Pendant l’été 1943, la principale agence gouvernementale américaine de propagande, l’Office of War Information (OWI), s’accorda avec les huit Majors hollywoodiennes pour envoyer quarante films, cinq par studio, dans les pays européens qui seraient libérés. Ces longs métrages devaient être diffusés rapidement par des structures rattachées aux armées alliées après les débarquements.Cette thèse questionne ce lot de quarante films et le plan le concernant, en s’appuyant sur une vaste recherche dans la presse et les archives américaines, italiennes et françaises. En étudiant de près cet événement, il s’agit de proposer un changement de « focale » et de renouveler le regard sur le retour du cinéma américain en Europe à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.Dans un premier temps, afin de mieux saisir les spécificités de ce plan, le regard s’élargit pour remonter à l’utilisation du cinéma dans la propagande extérieure américaine pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. La genèse du plan et la sélection des films sont ensuite appréhendés en enquêtant sur les enjeux pour ceux qui y participèrent, les Majors et l’OWI, sur le processus complexe et accidenté de sa mise au point, et sur la précédente campagne cinématographique pour l’Afrique du Nord. Le questionnement porte ensuite sur les quarante films du lot, sur comment et jusqu’à quel point ils pouvaient répondre aux objectifs de l’agence gouvernementale. Enfin, ce travail se conclut en interrogeant la mise en oeuvre du plan en Italie et en France à la Libération, et en esquissant la pluralité des réactions suscitées par le lot de longs métrages sélectionnés. / During the summer of 1943, the Office of War Information (OWI), the main US government propaganda agency, entered into an agreement with the eight Hollywood Major studios to send forty films, five from each studio, to the European countries to be liberated. These feature films were to be screen rapidly by the allied armies after the landings.This Ph.D. dissertation examines this stock of forty films and its aim and purpose, grounding its thesis on extensive research drawn from American, Italian and French newspapers and archives. The detailed study of this particular program aims to offer a change of « focalization » and a new perspective in studies about the return of American cinema in Europe at the end of World War Two.First, in order to have a better grasp at this program, a « wide-angle lens » is used to go back to the times when American propaganda was used abroad during World War One. Then, the genesis of the program and the film selection are examined, focusing on the interests at stake for those involved in the project (the Major Hollywood companies and the OWI), on the project’s rough and complex designing process, as well as on the previous film campaign laid out for North Africa. The analysis then focuses on the forty films concerned, on the ways in which they could meet the goals of the government agency, and to what extent. Finally, the study examines the program’s implementation in Italy and in France during the Liberation, and attempts to draw a picture of the diverse reactions elicited by this selection of feature films.

Cette thèse consiste en une sociologie des films américains des réalisateurs de cinéma d’origine européenne expatriés aux États-Unis entre 1900 et 1945. Le corpus, exhaustif, a été établi à partir d’une population d’étude circonscrite à 77 réalisateurs, et comprend 2657 films. Ce travail renseigne un aspect particulier du transfert culturel transatlantique : la socialisation professionnelle à Hollywood par le biais du système de catégorisation de la production cinématographique en « genres ». Le genre est envisagé comme produit d’une construction sociale, dans une perspective pragmatique. C’est donc en sociologie des arts que nous inscrivons nos travaux et à l’histoire du cinéma et que nous empruntons ses objets d’étude. Deux approches sont combinées. La première est microsociologique, en cela que les films du corpus donnent lieu à une analyse qualitative, cherchant à les inscrire dans un contexte de! production et à retracer leur processus interprétatif. La seconde est macrosociologique, car les films sont ensuite analysés de façon quantitative, notamment au moyen d’outils statistiques. L’ambition n’est pas d’offrir une comparaison de la socialisation par le genre entre les réalisateurs d’origine européenne et « les autres », mais bien d’opérer une comparaison interne, soit de mesurer les similitudes et divergences entre les nombreux réalisateurs de la population d’étude, aux parcours et carrières variées. Cette thèse fait ainsi apparaître le caractère déterminant de certains éléments dans la dynamique de socialisation à Hollywood. Il en est ainsi du statut professionnel lors de l’expatriation américaine, que nous démontrons être un facteur prévalent. / This thesis consists of a sociology of American films by European émigré directors expatriated to the United States between 1900 and 1945. The corpus, exhaustive, has been elaborated from a group delimited to 77 directors, and includes 2657 films. This work informs a particular aspect of the transatlantic cultural transfer : professional socialization in Hollywood through the categorization system of movie industry into « genres ». Genre is viewed as a product of social construction, in a pragmatic way. Thus, our research falls within sociology of arts and borrows its subject from the film history. Two approaches are mixed. The first is microsociological, meaning films of the corpus are analyzed using a qualitative method, seeking to investigate their production context and reception process. The second is macrosociological, for films are next analyzed using a quantitative method, particularly by having recourse to statistic tools. Our a! mbition is not to offer a comparison of socialization through genre between the European émigré and « the others », but definitely to conduct an inner one, by measuring similarities and differences between the group’s numerous directors, these having varied careers and trajectories. This thesis brings into light the effective impact of a certain number of things on socialization dynamic in Hollywood. We demonstrate therefore that professional status at the time of American expatriation is a prevalent factor.

Une quinzaine d'oeuvres provenant de champs artistiques et culturels différents [littérature et cinéma] réunies par un dénominateur commun, seront soumises à notre questionnement : existe-t-il un idéal type de société sous surveillance ? A travers l'usage de la taxinomie et une approche comparatiste, nous dresserons une typologie des images comme éléments clés des représentations. Au système de multiplication de référents symboliques interne à chaque oeuvre s'ajoute celui d'un réseau de correspondances visuelles exogène basé sur un référentiel d'images quasi immuable. Les oeuvres se révèlent riches en sens et en symboles. Les nombreuses images convoquées par l'écrivain par le biais de métaphores ou autres tropes, rejoignent celles du réalisateur. Une étude transversale aboutit à un répertoire de codifications visuelles portant sur des univers imaginaires. On constate ainsi par ce biais un processus incessant de recyclage d'idées et d'histoires, qui se muent en standard et permettent de capturer une audience de plus en plus internationale, tout en forgeant un imaginaire social qui s'instaure par contagion. Les propos servis sont sérieux. L'ensemble dissémine une vision du monde qui obéit le plus souvent au principe de rationalisation, censé de s ' inscrire dans un ordre du contrôle et de la manipulation. Jaillissent des mondes nouveaux, comme porteurs de révélations quasi universelles. Nos auteurs [de science-fiction] s'inscrivent dans une longue tradition [l'utopie]. Mais la pression du genre, des motifs obligés et des conventions, n'entame pas leur capacité au renouveau, et la redite n'est pas un frein à l'innovation. / About fifteen works from different artistic and cultural backgrounds [literature and cinema], and sharing a common denominator, will be submitted to our questioning: is there an ideal type of society under surveillance? Through the use of taxonomy and a comparatist approach, we will draw up a typology of images as key elements of our representations. The system of multiplying symbolic referents inherent in each work completes a network of visual exogenous correspondence based on a relatively steady image referential. Works prove to be rich, both in meaning and symbol. The many images used by the writer, by means of metaphors or other tropes, meet that of a fiction director. A transversal study leads to a directory of visual codifications bearing upon imaginary worlds. This is how we observe an incessant process of recycling ideas and stories, that evolve into standards, thus enabling to capture the eye of an ever more international public, while forging a social imaginary world, settling in by way of contagion. The topics dealt with are serious. As a whole, they disseminate a vision of the world that obeys, most of the time, a rationalization principle that is supposed to be in line with control and manipulation. New worlds arise, bringing out universal eye-openers. Our [science-fiction] authors fall in with a long tradition [utopia]. But the genre, via obligated topics and conventions, do not for as much pressure one to diminish their capacity for renewal, and repetition does not curb their innovation.

La compagnie Technicolor est née en novembre 1915 et vientde fêter ses cent ans d’existence. Le procédé de reproductionnaturelle de couleurs Technicolor fut d’abord un procédébichrome, qui connut trois évolutions, avant de devenir un procédétrichrome, autrement désigné procédé n° 4.Le procédé trichrome était techniquement révolutionnairepuisqu’il nécessitait l’utilisation d’une caméra à trois négatifsséparant les trois couleurs primaires rouge, vert, bleu. Latechnique de tirage par imbibition a aussi permis de créer descopies aux qualités intrinsèques équivalentes à celles deslithographies et dont les couleurs ne se modifient pas avec letemps. L’équipement complexe nécessaire aux tournages enTechnicolor a exigé de nouveaux protocoles de travail, ainsi que laformation des équipes des plateaux habituées au noir et blanc.Technicolor a également proposé les services du color consultingafin d’aider à mieux contrôler le rendu des couleurs à l’écran.Cette thèse se propose d’aborder les dimensions historique ettechnique du Technicolor trichrome et d’interroger les techniquesutilisées jusqu’à aujourd’hui afin de restaurer les films tournésavec ce procédé. En raison de l’obsolescence des outils quipermettaient de produire un film en Technicolor, des questions seposent aujourd’hui sur les procédures de restauration des filmstournés entre 1932 et 1955, à l’ère de la technologie ditetrichrome. Il s’agit de la première étude approfondie, en français,portant sur le procédé Technicolor trichrome, ouvrant sur uneréflexion plus élargie sur l’importance de la restauration descouleurs d’origine d’un film. / The Technicolor Company has celebrated its hundredyears of existence, since it was born in November 1915.Technicolor was, at first, a two-color natural color processthat has been modified three times before becoming a threecolorprocess, also known as the process number four.The three-color process was revolutionary since it impliedthe construction of a three-strip camera, which separated theprimary colors red, blue and green with three negatives. Thelaboratory created also dye transfer printing, a technic thatwas able to create projection prints with visual qualitiesequivalent to lithography. Consequently, the dyes of theTechnicolor prints haven’t fade throughout the years. Inaddition, the three-color equipment included a newworkflow during the film shooting. The crew working onthe film set, used to black and white shooting, had to betrained to work with this medium. Technicolor created aswell the color consulting in order to help the crew tomanage better the color composition.This dissertation is an in depth analysis of the historicaland technical issues of the three-color Technicolor processand interrogates the technical devices that have been used torestore the films. In this way, different questions about theprocedures of restoration of the films, shot between 1932and 1955, are addressed throughout the study. Due to theobsolete status of the three color Technicolor process, thequestion of its reproduction can be problematic. This is thefirst thorough study, written in French, dedicated to thethree-color Technicolor process with an opening to theimportance of restoring the original colors of a film.

De même qu’un acteur, lors de chacune de ses apparitions, colore la pellicule cinématographique de toute son histoire, la présence d’une télévision à l’écran d’un film de fiction cinématographique est la source d’une infinité de significations historiques, esthétiques, sociologiques et politiques. De Rear Window (Fenêtre sur cour, Alfred Hitchcock, 1954) à Far From Heaven (Loin du paradis, Todd Haynes, 2002), cette thèse observe la façon dont les cinéastes américains critiquent les effets de la télévision sur le spectateur et sur la société, en adoptant une approche poéticienne, sociologique et historienne. Existe-t-il, comme Marshall McLuhan semble le penser, une essence des médias, et par conséquent, une essence de la télévision ? Si cette dernière en a une, est-elle négative ? La télévision apparaît-elle comme un « médium froid » (McLuhan) aux yeux des cinéastes américains ? Les cinéastes utilisent-ils la télévision comme point de comparaison pour affirmer le caractère artistique du cinéma ? Les films de nombreux cinéastes sont analysés (parmi lesquels Douglas Sirk, Billy Wilder, John Carpenter, Richard Fleischer, Sidney Lumet et David Cronenberg) pour permettre une réflexion sur ces questions. En filmant la télévision, les cinéastes créent un phénomène d’hypermediacy (Jay David Bolter et Richard Grusin), où s’affrontent réflexivité et fascination pour le médium. / As well as an actor brings with him his whole history each time he appears on the screen, television’s presence in a movie generates an infinite source of historical, aesthetical, sociological and political meaning. From Rear Window (Alfred Hitchcock, 1954) to Far From Heaven (Todd Haynes, 2002), this thesis observes the way american directors criticize the effects of television on the spectator and on society, adopting an approach inspired by poetics, sociology and history. Is there, as Marshall McLuhan seems to think, an essence of medias, and consequently, an essence of television ? If so, is it negative ? Does television appear as a « cool medium » (McLuhan) in the American director’s eye ? Do directors use television as a comparing point to assert the artistical quality of cinema ? Many directors’ movies are analyzed (including Douglas Sirk, Billy Wilder, John Carpenter, Richard Fleischer, Sidney Lumet and David Cronenberg) to allow a reflection on those questions. By filming television, directors create a hypermediacy phenomenon (Jay David Bolter et Richard Grusin), where reflexivity faces a fascination for the medium.

Please note: Editorial Studies works are permanently embargoed in OpenBU. No public access is forecasted for this item. To request private access, please click on the locked Download file link, and fill out the appropriate web form. / This edition is an annotated selection of the correspondences of two screenwriters, Michael Blankfort and Albert Maltz, who were affected by institutional anti-communism. Both were subpoenaed to appear before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC): Maltz refused to answer questions, went to prison for contempt of Congress as a member of the Hollywood Ten, and was blacklisted from the film industry for nearly two decades; Blankfort cooperated with the committee and continued to work in Hollywood. They had been close friends for quite some time, but never spoke again following Blankfort’s HUAC appearance, despite a few attempts by Blankfort at renewing the friendship. The letters span five decades, beginning with the period of radicalization in the 1930s, through the era of blacklisting and all that followed in its wake, and ending with their deaths in the 1980s. Blankfort and Maltz’s encounters with HUAC affected them their entire lives after: Blankfort in his need to defend his actions even decades later, and Maltz in his need to denounce any person who cooperated with the committee. The letters demonstrate humanity through the difficulty of the situation, the struggle of navigating the politics of the times, and are the writers’ attempts to explain and justify their actions. / 2031-01-01

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This study documents the history of the Hollywood Saxophone Quartet and its role in establishing the saxophone quartet as a serious medium for chamber music in the United States. An abbreviated history of saxophone quartets in the United States is provided, including a brief history of the Marcel Mule Saxophone Quartet in France. This ensemble in particular significantly influenced the Hollywood Saxophone Quartet's formation, programming and mission. The history of the Hollywood Saxophone Quartet follows, including its performing, commissioning, and recording activities, as well as biographical information for its members. This introduction is complemented by a discussion of the legacy of the group through its influence on subsequent saxophone ensembles on a national and international scale. Finally, conclusions drawn from this research place the Hollywood Saxophone Quartet in a historical context in the United States.

Tom Cruise was one of the most financially successful stars of the 1980s and 1990s and remains an important Hollywood player. In his time at Paramount, he negotiated new deals which redefined how stars earned revenue from their films. Yet little substantial study has been made of him or his persona. Cruise came to prominence in the 1980s, an epoch which redefined the terms of masculinity, moving away from a particular martial ideal following American defeat in Vietnam. His persona addresses the consequent anxieties surrounding these significant social changes. In addition to this, his image can be understood within a psychoanalytic framework to be offering a 'compromise formation' to the difficulties of psychosexual development. Cruise appears to offers a challenge to the father, but in reality recedes from Oedipal threat. Chapter One examines the nascent Cruise star persona and its development across his films. The chapter provides a historical overview and contextualisation of the persona. Chapter Two explores how the persona offers a 'performative' model of masculinity based on a heroic martial ideal, as well as his positioning as an object of spectacle and the onscreen homoerotic relationships he enjoys. Chapter Three looks at the star's association with the racial 'other' and preoccupation with male friendships at the expense of heterosexual romance. Objectification through spectacle, which black characters and Cruise share in his films, indicate a symbolic shared powerlessness within the hegemony. Chapter Four argues that this lack of status is characterised by Cruise's struggle against male authority figures, which represent both corporate America and the punishing father. This relays the trauma of Oedipal struggle, which Cruise attempts to evade. Chapter Five looks in further depth at the Cruise persona's preoccupation with male bonds and lack of interest in women, both indicative of a regression from the phallic to the earlier anal/cannibalistic psycho-sexual stage, as he is unable to overcome the symbolic father . The thesis concludes by suggesting Cruise's persona is a compromise: it presents a triumphant young man who in reality is oppressed by patriarchal forces. This compromise is premised on youth and is threatened as Cruise ages, exaggerated by social changes within America. Biologically and socially, Cruise's persona is no longer tenable.

Poster / Soc 397a / 2017 Poverty in Tucson Field Workshop