Soil disturbance and cutting force are two of the most common performance indicators for soil-engaging tools. In this study the interaction of two soil-engaging tools (a disc opener for fertilizer banding and a hoe opener from an air drill) with soil were modeled using Particle Flow Code in Three Dimensions (PFC3D), a discrete element modeling software. When comparing the disc model to the experiment results, the relative error was 11% for the average soil throw, 1.9% for the average draft force, and 51% for the average vertical force. Results from the soil-hoe model showed a relative error of 15% between the simulated soil throw and the measured one. In conclusion, both the soil-disc and soil-hoe models could simulate the selected soil dynamic properties (except for the vertical forces of the disc opener) with a reasonably good accuracy, considering the highly variable nature of the soil. / October 2016

Cette analyse porte sur la comparaison de deux romans, The Polished Hoe et Le livre d'Emma , écrits respectivement par un écrivain originaire de la Barbade, Austin Clarke, et une écrivaine haïtienne, Marie-Célie Agnant. Ces deux romans racontent le récit d'une femme noire accusée de meurtre qui doit raconter son histoire à un homme en position d'autorité sur elle afin qu'il puisse confiner dans un rapport écrit officiel le récit respectif des deux dames. Afin de faire une comparaison efficace, ce travail est divisé en deux chapitres, soit"Profil sémantique des personnages" et"Dynamique énonciative des deux romans". Comme son titre l'annonce, le premier chapitre fait une analyse poussée des personnages afin de comprendre le sens profond du rôle qu'ils jouent dans le procédé de communication entre l'auteur et le lectorat. Finalement, le second chapitre porte sur les relations et interrelations entre les différents personnages ainsi que de leur importance dans ce même procédé de communication, faisant appel aux théories de la proxémique et de la réponse du lecteur ( reader response theory ). Le présent travail se penche aussi sur la question linguistique soulevée par les deux auteurs: Clarke utilise un langage vernaculaire, tandis qu'Agnant nous livre son récit par la voix de Flore, une interprète devant traduire les paroles d'Emma du créole au français, puisque cette dernière, même si elle comprend et parle parfaitement le français, refuse catégoriquement de s'exprimer dans cette langue. Il y est aussi question de la transmission orale, qui semble dans les deux cas porter la promesse d'une nouvelle vie, être la clé d'une certaine résurrection dans l'esprit d'autrui.

While the differences in health between cultures co-existing in the same country have been well researched, there has been insufficient attention paid to the definition of culture used in these studies. Typically the ethnicity of an individual has been determined along biological lines or by the country of origin. However, the culture with which an individual identifies may not be so clear: an individual may identify with a number of cultures, from the social group with whom they socialise, to the religion they follow. Measuring the degree to which an individual identifies with a particular culture (their cultural identity), would allow an assessment of how membership in that culture influences health outcomes. The present study investigated the relationship between the cultural identity (CI) of Māori and their health. The main hypothesis was that a higher CI would be positively correlated with better health. The relationships between demographic factors (e.g. age, gender, & socio-economic status (SES)), CI, and a number of health indicators (self rated health, smoking behaviour, alcohol consumption, & exercise/sporting behaviours) were also examined. The sample used in the present study (767 adult Māori) was a subset of the data collected the Te Hoe Nuku Roa Māori profiles project. The development of a CI measure incorporated seven cultural indicators: Whakapapa (ancestry), Marae Participation, Whanaū associations (extended family), Whenua Tipu (ancestral land), contact with Māori people, Use of te Reo (Māori language), and kai (food preferences). A series of hierarchical linear regressions found that CI was not directly related to health indicators in the present study. There were weak interactions between CI, age, and smoking behaviour; CI, home ownership, and involvement in sport; and age, Crowding and involvement in sport. Additional findings were that more Sporting Involvement/exercise was moderately correlated with improved health, and there was a weak relationship between CI and SES. It was speculated that the lack of significant findings may be due to a difference in the quality of participants’ CI: The CI measure did not distinguish between those who learn their culture and those who live their culture (each group tending to be in differing social and economic positions). Recommendations from the study were: Further validation of the CI measure, and assessment of the distribution of CI over urban/rural areas, SES and age; additional research into the relationship between young Māori smokers and their CI; assessing how the level of Sporting Involvement varies across the social and economic realities of Māori; and the development of appropriate measures utilising the whanaū/household as the unit of analysis.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T15:09:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5628405 bytes, checksum: cdf166df9e907134935e6f2824bfa26e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aimed to examine the experience of popular education experienced within the formative process of Dom José Maria Pires Foundation, located in Serra Redonda -Paraiba -Brazil. It is to understand the challenges of the training process carried out by youth and adults of the popular media, as well as by their teachers / educators, from the period of (2000-2013) that corresponded to the latest stage of this training experience.Regarding the specific goals we list: understanding the relationship of Don José Maria Pires Foundation with the Roman Catholic Church; see the influence of Liberation Theology andthe Theology of Hoe in the educational practices of Don José Maria Pires Foundation; analyze the course of Popular Educators offered by Don José Maria Pires Foundation in light of the Freire s contributions.We resort to the concept of memory in Bosi (1994), Ferreira (2000), Halbwachs (2003), Le Goff (2003) and Nora (1993), popular education Brandão (1981) and (2006), Freire (1998), FreireandNogueira (1991), Melo Neto (2004), Draft (2008), among others.Regarding the methodology, we use a qualitative approach, through oral history, in their thematic perspective, which allowed us to analyze the testimonies of the protagonists of this educational process (teachers and students), besidesthe documentary research in which we concentrate on institution achieve, their minutes and their courseplans, theirvideos and textbooks, the brochures, newspapers and magazine of the era who recorded historical facts, the blog of the Foundation and the photographs that record their most important moments.This research allowed us to conclude that the experience led by the FDJMP contributed significantly to the Popular Education for offering systematic training guided by theoretical and methodological elements derived of epistemological constructs of popular education in Freire's perspective with significant contributions from methodological praxis of Theology of Hoefrom Fr. José Comblin and other employees. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a experiência de Educação Popular vivenciada no quadro do processo formativo da Fundação Dom José Maria Pires, situada na cidade de Serra Redonda -Paraíba -Brasil. Trata-se de compreender os desafios do processo formativo protagonizado por jovens e adultos do meio popular, bem como pelos seus educadores/educadoras, num período (2000-2013) que correspondeu à etapa mais recente dessa experiência formativa. No que se refere aos objetivos específicos elencamos: compreender a relação da Fundação Dom José Maria Pires com a Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana; perceber a influência da Teologia da Libertação e da Teologia da Enxada nas práticas educativas da Fundação Dom José Maria Pires; analisar o curso de Educadores Populares oferecido pela Fundação Dom José Maria Pires à luz das contribuições Freireanas. Recorremos ao conceito de memória em Bosi (1994), Ferreira (2000), Halbwachs (2003), Le Goff (2003) e Nora (1993), educação popular Brandão (1981) e (2006), Freire (1998), Freire e Nogueira (1991), Melo Neto (2004), Calado (2008), dentre outros. Quanto à metodologia, utilizamos uma abordagem qualitativa, por meio da história oral, em sua perspectiva temática, o que nos permitiu analisar os depoimentos dos protagonistas desse processo formativo (educadores e educandos), além da pesquisa documental em que nos debruçamos no arquivo da instituição, suas atas e seus planos de curso, seus vídeos e livros didáticos, os folders, os jornais erevista da época que registraram fatos históricos, o blog da Fundação e as fotografias que registram seus momentos mais relevantes. A presente pesquisa nos possibilitou concluir que a experiência protagonizada pela FDJMP contribuiu significativamente parao campo da Educação Popular por ter oferecido uma formação sistemática orientada pelos elementos teórico-metodológicos advindos dos construtos epistemológicos da educação popular na perspectiva freireana com contribuições significativas da práxis metodológica da Teologia da Enxada do Pe. José Comblin e demais colaboradores.

The reported requirement for a higher weeding effort due to increased weed infestations under conservation agriculture (CA) relative to conventional mouldboard plough tillage is perceived by both smallholder farmers and extension workers as the main limiting factor to the widespread adoption of CA by smallholder farmers in southern Africa. However, proponents of CA argue that weeds are only a problem under CA in the initial two years and decline afterwards resulting in reduced labour requirements for weeding under CA. They further posit that weeds are only major problem where minimum tillage (MT) is adopted without crop residue mulching and diverse crop rotations. This thesis explores the effect of time under CA on weed population dynamics and crop growth under the recommended CA practices and actual smallholder farmer practice in semi-arid Zimbabwe. Assessment of weed and crop growth on a long-term CA experiment at Matopos Research Station revealed that the MT systems of planting basins and ripper tine were associated with higher early season weed density and biomass than conventional early summer mouldboard tillage (CONV) in both the fifth (cowpea phase) and sixth (sorghum phase) years of CA. This increased weed infestation within the first four weeks after planting in CA necessitated early weeding to provide a clean seedbed and avert significant crop yield loss. Maize mulching only suppressed early season weed growth in sorghum mostly at a mulch rate of 8 t ha-1 which is not a mulching rate that is attainable on most smallholder farms. However, the lower maize residue mulch rate of 4 t ha-1 was consistently associated with increased weed emergence and growth as from the middle of the cropping season in both crop species. The increased weed infestations under the mulch were probably due to the creation of ‘safe sites’ with moist conditions and moderate temperatures. The high weed growth under the mulch contributed to the low sorghum grain yield obtained under mulched plots. In addition, maize mulching was also associated with a less diverse weed community that was dominated by the competitive Setaria spp. and difficult to hoe weed Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. However, the weed community under CA was similar to that under CONV tillage with no evidence of a shift to the more difficult to control weed species. The increased early season weed growth and high weed pressure under CA meant that it was still necessary to hoe weed four times within the cropping season to reduce weed infestations and improve crop growth even after four years of recommended CA practices. Early and frequent weeding was effective in reducing weed growth of most species including Setaria spp. and E. indica demonstrating that on smallholder farms where labour is available hoe weeding can provide adequate weed control. The wider spacing recommended for use in CA contributed to the low cowpea and sorghum grain yields obtained under CA compared to CONV tillage. On smallholder farms in Masvingo District, the MT system of planting basin (PB) was the only conservation farming (CF) component adopted by farmers. There was no difference in the total seedling density of the soil weed seed bank and density of emerged weeds in the field in PB and conventional mouldboard ploughing done at first effective rains (CONV tillage). However, the first weeding in PB was done at least 15 days earlier (P < 0.05) than in CONV tillage suggesting high early season weed growth in PB relative to CONV tillage. As weed density did not decline with time in PB, weed management did not differ with increase in years under PB. Shortage of inputs such as seed and fertiliser was identified by smallholder farmers as the most limiting factor in PB crop production with the area under PB was equivalent to the seed and fertiliser provided by CARE International for most farmers. On this small area, weeds could be managed by available family labour. Double the maize grain yield was obtained in PB (mean: 2856 kg ha-1) due to improved weed management and soil fertility. However, the use of poorly stored composts was found to introduce weeds into some PB fields. The findings of this study demonstrated that weed pressure was still high and weed management were still a challenge under the practice recommended to smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe even in the sixth year of practice. There is, therefore, a need for research on the economic feasibility of using herbicides, intercropping and optimal crop density to ameliorate the high weed pressure under CA. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective was to determine the effect of longitudinal distance between coulters and furrow openers about the operational performance of these associations working in different forward speeds, with regard to the energy requeriment and the amount of furrow, with the purpose of identifying the integration mechanism/regulation that presents the lowest energy consumption without compromising the quality of the furrow. This was carried out in an agricultural area located in the municipality of Santa Maria (Rio Grande do Sul), belonging to Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. The soil of the experimental area was classified as Ultisol and sandy. The experiment was composed of 24 combinations of treatments, in a factorial scheme of 2x3x4. These were composed by the interaction of the factors groove opening mechanisms (hoe furrow opener and mismatched double discs), longitudinal distance from center to center of coulter and furrowers (0,50,1,0 e 1,50 m) and forward speeds (1,11, 1,67, 2,22 e 2,78 m s-1). The variables responses of the performance of the mechanisms associations were obtained directly or indirectly, through the application of different methods by different tools. After the acquisition of the data, they were submitted to statistical analysis of variance and verified the significance of the factors through the F test. In addition, a mathematical analysis of the instantaneous rate of change, with the use of the differential calculus. The furrow, distance and velocity factors had a statistically significant influence on the primary performance variables resulting from instrumentation, except the distance factor on the slipping of the driving wheels. For the variables of soil mobilization, the furrow factor provided a significant change in all, while the distance factor significantly modified only the raised area and the maximum furrow depth. Already the velocity, interfered significantly in the latter and in the area of mobilized soil. In addition, in the secondary variables, the modification of the furrow and speed factors did not provide significant change only in the variable soil swelling, while the distance did not change the specific fuel consumption. The traction, the hourly consumption and the skating were higher for the configurations that employ the hoe furrow opener, present greater distance and work at higher speeds. The distance did not modify the mobilized area, the width and the depth of the furrow, and the reduction of this reduced the elevated area. The use of lower speeds and distances provides greater efficiency in the use of traction per unit of depth and of soil mobilized for both furrowers. / O objetivo foi determinar o efeito da distância longitudinal entre disco de corte e sulcador de fertilizante sobre o desempenho operacional destas associações trabalhando em diferentes velocidades de deslocamento, no que diz respeito ao requerimento energético e a qualidade de sulco, com o propósito de identificar a integração mecanismo/regulagem que apresente o menor consumo energético sem comprometer a qualidade do sulco. Este foi realizado em área agrícola situada no município de Santa Maria (Rio Grande do Sul), pertencente à Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. O solo da área experimental foi classificado como Argissolo e textura franca. O experimento foi composto por 24 combinações de tratamentos, em um esquema fatorial de 2x3x4. Estes foram compostos pela interação dos fatores mecanismos de abertura de sulco (haste sulcadora e discos duplos desencontrados), distância longitudinal de centro a centro do mecanismo de corte e dos sulcadores (0,50, 1,0 e 1,50 m) e velocidades de deslocamento (1,11, 1,67, 2,22 e 2,78 m s-1). As variáveis respostas do desempenho das associações de mecanismos foram obtidas de forma direta ou indireta, através da aplicação de diferentes métodos por distintas ferramentas. Após a aquisição dos dados, os mesmos foram submetidos à análise estatística de variância e verificado a significância dos fatores através do teste F. Além disso, foi realizada uma análise matemática da taxa de variação instantânea, com o uso do cálculo diferencial. Os fatores sulcador, distância e velocidade apresentaram influência estatisticamente significativa sobre as variáveis de desempenho primárias oriundas da instrumentação, exceto o fator distância sobre o patinamento dos rodados motrizes. Para as variáveis de mobilização do solo, o fator sulcador proporcionou alteração significativa em todas, enquanto que o fator distância modificou significativamente apenas a área elevada e a profundidade máxima do sulco. Já a velocidade, interferiu significativamente nesta última e na área de solo mobilizada. Ademais, nas variáveis secundárias, a modificação dos fatores sulcador e velocidade não proporcionaram alteração significativa apenas na variável empolamento, enquanto que a distância não modificou o consumo específico de combustível. O esforço tratório, o consumo horário e o patinamento, foram mais elevados para as configurações que empregam a haste sulcadora, apresentam maior distância e trabalham em maiores velocidades. A distância não modificou a área mobilizada, a largura e a profundidade do sulco, sendo que a redução desta diminuiu a área elevada. O emprego de velocidades e distâncias menores propiciou maior eficiência no uso da tração por unidade de profundidade e de solo mobilizada para ambos os sulcadores.

This thesis concentrates on literary works written by writers belonging to the resident Korean minority in Japan (zainichi Koreans). Through the use of postcolonial methodology, this work attempts to monitor the development and changes in the complex concept of "identity" in works written between the 1960s and 2010. The thesis is divided into two major parts. The first, theoretical part, explains the birth of the minority, the conflicts that influenced it and the changes it went through during its history. Postcolonial methodology is also explained, with focus put on the parts that are relevant to Japan. The second, practical part of the thesis, shortly explains the history of zainichi literature and then concentrates on five important postwar resident Korean writers - Ri Kaisei, Kin Kakuei, Yi Yang-ji, Kaneshiro Kazuki and Yu Miri. It analyzes between one and four works by each author and attempts to identify changes in the perception of "identity". It also takes into account female characters and the way they are portrayed by the authors and also the language the book is written in, focusing on whether the author chooses to incorporate the Korean language into the text.

The research study investigated management strategies through which school effectiveness could be enhanced in primary schools situated in Gauteng Province. The enhancement of school effectiveness necessitated the discussion on school improvement to find ways to turn around the situation in dysfunctional schools in the province. The province is characterised by urban and suburban areas, townships, and informal settlements. Teachers in schools in these areas are well qualified. However, different challenges in these areas impact upon the enhancement of school effectiveness. A literature review was conducted to provide a conceptual framework and explain concepts such as effective management, administration, leadership, principal effectiveness, and teacher effectiveness. The literature review also investigated the factors that impact upon school effectiveness and school improvement and explored the historical development of School Effectiveness Research (SER) in the United States of America, Europe, Australia, and Africa to expound the problem investigated. An empirical investigation using a qualitative approach was conducted. Six primary schools were selected using purposive sampling to ensure that different demographic areas were covered in the research. Purposive sampling allowed the researcher to target schools from high and low socio-economic areas because they often experience different challenges concerning to school effectiveness. Data were collected through individual interviews with principals and officials from the Gauteng Department of Education (GDE) at the district and teachers in focus groups. Key findings were identified. Participants from the three categories respectively identified several characteristics of effective schools which concurred with the literature on school effectiveness. They also identified two features of effective schools which were unique to the study: in effective schools, there is little or no learner and teacher absenteeism; and school values which shape the behaviour of learners are clearly articulated. School values include trustworthiness, respectfulness, honesty, responsibility, striving for excellence and good leadership. School effectiveness is hindered by the current process of appointing principals which does not always succeed in selecting principals with the required leadership qualities and management skills. Further, the incorrect implementation of the Integrated Quality Management System (IQMS) in schools hinders teacher development and leads to poor teacher performance. / Die navorsingstudie ondersoek bestuurstrategieë waardeur die effektiwiteit van primêre skole, geleë in die Provinisie van Gauteng verhoog kan word. Die verhoging van effektiwiteit in skole het die bespreking oor skoolverbetering genoodsaak om maniere te vind om die situasie in disfunksionele skole in die provinisie om te draai. Die provinsie word gekenmerk deur landelike en stedelike gebiede, lokasies, en informele nedersetttings. Onderwysers van skole in hierdie gebiede is goed gekwalifiseerd. Verskeie uitdagings in hierdie gebiede het egter n uitwerking op die verhoging van effektiwiteit in skole. ʼn Literêre oorsig is uitgevoer om n konseptuele raamwerk te voorsien en om konsepte soos effektiewe bestuur, administrasie, leierskap, effektiwiteit van die skoolhoof, en onderwysers te verduidelik. ʼn Kwalitatiewe benadering is gebruik om die empiriese ondersoek uit te voer. Ses primêre skole is gekies en doelgerigte steekproefneming is gebruik om te verseker dat verskillende demografiese gebiede deel was van die navorsing. Doelgerigte steekproefneming het die navorser toegelaat om skole van hoë en lae sosio-ekonomiese gebiede te teiken omdat hulle dikwels verskillende uitdagings aangaande die effektiwiteit van skole ervaar. Data is versamel deur indivduele onderhoude met skoolhoofde en amptenare van Gauteng Onderwys Departement (GDE) by die distrik en deur fokusgroep onderhoude met onderwysers. Sleutelbevindinge was soos volg. Deelnemers uit die drie kategoriëë het onderskeidelik geidentifiseer met verskeie eienskappe van effektiewe skole wat ooreenstem met die literatuur op effektiwiteit in skole. Hulle het ook twee kenmerke van effektiewe skole wat uniek was tot die studie geïdentifiseer: in effektiewe skole is daar min of geen afwesigheid van leerders en onderwysers; en skoolwaardes wat die gedrag van leerders vorm word duidelik verwoord. Skoolwaardes sluit betroubaarheid, respek, eerlikheid, verantwoordelikheid, strewe na uitenmendheid en goeie leierskap in. Effektiwiteit in skole word verhinder deur die huidge proses van aanstelling van skoolhoofde wat nie altyd daarin slaag om skoolhoofde te kies wat die nodige leierskap en bestuurseienskappe het nie. Verder, die verkeerde implementering van die Geïntegreerde Bestuurstelsel (IQMS) in skole belemmer die ontwikkeling en lei tot swak prestasie van onderwysers. / Dinyakisiso tse tsa go ithuta di be di tsomana le mekgwanakgwana ya bolaodi bja thuto go tiisetsa gore dikolo tsa motheo Profentsheng ya Gauteng di soma mesomo yeo e nepagetsego. Tiisetso ya go soma mesomonepagetsego ya sekolo e dirile gore go ahlaahliwe hlabollo ya dikolo go humana ditselana tseo ka tsona re ka hlabolang dikolo tseo di sa someng botse mo profentsheng. Profentshe ya Gauteng e na le dikolo tsa motsesetoropong le tsa mo go bego go dula batho basweu fela. Barutisi mo mafelong a ba na le di thuto tse maleba. Fela, dihlotlo tseo dileng gona mo mafelong a di huetsa tiistso ya go soma mesomonepagatso sekolong. Go dirilwe tekololeswa ya dingwalwa go hlalosa dikgopolo tse bjalo ka taolonepagatso, boetapele, mesomonepagatso ya hlogo ya sekolo le mesomonepagatso ya morutisi. Tekololeswa ya dingwalwa e nyakisisitse dintlha tseo di huetsang mesomonepagetso sekolong le hlabollo ya sekolo go lebeletswe tswetsopele ya dinyakisiso tsamesomonepagatso ya dikiolo dinageng tsa United States of America, Europa, Australia le Afrika go hlalosa bothata bjo bo nyakisiswago. Go dirilwe dinyakisiso ka poledisano go somiswa mokgwa wa kwalitetifi. Go kgethilwe dikolo tse tshela tsa fase ka go somisa kgetho ka maikemisetso go direla gore go akaretswe dikolo go tswa mafelong a go fapana. Kgetho ka maikemisetso e dumelela monyakisisi go tswa mafelong a batho ba go ba le sa bona le mafelong a batho ba go hloka sa bona ka ge ba itemogela dihlotlo tse fapaneng mesomonepagatso. Tshedimoso ye e kgobokeditswe ka dipoledisano le dihlogo tsa dikolo motho a le nosi le bahlankedi bammuso wa Kgoro ya Thuto ya Kgauteng motho a le nosi le dipoledisano ka sehlopha. Dintlha tsa dipoelo di be di le mo go latelago: Batseakarolo go tswa mafapeng a go fapana ba hlaotse diponagalo tsa dikolo tseo disomago ka nepagalo tseo di dumelelanago le tekololeswa ya dingwalwa. Gape ba hlaotse dipanagalo tse dingwe tsa moswana nosi: Dikolo tsa go soma ka nepagalo ga di na barutwana goba barutisi ba go se tle sekolong. Meano ya sekolo e akaretsa botshephegi, tlhompho, boikarabelo le go somela bobotse ka go fetisa le boetapele bjo bo botse. Mosomonepagatso ya sekolo e sitiswa ke tshepediso ya go thwala dihlogo tsa dikolo yeo ka nako tse dinwe e sitago ke go hlaola hlogo ya sekolo yeo e nago le boetapele le bolaodi bjo bo botse. Gape, go tsentshatirisong wo o fasagetseng wa tshepetso ya bolaodi bja hlabollo ya barutisi go sitisa tswelopele. / Educational Management and Leadership / Ph. D. (Education Management)