Social violence is a serious problem in Latin America, an assertion that is thoroughly supported by statistics that identify Latin America as one of the most violent regions in the world (?Searching for Solutions in Latin America and the Caribbean? 20). These violent statistics explored in the very first chapter set the stage for this proposal by establishing its dire purpose. Formative historical legacies are central to social development, and they can provide the root causes and resentments that spur such social violence. There are a few that are common to the area of Latin America as a whole, such as the colonial experience and the slave trade, and these are examined alongside legacies of key leaders and educators that have shaped the face of the region and produced both pillars of hope and some of the greatest obstacles to social change. Understanding the root causes of violence and the formidable obstacles against effecting social change are key elements in designing and instituting a solution to this problem. Within this solution, education is a universally valid channel that, if given the necessary resources and personnel, could affect the lives of the majority of citizens. Combining the ideas of Martin L. Hoffman on the effect of inductive discipline encounters on children through character education, education becomes a powerful tool for creating not only more intelligent and autonomous citizens, but more empathic ones more attuned to an ?ethic of care.? While such a proposal certainly offers no guarantees and its successful institution would need to co-exist with other much needed social, political and economic reforms, it is presented as an innovative and experimental solution to a pressing problem taking a toll on the social and economic capital of societies in the region; a toll that is not easily ignored, particularly those for whom violence is an every day reality.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Comparative Literature, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Με τον όρο «ενσυναίσθηση», ο Hoffman εννοεί την ικανότητα του ανθρώπου να κατανοεί τα συναισθήματα των άλλων και σε μια δεδομένη στιγμή να βιώνει την ίδια συναισθηματική κατάσταση με ένα άλλο πρόσωπο το οποίο πάσχει. Ο ίδιος επικεντρώνει το ενδιαφέρον του ιδιαίτερα στα κίνητρα και τα συναισθήματα της ηθικής συμπεριφοράς. Υποστηρίζει ότι υπάρχει στον άνθρωπο εγγενής προδιάθεση να συμπάσχει με το συνάνθρωπο και να επιθυμεί να προσφέρει τη βοήθειά του. Τόσο η «ενσυναίσθηση» όσο και η «ενοχή» λειτουργούν ως ηθικά κίνητρα στη συμπεριφορά του ανθρώπου και τον προδιαθέτουν στο να επιδιώκει το καλό για το συνάνθρωπο και να αποφεύγει εκείνο που βλάπτει τους άλλους. / By the term "empathy", the Hoffman means the human ability to understand the emotions of others and at a given time to experience the same emotional state with another person who is suffering. He focuses particularly on the motives and feelings of moral behavior. He argues that there is an inherent tendency in man to empathize with our fellow man and wishes to offer his help. Both the "empathy" and the "guilt" as a moral act motivated human behavior and predispose to seek the good of our fellow man, and to avoid what harms others.

Background: Subconcussion, a mild traumatic brain injury, is best defined and identified by a lack of observable symptoms after axonal injury from minor head impacts. Subconcussive impacts are believed to accumulate with increased exposure over time, and are likely prodromal in the manifestation of a full-blown concussion. As evidenced by changes to changes in cerebral neurochemistry and structure, it is apparent that although individuals who have accumulated subconcussion may present as asymptomatic for motor and/or cognitive impairment using current clinical assessment tools, there is indication of long-term neurological damage which is presently going unrecognized. Objective: For the reasons stated above, a more sensitive and objective assessment tool is required to assess and recognize prodromal concussion manifestation in at risk populations with the intention of preventing further chronic sequelae. Design: Multiple baseline, time-series with repeated measures. Methods: Balance and bilateral reflex variability was assessed at pre-season and at post-season. Results: The current study identified significant changes to static balance postures (taken from the Balance Error Scoring System) through an objective postural assessment of centre of pressure (COP) and Area of Ellipse (AoE) calculations using a low-cost balance board and basic software interface after a season of accumulated subconcussion in female varsity rugby athletes. Specifically, double stance on the floor worsened by 31% in COPAP (p=.025) and by 26% in COPT (p=.038) and tandem stance on an unstable foam surface worsened by 180% in COPML (p=.014), 175% in COPAP (p=.025) and 141% in COPT (p=.005) between pre-and post-season. Our results indicate that these outcome measures are sensitive and can discriminate underlying balance deficits associated with accumulated subconcussive impacts. An objective measurement of spinal cord excitability through bilateral fluctuations of the Hoffman (H-) reflex in the tibial nerve found significantly elevated pre-season Cross Covariance (CCV) values which were 3x higher than those of a neurologically intact control population, suggesting prior neurological damage in study participants. Conclusion: The current study provides a platform for future research investigating bilateral fluctuation in spinal cord excitability after accumulated subconcussion and confirms balance decrements related to subconcussion can be identified through sensitive and specific measurement tools. / Graduate

No description available.

There has been a lot of studies on Hybrid Warfare. The purpose of these studies has been to define Hybrid Warfare, or to see if a war could be called Hybrid or not. One thing that has been missing, is a study on what the advantages of using Hybrid Warfare could be. The aim of this study is to examine the advantages of using Hybrid Warfare. To make this possible, we must assume that the actor is Hybrid, and then examine how they could benefit from it. This study uses Frank G. Hoffman’s theory and definition of Hybrid Warfare.   The research design will be a case study, where the Norwegian resistance and the Allied forces are a hybrid actor. By using a qualitative method, the benefits of Hybrid Warfare in different operations can be analysed and discussed.   The advantage for an actor to utilize hybrid warfare is that it has a wider range of methods to choose from. The actor still utilizes the benefits of combined weapons and various methods of intelligence acquisition. But at the same time, it can carry out irregular actions without the moral limitations which conventional warfare entails.

In 2007 Frank G. Hoffman conducted a study on the new threats that the U.S. Marines could face in the near future. The study resulted in the creation of the hybrid warfare theory.     During the Russian invasion of the Crimea peninsula both media and scholars quickly concluded that the Russian way of conducting the invasion was a new way of warfare and attributed the invasion as hybrid warfare. However, scholars have since then started to criticize the concept of hybrid warfare and its ability to explain the Russian behavior in Crimea and its claim to be a new way of warfare. The purpose of this essay is to examen how new the concept of hybrid warfare is. This is done by examining if Operation Overlord and the Têt Offensive can be understood as hybrid warfare.  The result shows that both Operation Overlord and the Têt Offensive includes most of the attribute in Hoffman´s hybrid warfare theory and therefore can be understood as hybrid warfare. The result also shows that even if the term hybrid warfare is something new the means and methods are not.

No description available.

This thesis examines the interaction between the Union Prison System led by William Hoffman and the Confederate prisoners-of-war, specifically those held at Elmira, New York. By focusing on Hoffman's actions and decisions in the last year of the war, the Confederate death toll can be better understood. The treatise relies heavily on The War Of The Rebellion: A Compilation Of The Official Records Of The Union And Confederate Armies. Two studies were indispensable for this study: Hesseltine's Civil War Prisons: A Study In War Psychology, and Leslie's Hunter's Ph.D. Disseration, Warden For The Union: William Hoffman (1807-1884). The conclusions of my research are: (A) William Hoffman developed a change in actions in 1864, and (B) these actions continued in the last year of the war. As a result of his actions and other factors, Elmira had the highest percentage of death of any Union prison camp. Hoffman's actions led to a higher death rate of Confederate prisoners than has been previously recognized.

Objective: Establish and validate an experimental pain model that will create pain for at least 20-minutes and then use the model to determine if: 1) cryotherapy decreases experimentally induced pain, 2) experimentally induced pain contributes to arthrogenic muscle inhibition, and 3) cold application influences pain or arthrogenic muscle inhibition. To answer these questions we conducted two experiments, the results of which are presented in two manuscripts. Methods: Seventy (n = 30 for experiment I and n = 40 for experiment II), physically active healthy male subjects participated. Interventions: Independent variables used for experiment I were condition (5% hypertonic saline infusion/cryotherapy, no-saline infusion/cryotherapy, 5% hypertonic saline infusion/sham) and time (precondition, every minute during a condition, and 10 minutes following each condition). For experiment II, independent variables were treatment (saline infusion, saline infusion/cryotherapy, saline infusion/sham, and no-saline infusion) and time (pretreatment, posttreatment, and 30-minutes posttreatment). Dependent variables measured were pain perception, knee surface and ambient temperatures, and Hmax, and Mmax measures (experiment II only). Results: Saline caused more pain than no-saline at minutes 3, 4, and 5 during infusion. Pain caused by saline and sham application remained constant from 4 minutes during application through 1 minute following application. Cold application decreased pain for 16 minutes. Pain resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition following and 30 minutes following saline infusion. Cryotherapy removed inhibition following but not 30 minutes following application. Pain for the saline groups increased following infusion as measured with the pain rating index and visual analogue scale. According to pain rating index, cryotherapy did not decrease pain; however, cryotherapy decreased pain as measured with the visual analogue scales. No change in temperature occurred during the non-cooling conditions. Ambient temperatures fluctuated less than 1°C. Conclusion: Saline infusion caused anterior knee pain for over 20 minutes and resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition. Cryotherapy disinhibited the quadriceps motoneuron pool and reduced pain as measured with visual analogue scales. Cryotherapy did not decrease pain as measured with the McGill pain questionnaire.