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Inaug.-Diss.--Rostock. / "Literatur-verzeichnis": p. [57]-58.

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Although in the German Empire the cities were major strongholds of political liberalism, this fact has until very recently attracted little attention from scholars preoccupied with the history of 'high politics' leading up to the two World Wars. This thesis is one of the first analyses of German liberalism at city level, and proceeds from the assumption that in a country with such a regionally and locally diverse political culture as Germany, this type of 'history from below' is a necessary precondition for any satisfactory understanding of the nature of German liberalism in general. Following the introduction, chapter two demonstrates that in Frankfurt, local government became politicised as early as the 1870s. Indeed, chapter three shows how the early experience of Frankfurt liberals in municipal politics was crucial as they defended themselves against emerging political groups during the following decades, particularly the Mittelstand and the SPD. The fourth chapter analyses the development of liberal attitudes towards municipal finance as a background to chapter five which uses the example of Frankfurt to demonstrate how crucial the issue of municipal finance was to the viability of local liberalism not just in theory, but also in practice. Chapter six considers the importance of education to local liberalism as it touched on a number of themes which were central to urban liberals' understanding of themselves, in particular the issues of local self-government and religion. The final chapter looks at the crucial area of social policy, to see to what extent local liberals were merely reactive, and to what extent they were innovative as they faced the new problems of urbanisation and industrialisation. The sophistication of liberal politics in local government, the only level of government where liberals were in the position of carrying out their policies, underlines the gravity of the problem which the lack of parliamentary government posed for liberals at the state and national level. Furthermore, the thesis points to a central dilemma, because, to be successful in Frankfurt and other regions, liberals had to respond to the particular culture at the local level, a requirement that was in direct contrast to the necessity of finding a coherent political consensus at the level of national and state politics. Even though at the local level the liberal capacity of responding to the social and political challenges of their rapidly changing environment has been proved beyond doubt, their policies, their rhetoric and their organisational lead could have only a very limited effect on German liberalism in general. The urban liberals' ideal of creating a more liberal society from 'the bottom up', through the cities, was undermined by the fact that the political future of German liberalism at the state and national level came to rest increasingly on its electoral appeal in the countryside, just at a time when urban liberal self-consciousness reached its peak.

Project (B.A.)--James Madison University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

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Orientador: Leila Mezan Algranti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T15:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_CarolineGarcia_M.pdf: 1744023 bytes, checksum: a2eb8aa17bb05b577d0474b1742c8d02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa propõe a análise da correspondência utilizada para administrar o Estado do Brasil entre os anos de 1657 e 1663 no governo-geral de Francisco Barreto. O intuito é discorrer sobre a importância da escrita de cartas no século XVII no Brasil e na Europa, analisando a correspondência enviada por esse governador geral não só para o Reino, como também para o interior da colônia A intenção é investigar e compreender como se dava a comunicação entre vassalos na possessão ultramarina e conselheiros/monarca em Portugal, reconstruindo ainda o percurso de notícias e cartas até chegarem aos seus destinos. Por fim, discutiremos o conteúdo das cartas de Francisco Barreto, tratando dos principais assuntos abordados / Abstract: In this research we propose to analyze the correspondence that was used to administrate the State of Brazil through the years 1657-1663 during the general-government of Francisco Barreto. Our aim is to demonstrate the importance of the act of writing letters during the 17th century in Brazil and Europe by analyzing the correspondence that was sent by this "general-governor" not only to the Crown, but also to the colony's interior. Our intention is to investigate and comprehend how the communication between vassals on the "ultramarine possession" and councilors/the King in Portugal operated, and reconstruct the route taken by news and letters until they reached their destinations. At last, we shall discuss the content of these letters from Francisco Barreto, assessing the mains topics that were addressed / Mestrado / Politica, Memoria e Cidade / Mestra em História

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<p>The main purpose of the examination research project is to analyze and describe how democracy and globalization is understood when they are integrated in the developing country of Kenya. This has been reflected by interviewing Kenyan teachers in history and government, to receive their view on globalization and its affects on democracy. Another purpose is to discuss this in didactic terms as a way to see how it can be practically used for upper-secondary schoolteachers in the subjects of civics and social studies. The procedure of the project and the method of use are interviews that have been analyzed in all with theoretical perspectives. My queries to be answered for the research are:</p><p>1. Is it understood that democracy in Kenya has changed due to globalization?</p><p>2. If the answer says yes on the previous question, in what way is it understood how the democratic situation has been transformed due to globalization?</p><p>3. How can the outcome of the previous questions be used in tuition of civics and social studies?</p><p><strong><p> </p></strong></p><p> </p><p>My conclusions are that the Kenyan democracy has been vastly affected by globalization. Globalization has erased borders and facilitated control in the political scene of Kenya that has conveyed democratic ballot votes and democratic citizens. Leverages from the surrounding world, as a result of globalization, have also contributed to a continuing development of democracy in Kenya. Globalization works as a defender of democracy.</p><p>In didactic terms one can put the western view in contrast with the African view that gives an awareness of the main ideas of both parts. This way of building bridges works as a part of the democracy and globalization conundrum and assists to partly eradicate ethnocentrism.</p><p> </p>

The main purpose of the examination research project is to analyze and describe how democracy and globalization is understood when they are integrated in the developing country of Kenya. This has been reflected by interviewing Kenyan teachers in history and government, to receive their view on globalization and its affects on democracy. Another purpose is to discuss this in didactic terms as a way to see how it can be practically used for upper-secondary schoolteachers in the subjects of civics and social studies. The procedure of the project and the method of use are interviews that have been analyzed in all with theoretical perspectives. My queries to be answered for the research are: 1. Is it understood that democracy in Kenya has changed due to globalization? 2. If the answer says yes on the previous question, in what way is it understood how the democratic situation has been transformed due to globalization? 3. How can the outcome of the previous questions be used in tuition of civics and social studies?     My conclusions are that the Kenyan democracy has been vastly affected by globalization. Globalization has erased borders and facilitated control in the political scene of Kenya that has conveyed democratic ballot votes and democratic citizens. Leverages from the surrounding world, as a result of globalization, have also contributed to a continuing development of democracy in Kenya. Globalization works as a defender of democracy. In didactic terms one can put the western view in contrast with the African view that gives an awareness of the main ideas of both parts. This way of building bridges works as a part of the democracy and globalization conundrum and assists to partly eradicate ethnocentrism.