This thesis explores possible solutions to replace Adobe Flash Player by using tools already built into modern web browsers, and explores the tradeoffs between bitrate, quality, and delay when using an adaptive bitrate for live streamed video. Using an adaptive bitrate for streamed video was found to reduce stalls in playback for the client by adapting to the available bandwidth. A newer codec can further compress the video file size while maintaining the same video quality. This can improve the viewing experience for clients on a restricted or a congested network. The tests conducted in this thesis show that producing an adaptive bitrate stream and changing codecs is a very CPU intensive process.

A floresta ombrófila mista, representada principalmente pela presença de Araucaria angustifolia possui elevada importância para a região sul do Brasil e o interesse econômico nessa espécie ocasionou uma forte exploração principalmente durante a primeira metade do século XX. O Parque Nacional das Araucárias possui a finalidade de preservar remanescentes de florestas com a presença de Araucaria angustifolia; sendo assim, a compreensão do comportamento da dinâmica fenológica das coberturas florestais é uma forma de auxiliar na gestão e manejo destas áreas. Dessa forma, foi executado a aplicação de uma metodologia baseada em análises harmônicas de séries temporais EVI/MODIS para realizar a caracterização e mapeamento fenológico das diferentes coberturas vegetais presentes no Parque Nacional das Araucárias, por meio desta metodologia foi possível identificar os valores médios de EVI durante toda a série temporal para as diferentes coberturas de uso e ocupação do solo, analisando a relação entre as variações fenológicas com dados de precipitação e temperatura máxima, representando essas variações de amplitude, fase e termo aditivo para a série completa e individualmente para cada ano. Baseado no algoritmo HANTS, aplicou-se a análise harmônica para uma série temporal de dez anos, compreendidas entre os anos de 2006 a 2015. A partir desse processamento foram analisadas as imagens de fase, amplitude e termo aditivo por meio de quatro conjunto de amostras previamente selecionadas, representando as quatro principais coberturas de vegetação presentes no parque. Com o intuito de auxiliar na interpretação visual dos dados, as imagens foram convertidas de RGB para HLS. Uma vez gerados todos os dados, foi possível caracterizar como ocorre a variação dos valores de índices de vegetação ao longo do ano, bem como o período do ano onde acontecem as maiores variações; além de ser possível indicar as áreas onde houve indicativos de mudanças significativas de uso do solo, mudanças ocasionadas por algum evento climático ou pelo próprio desenvolvimento da vegetação. Através dos dados extraídos com a análise harmônica e a identificação das diferentes fenologias gerou-se também uma classificação sobre a série temporal, com o objetivo de identificar as áreas que ainda apresentam remanescentes de Araucaria angustifolia de forma predominante. Por fim, concluiu-se que a aplicação de uma metodologia baseada em séries harmônicas possibilita uma maior compreensão das coberturas florestais presentes nesta unidade de conservação gerando informações úteis para a gestão e possível revisão do plano de manejo. Para alguma aplicação futura, espera-se utilizar esta metodologia em uma série temporal com maior resolução espacial. / The Mixed Coniferous-Broadleaf forest, mainly represented by the presence of Araucaria angustifolia, is highly important to the southern region of Brazil, the economic interest in this species led to a heavy exploration during the first half of the 20th century. The purpose of the Araucárias National Park is to preserve remnants of the forests with great presence of Araucaria angustifolia; therefore, the comprehension of the behavior of the phenological dynamic of the forest covers is a way of assisting the management and handling of these areas. Thereby, the goal is to apply a methodology based on harmonic analysis of EVI / MODIS time series to perform characterization and phenological mapping of the different vegetation covers present in Araucarias National Park; for that, it is intended to identify the medial values of EVI during the whole time series for different types of coverage of soil use and occupation, analyzing the relation between the phenological variations with precipitation data and maximum temperature, representing these variations of amplitude, phase and additive term for a complete series and individually for each year. Based on the HANTS algorithm, the harmonic analysis was applied to a time series of ten years, comprised between 2006 and 2015. Starting from this processing, images of the phase, amplitude and additive term were analyzed by means of four previously selected samples, representing the four main vegetation covers present in the park. In order to assist the visual interpretation of data, the images were converted from RGB to HLS. When all data was generated, it was possible to characterize how the variation in the value of vegetation indices happen throughout the year, as well as the time of the year when the biggest variations occur. Besides, it is possible to indicate the areas with significant changes in the use of soil, or changes caused by climatic events or by the vegetation own development. Through the data extracted with the harmonic analysis and the identification of the different phenologies, a classification was also generated on the time series, in order to identify the areas that still present remnants of Araucaria angustifolia predominantly.Ultimately, it is concluded that the application of a methodology based on the harmonic series enables a better comprehension of the forest covers present in this unity of conservation, generating useful information for the management and possible review of the management plan. For future application, the use of this methodology in a time series with greater spatial resolution is expected.

A floresta ombrófila mista, representada principalmente pela presença de Araucaria angustifolia possui elevada importância para a região sul do Brasil e o interesse econômico nessa espécie ocasionou uma forte exploração principalmente durante a primeira metade do século XX. O Parque Nacional das Araucárias possui a finalidade de preservar remanescentes de florestas com a presença de Araucaria angustifolia; sendo assim, a compreensão do comportamento da dinâmica fenológica das coberturas florestais é uma forma de auxiliar na gestão e manejo destas áreas. Dessa forma, foi executado a aplicação de uma metodologia baseada em análises harmônicas de séries temporais EVI/MODIS para realizar a caracterização e mapeamento fenológico das diferentes coberturas vegetais presentes no Parque Nacional das Araucárias, por meio desta metodologia foi possível identificar os valores médios de EVI durante toda a série temporal para as diferentes coberturas de uso e ocupação do solo, analisando a relação entre as variações fenológicas com dados de precipitação e temperatura máxima, representando essas variações de amplitude, fase e termo aditivo para a série completa e individualmente para cada ano. Baseado no algoritmo HANTS, aplicou-se a análise harmônica para uma série temporal de dez anos, compreendidas entre os anos de 2006 a 2015. A partir desse processamento foram analisadas as imagens de fase, amplitude e termo aditivo por meio de quatro conjunto de amostras previamente selecionadas, representando as quatro principais coberturas de vegetação presentes no parque. Com o intuito de auxiliar na interpretação visual dos dados, as imagens foram convertidas de RGB para HLS. Uma vez gerados todos os dados, foi possível caracterizar como ocorre a variação dos valores de índices de vegetação ao longo do ano, bem como o período do ano onde acontecem as maiores variações; além de ser possível indicar as áreas onde houve indicativos de mudanças significativas de uso do solo, mudanças ocasionadas por algum evento climático ou pelo próprio desenvolvimento da vegetação. Através dos dados extraídos com a análise harmônica e a identificação das diferentes fenologias gerou-se também uma classificação sobre a série temporal, com o objetivo de identificar as áreas que ainda apresentam remanescentes de Araucaria angustifolia de forma predominante. Por fim, concluiu-se que a aplicação de uma metodologia baseada em séries harmônicas possibilita uma maior compreensão das coberturas florestais presentes nesta unidade de conservação gerando informações úteis para a gestão e possível revisão do plano de manejo. Para alguma aplicação futura, espera-se utilizar esta metodologia em uma série temporal com maior resolução espacial. / The Mixed Coniferous-Broadleaf forest, mainly represented by the presence of Araucaria angustifolia, is highly important to the southern region of Brazil, the economic interest in this species led to a heavy exploration during the first half of the 20th century. The purpose of the Araucárias National Park is to preserve remnants of the forests with great presence of Araucaria angustifolia; therefore, the comprehension of the behavior of the phenological dynamic of the forest covers is a way of assisting the management and handling of these areas. Thereby, the goal is to apply a methodology based on harmonic analysis of EVI / MODIS time series to perform characterization and phenological mapping of the different vegetation covers present in Araucarias National Park; for that, it is intended to identify the medial values of EVI during the whole time series for different types of coverage of soil use and occupation, analyzing the relation between the phenological variations with precipitation data and maximum temperature, representing these variations of amplitude, phase and additive term for a complete series and individually for each year. Based on the HANTS algorithm, the harmonic analysis was applied to a time series of ten years, comprised between 2006 and 2015. Starting from this processing, images of the phase, amplitude and additive term were analyzed by means of four previously selected samples, representing the four main vegetation covers present in the park. In order to assist the visual interpretation of data, the images were converted from RGB to HLS. When all data was generated, it was possible to characterize how the variation in the value of vegetation indices happen throughout the year, as well as the time of the year when the biggest variations occur. Besides, it is possible to indicate the areas with significant changes in the use of soil, or changes caused by climatic events or by the vegetation own development. Through the data extracted with the harmonic analysis and the identification of the different phenologies, a classification was also generated on the time series, in order to identify the areas that still present remnants of Araucaria angustifolia predominantly.Ultimately, it is concluded that the application of a methodology based on the harmonic series enables a better comprehension of the forest covers present in this unity of conservation, generating useful information for the management and possible review of the management plan. For future application, the use of this methodology in a time series with greater spatial resolution is expected.

In a world where the concept sustainability increasingly is becoming more relevant, stakeholders require companies to take greater responsibility. As a result, the strategic importance of sustainable development increases in the corporate world. Management systems is a strategical tool that can be used for sustainable development. A management system describes how an organization conducts its business and is a tool for the management to manage the business. A well-functioning management system can contribute to increased competitiveness, reduced costs and efficient working methods. It also exists several common challenges for management systems, for example that they do not always generate continuous improvement, that it can require a lot of resources, and that it is not used actively after implementation. For a management system to be effective and efficient, an important prerequisite is that the management system is actively used. An active management system is defined in the report as a management system that is purposefully introduced and used to contribute benefits and continuous improvements to the business and the surrounding world. This study examines how a management system can become active and how successful sustainability management can be achieved in a technical sales company. This is accomplished through a qualitative study consisting of a literature study and a case study. The literature study resulted in ten key factors that are important for an active management system for sustainability management; favorable culture, management commitment, involved employees, understanding and well-functioning communication, clearness, resources, defined areas of responsibility, business adaptation, consensus on sustainability and integration. The case study that was carried out consisted of an analysis of the current situation based on a questionnaire, a document study, interviews, and a participatory observation as well as a gap analysis that identified proposed actions. The case study was conducted at a technical sales company, Xylem Water Solution Sweden AB (Xylem WSS), that is a part of the corporate group Xylem Inc. The company works with water technology solutions and has a certified quality and environmental management system according to ISO 9001 and ISO 14001. Xylem WSS’s management system is not active according to the definition in this report. The company's management system model has sustainability as a foundation for all activities. This is not being realized since the sustainability work is not well coordinated or prioritized. Based on this, there is a great potential for improvement. For the company to achieve an active management system for sustainability management, the company should work towards the identified key factors, for instance by implementing the proposed actions presented in this report. It is of great importance to have a committed management to create a culture of accountability where the management system and sustainability are prioritized. By improving the communication, it is possible to increase understanding, clarity, consensus, and commitment. Furthermore, increased business adaptation and integration in daily operations, as well as coordination of sustainability work, can improve the outcome of the management system. By adapting strategies and goals that exist on the corporate level to the operation of Xylem WSS, the company can achieve a structured sustainability management. In this situation, sustainability aspects that are specific to Xylem WSS should be identified and influence the outcome.

L'augmentation de la capacité d'intégration des circuits a permis le développement des systèmes de plus en plus complexes. De cette complexité sont nés des besoins conséquents quant aux méthodes de conception et de vérification. Les outils de synthèse de haut-niveau (HLS) sont une des réponses à ces besoins. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont pour cadre l'amélioration du processus de vérification des architectures matérielles synthétisées par HLS. En particulier, ils proposent une méthode pour la transformation des assertions booléennes spécifiées dans la description algorithmique d'une application en moniteurs matériels pour la simulation. Une deuxième méthode est proposée. Elle cible la synthèse automatique d'un gestionnaire d'erreurs matériel dont le rôle est d'archiver les erreurs survenant dans un circuit en fonctionnement réel, ainsi que leurs contextes d'exécution. / The fast growing complexity of hardware circuits, during the last three decades, has change devery step of their development cycle. Design methods evolved a lot, and this evolutionwas necessary to cope with an always shorter time-to-market, mainly driven by the internationalcompetition.An increased complexity also means more errors, harder to find corner-cases, and morelong and expensive simulations. The verification of hardware systems requires more andmore resources, and is the main cost factor of the whole development of a circuit. Since thecomplexity of any system increases, the cost of an error undetected until the foundry stepbecame prohibitive. Therefore, the verification process is divided between multiple stepsinvolved at every moment of the design process : comparison of models behavior, simulationof RTL descriptions, formal analysis of algorithms, assertions usage, etc. The verificationmethodologies evolved a lot, in order to follow the progress of design methods. Somemethods like the Assertion-Based Verification became so important that they are nowwidely adopted among the developers community, providing near-source error detection.Thus, the work described here aims at improving the assertion-based verification process,in order to offer a consequent timing improvment to designers. Two contributions aredetailed. The first one deals with the transformation of Boolean assertions found in algorithmicdescriptions into equivalent temporal assertions in the RTL description generatedby high-level synthesis (HLS) methodologies. Therefore, the assertions are usable duringthe simulation process of the generated architectures. The second contribution targets theverification of hardware systems in real-time. It details the synthesis process of a hardwareerror manager, which has to save and serialize the execution context when an error isdetected. Thus, it is easier to understand the cause of an error and to find its source. Theerrors and their contexts are serialized as reports in a memory readable by the system ordirectly by the designer. The behavior of a circuit can be analyzed without requiring anyprobe or integrated logic analyzer.

BACKGROUND: Health literacy is the sum of skills which leads to improved behavior related to the health. Limited health literacy can be related to a risk behavior such as addictive substance use. OBJECTIVIES: The goal of the study is to research the level of health literacy among low-threshold users in the Sananim contact centre. The study aims to compare groups of respondents on the basis of health literacy and to ascrertain if there are some significant differences between them. METHODS: The study included 194 respondents. The level of health literacy was measured by HLS-EU-Q16 questionnaire, sociodemographic data were measured by In-come questionnaire. RESULTS: Most of the respondents belong into a group with limited health literacy. Methamphetamine was the primary addictive substance in both groups, the primary method of application was injection. CONCLUSIONS: There are no significant differences among the groups with limited and adequate health literacy.

Les applications de calcul haute-performance (HPC) nécessitent des capacités de calcul conséquentes, qui sont généralement atteintes à l'aide de fermes de serveurs au détriment de la consommation énergétique d'une telle solution. L'accélération d'applications sur des plateformes hétérogènes, comme par exemple des FPGA ou des GPU, permet de réduire la consommation énergétique et correspond donc à un compromis architectural plus séduisant. Elle s'accompagne cependant d'un changement de paradigme de programmation et les plateformes hétérogènes sont plus complexes à prendre en main pour des experts logiciels. C'est particulièrement le cas des développeurs de produits financiers en finance quantitative. De plus, les applications financières évoluent continuellement pour s'adapter aux demandes législatives et concurrentielles du domaine, ce qui renforce les contraintes de programmabilité de solutions d'accélérations. Dans ce contexte, l'utilisation de flots haut-niveaux tels que la synthèse haut-niveau (HLS) pour programmer des accélérateurs FPGA n'est pas suffisante. Une approche spécifique au domaine peut fournir une réponse à la demande en performance, sans que la programmabilité d'applications accélérées ne soit compromise.Nous proposons dans cette thèse une approche de conception haut-niveau reposant sur le standard de programmation hétérogène OpenCL. Cette approche repose notamment sur la nouvelle implémentation d'OpenCL pour FPGA introduite récemment par Altera. Quatre contributions principales sont apportées : (1) une étude initiale d'intégration de c'urs de calculs matériels à une librairie logicielle de calcul financier (QuantLib), (2) une exploration d'architectures et de leur performances respectives, ainsi que la conception d'une architecture dédiée pour l'évaluation d'option américaine et l'évaluation de volatilité implicite à partir d'un flot haut-niveau de conception, (3) la caractérisation détaillée d'une plateforme Altera OpenCL, des opérateurs élémentaires, des surcouches de contrôle et des liens de communication qui la compose, (4) une proposition d'un flot de compilation spécifique au domaine financier, reposant sur cette dernière caractérisation, ainsi que sur une description des applications financières considérées, à savoir l'évaluation d'options. / The need for resources in High Performance Computing (HPC) is generally met by scaling up server farms, to the detriment of the energy consumption of such a solution. Accelerating HPC application on heterogeneous platforms, such as FPGAs or GPUs, offers a better architectural compromise as they can reduce the energy consumption of a deployed system. Therefore, a change of programming paradigm is needed to support this heterogeneous acceleration, which trickles down to an increased level of programming complexity tackled by software experts. This is most notably the case for developers in quantitative finance. Applications in this field are constantly evolving and increasing in complexity to stay competitive and comply with legislative changes. This puts even more pressure on the programmability of acceleration solutions. In this context, the use of high-level development and design flows, such as High-Level Synthesis (HLS) for programming FPGAs, is not enough. A domain-specific approach can help to reach performance requirements, without impairing the programmability of accelerated applications.We propose in this thesis a high-level design approach that relies on OpenCL, as a heterogeneous programming standard. More precisely, a recent implementation of OpenCL for Altera FPGA is used. In this context, four main contributions are proposed in this thesis: (1) an initial study of the integration of hardware computing cores to a software library for quantitative finance (QuantLib), (2) an exploration of different architectures and their respective performances, as well as the design of a dedicated architecture for the pricing of American options and their implied volatility, based on a high-level design flow, (3) a detailed characterization of an Altera OpenCL platform, from elemental operators, memory accesses, control overlays, and up to the communication links it is made of, (4) a proposed compilation flow that is specific to the quantitative finance domain, and relying on the aforementioned characterization and on the description of the considered financial applications (option pricing).

This thesis aims to create an advanced multimedia player with support of an adaptive stream, securing of the multimedia content and support for playing advertisement. The first part explains the used technologies followed by an analysis of available solutions and the comparison between the two. The theoretical framework is then used to create a player library and a testing application. The player library is based on the framework of ExoPlayer application. Whole application is created in Java for the operation system Android OS.

Introduktion: Hälsokompetens är viktigt för individen för att på ett adekvat sätt kunna ta till sig hälsoinformation, bearbeta, reflektera samt omvandla kunskaperna till praktik. Skolan är en viktig arena för hälsofrämjande arbete, då elever oavsett bakgrund ingår i skolsystemet. Grundskolläraren har en viktig roll i det hälsofrämjande arbetet som sker på skolan riktat mot eleverna. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att utforska grundskollärares totala nivå av hälsokompetens och på vilket sätt nivån skiljer sig mellan variablerna i instrumentet HLS-EU-Q16. Metod: En tvärsnittsstudie genomfördes med hjälp av en webbaserad enkätundersökning. Instrumentet HLS-EU-Q16 inkluderades i enkäten för att undersöka nivån av hälsokompetens. Rekrytering skedde via sociala medier. Frekvens och Chi2-test genomfördes. Resultat: Bland grundskollärarna (n=22) hade 90.9% en tillräcklig hälsokompetensnivå, medan 9,1 % hade problematisk hälsokompetens. Medelålder var 46.7 år och medelarbetslivserfarenhet var 16 år. Självskattat allmänt hälsotillstånd var 39.7% mycket bra, 51.6% bra, samt 9.7 någorlunda. Av deltagarna hade 35.5% en utbildning på fyra år eller mindre, och 64,5% hade över fyra års utbildning. Det fanns frågor inom instrumentet HLS-EU-Q16 som varierade. Självskattad allmänt hälsotillstånd tenderade att påverkas av ålder och utbildningsnivå. Demografiska variablerna ålder, arbetslivserfarenhet, hälsotillstånd, utbildningsnivå samt kön kunde inte inkluderas i en sambandsanalys med utfallsvariabeln hälsokompetensindex på grund av för litet stickprov. Slutsats: Hälsokompetensnivån var hög i studiepopulationen / Introduction: A high health literacy level is important for the individual to be able to adequately absorb, process and reflect over health information, and transform health knowledge into practice. The school is an important arena for health promotive work, as students, regardless of background, are part of the Swedish school system. Primary school teachers have important roles in health promotive school interventions, when students are the target population. Aim: The study aim was to explore primary school teachers' level of health literacy and in what way the level differs between included demographic variables. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a web-based survey. The instrument HLS-EU-Q16 was included in the questionnaire to examine the level of health literacy. Participants were recruited through Facebook. Results: Among primary school teachers, 90.9% had sufficient health literacy and 9.1% problematic. The average age was 46.7 years and the average work experience was 16 years. Self-rated general health condition was 39.7% very good, 51.6% good, and 9.7% reasonably. The education level among participants differed,where 35.5% had an education that were four years or less and 64.5% had over four years of education. The demographic variables age, work experience, state of health, level of education and gender could not be included in a correlation analysis with the outcome variable health literacy index due to too small sample group. Conclusion: The level of health literacy is high in the study group of primary school teachers.

Digitala terrängmodeller (DTM:er) används i samhället för många viktigafunktioner och behöver därför hållas uppdaterade när förändringar sker.Sverige har en nationell höjdmodell (NH) som innehåller höjddata över helalandet. Uppdateringen av NH förlitar sig mestadels på flygburen laserskanning(FLS). Den flygburna laserskanningsmetoden har generellt en högremätosäkerhet i tätbevuxen skog. Vid exploateringar eller framtida planeradeförändringar i skogsområden kan en mer exakt modell behövas. En utvärdering har genomförts av den handhållna laserskannern ZEB-REVO med syfte att bestämma vilken mätosäkerhet som kan uppnås i tätbevuxenskog, undersöka hur mätosäkerheten förändras med punktavståndet i denproducerade DTM:en samt vilken mätosäkerhet ZEB-REVO har i jämförelsemed NH i samma område. I studien har två skogstyper inkluderats bestående av granskog och tallskog.Mätosäkerheten har bestämts genom att mäta in terrestra kontrollprofiler medtotalstation. För att kunna genomföra en inmätning av kontrollprofiler har ettbruksnät etablerats genom ett fullständigt anslutet polygontåg viahelsatsmätning. De kända punkterna som polygontåget anslutits mot har mättsin med fri stationsetablering via SmartWorx. Resultatet visar att mätosäkerheten förbättras när punktavståndet reduceras.Mätningarna med ZEB-REVO har potential att uppnå en lägre mätosäkerhetän NH i båda skogstyperna. Resultatet för tallskogen visar att ZEB-REVO kanuppnå en lägesosäkerhet på 4-centimetersnivå och en medelavvikelse i höjd på0,018 m mot inmätta kontrollprofiler. Jämförelsen mot kontrollprofiler förområdet i granskogen visar att en medelavvikelse i höjd på 0,058 m gick attuppnå där. ZEB-REVO har potential att förbättra data i NH och data insamlad med ZEBREVOkan ligga till grund för terrängmodellering för projektering.Instrumentet kan även uppnå den bästa noggrannhetsklassningen, klass 1 i SISTS21144:2016 där en maximal medelavvikelse i höjd inte får överstiga 0,02m. / Digital terrain models (DTMs) are used in society for many importantfunctions and therefore need to be kept up to date when changes occur.Sweden has a national height model (NH) that provides height data across thewhole country. The update of NH mostly relies on airborne laser scanning(ALS). The airborne laser scanning method generally has a highermeasurement uncertainty in dense forests. When exploitation or futureplanned changes in forest areas occur, a more accurate model may need to beproduced. An evaluation has been carried out of the handheld laser scanner ZEB-REVO with the aim of determining the instrument's measurement uncertainty indense forests, evaluating how the measurement uncertainty changes with thepoint distance in the produced DTM and the measurement uncertainty ZEBREVOmay achieve in comparison with NH in the same area. The study included two different types of forest consisting of spruce and pineforest trees, respectively. Measurement uncertainty has been determined bymeasuring terrestrial control profiles with a total station. In order to be ableto carry out the measurement of control profiles, a working control networkhas been established through a fully connected traverse using full rounds ofmeasurement. The known points to which the traverse is connected have beenmeasured as free stations using SmartWorx. The results show that the measurement uncertainty improves when the pointdistance is reduced. The measurements with ZEB-REVO have the potential toachieve a lower measurement uncertainty than NH in both forest types. Theresults for the pine forest show that ZEB-REVO can achieve a 4 centimetrelevel uncertainty and an average deviation of height of 0,018 m against themeasured control profiles. The comparison with control profiles for the areain the spruce forest shows that an average deviation in height of 0,058 m wasachievable. ZEB-REVO has the potential to improve data in NH and data collected withZEB-REVO can form the basis for terrain modelling for projectionwork. Theinstrument can also achieve the best accuracy rating 1, for which themaximum mean deviation in height must not exceed 0.02 m.