. It is crucial to understand that aesthetics is more than just about the form and physical qualities of a place. Likewise, urban aesthetics is not only the concerns of academics, but also the concern of urbanites of cities and daily users of urban space. It is therefore important to understand what daily users of cities understand from the concept of urban aesthetics and what kind of aesthetically pleasant spaces they desire in cities, especially when public spaces are concerned. This thesis aims to find out the aesthetic qualities of urban space and understanding of urbanites on urban aesthetics, focusing on Tunali Hilmi Street, a widely used sub-centre of Ankara. It seeks to discover the aesthetic characteristics of the street and the perception of urbanites. The examination is carried out on the architecture, street furniture, floorscape, landmarks, planting and open spaces of Tunali Hilmi Street regarding seven variables which are harmony, rhythm, balance, order, complexity, scale and upkeep. The thesis argues that it is possible to achieve better-working public spaces if we are also able to identify what the daily users of public spaces envisage as an aesthetically pleasant environment.

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