According to John Lukacs, German people's views on Hitler and Nazism once got examined right after the fall the Third Reich in the 1950s but this subject has lost its appeal since then. How do Germans nowadays, specifically those young ones raised in the "New Germany" after the fall of the Berlin Wall, think of Hitler and their country's Nazi legacy? This dissertation is to explore how six young Germans growing up in the new "unified Germany" interpret two films' representations of Hitler and Nazism.

O presente estudo aborda a trajetória da sala exibidora intitulada Espaço Unibanco de Cinema, assim como sua importância no mercado cinematográfico brasileiro. Contando a sua história e detalhando as características de seu funcionamento, a pesquisa aprofunda os métodos utilizados pela sala exibidora para permanecer no cenário exibidor brasileiro como um ponto de referência e resistência da exibição dos filmes brasileiros e filmes independentes estrangeiros. Em adição a isso, o trabalho apresenta um panorama do mercado de cinema no Brasil, colocando as modificações do parque exibidor nacional e as transformações do setor audiovisual caseiro. Por fim, a pesquisa apresenta a proliferação de complexos de exibição estrangeiros no mercado cinematográfico e a expansão do Circuito Espaço de Cinema no território nacional. / This study discusses the trajectory of theatre named Espaço Unibanco de Cinema, as well as its importance in Brazilian cinema market. By telling your story and detailing its operation characteristics, this research deepens the methods used by the theatre to remain in the Brazilian Exhibition Scenario as a point of reference and resistance of exhibition Brazilian and independent foreign films. In addition to this, the paper presents an overview of the film market in Brazil, pointing the changes of Brazilian Exhibition Park and audiovisual sector transformations. Finally, the research presents the proliferation of foreigner exhibition multiplexes and the growing of Circuito Espaço de Cinema all over Brazilian territory.

O presente estudo aborda a trajetória da sala exibidora intitulada Espaço Unibanco de Cinema, assim como sua importância no mercado cinematográfico brasileiro. Contando a sua história e detalhando as características de seu funcionamento, a pesquisa aprofunda os métodos utilizados pela sala exibidora para permanecer no cenário exibidor brasileiro como um ponto de referência e resistência da exibição dos filmes brasileiros e filmes independentes estrangeiros. Em adição a isso, o trabalho apresenta um panorama do mercado de cinema no Brasil, colocando as modificações do parque exibidor nacional e as transformações do setor audiovisual caseiro. Por fim, a pesquisa apresenta a proliferação de complexos de exibição estrangeiros no mercado cinematográfico e a expansão do Circuito Espaço de Cinema no território nacional. / This study discusses the trajectory of theatre named Espaço Unibanco de Cinema, as well as its importance in Brazilian cinema market. By telling your story and detailing its operation characteristics, this research deepens the methods used by the theatre to remain in the Brazilian Exhibition Scenario as a point of reference and resistance of exhibition Brazilian and independent foreign films. In addition to this, the paper presents an overview of the film market in Brazil, pointing the changes of Brazilian Exhibition Park and audiovisual sector transformations. Finally, the research presents the proliferation of foreigner exhibition multiplexes and the growing of Circuito Espaço de Cinema all over Brazilian territory.

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海角七號在台灣上映之後，重新喚起了台灣觀眾對於國片的興趣。對於台灣的電影產業來說，海角七號象徵著該產業經歷一段長時間幽暗歲月後所出現的第一道曙光。回顧近二十年的台灣電影概況，雖然在1980年代，有一波新台灣電影浪潮，這時許多台灣導演試圖在國際舞台上角逐一席之地，著名的代表導演有楊德昌、侯孝賢、蔡明亮、李安等。其中侯孝賢和蔡明亮的作品深受法國觀眾的歡迎，並且大獲輿論好評，這也讓他們更容易爭取到一些國際的合作資源。不過，後來在2000年以降崛起的新銳導演，他們的作品所面臨的，又是怎麼樣的環境呢? 本論文針對台灣電影在法國的推廣來做為研究的主題，並且配合在世界著名的坎城影展所作的田野調查以及對於法國電影批發商的深度訪談來回答研究問題。本論文首先探討台灣新電影浪潮的背景以了解為何侯孝賢和蔡明亮兩位導演的電影能夠在法國受到推崇。而文獻資料也顯示，近期像是海角七號這類在台灣大受好評的電影，並沒有在法國獲得對等的口碑。事實上，在2008年以後以及海角七號所開創的票房以來，如果非蔡明亮或是侯孝賢兩位導演的作品，在法國只有引進兩部台灣電影：《停車》和《不能沒有你》。觀察台灣片商和坎城影展台北電影委員會可以發現，台灣其實並沒有花很多精力在歐洲推廣台灣的電影。除此之外，台灣與亞洲的電影在法國的市場，正面臨來自南美與非洲大陸等新興電影的強烈衝擊。另外，根據訪談的結果，法國片商普遍表達，在選擇要進口的台灣電影時，會偏好刻劃台灣社會議題的藝術類型電影，而不會去選擇商業類型，雖然就是這些電影在2008年之後重新受到了台灣觀眾的矚目。也就是說，即使台灣電影在一些小型的影展相當受歡迎，在歐洲這塊舊大陸的市場競爭力依舊是相當脆弱的。 / Since Cape No.7 was released in theaters in Taiwan, a new interest in local cinema was witnessed among Taiwanese audience. This movie represents the light at the end of the tunnel for Taiwan New Cinema after enduring a long period of “sadness”. When New Taiwan Cinema began in the 1980s, a few directors managed to be under the spotlights on the international scene, such as Edward Yang, Hou Hsiao-hsien, Tsai Ming-liang and Ang Lee. Hou Hsiao-hsien and Tsai Ming-liang have been particularly well received by the French public and the good reviews movie professionals and critics there gave them, probably helped their films to the point of enjoying some privileged collaboration. However, how is the situation nowadays, when it comes to newer directors’ productions, directors from the 2000s? This thesis aims to study the promotion of Taiwan Cinema in France firstly, through a field study during the internationally renowned Marché du Film de Cannes that takes place during the prestigious Film Festival of the same name and, secondly, by leading in-depth interviews with French films distributors. After reviewing Taiwan New Cinema background and understanding how Hou Hsiao-hsien and Tsai Ming-liang are still highly welcomed and respected in France, this study revealed that Taiwan Cinema that started to regain local attention doesn’t really attract French distributors’ anymore. Indeed, since 2008 and after the success of Cape No.7 in Taiwan, only two Taiwanese films that were not made by either Hou or Tsai have been distributed in France: Parking and No Puedo Vivir sin Ti. Observations of Taiwanese distributors and Taipei Film Commission at Le Marché du Film de Cannes revealed a lack of efforts to attract French or European buyers. Besides, Taiwan and Asian Cinema in general are facing a great opponent as French distributors are now being attracted to more emergent cinemas coming from South America and Africa. Furthermore, interviews with French distributors showed that the type of films French distributors were more likely to buy was a art house type of cinema that related to social issues in Taiwan as opposed to the rather commercial type of cinema that regain Taiwanese audience attention since 2008. Even though Taiwan New Cinema is still welcomed in some smaller scale film festivals, its future on the old continent seems fragile.

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We direct this study to the Brazilian culture and cinema as a support for the representation of Brazilian identity. To demonstrate this concept reflected in national production and look at the film market in full development from incentive laws, we analyzed three animated feature films: Brichos (2007), A Turma da Mônica em uma Aventura no Tempo (2007) and Brasil Animado (2011). Finally, from these studies and personal experiences, we held the poetic "A Velha Gulosa", a fiction film with animated inserts, financed through municipal incentive laws. / Neste trabalho buscamos refletir sob variados pontos de vista o conceito de “identidade”, e seu desenvolvimento ao longo da história, dando ênfase à pós-modernidade, sua relação com o imaginário social, a cultura de massa e a memória. Direcionamos este estudo para a cultura brasileira e o cinema como suporte para uma representação da identidade brasileira. Para demonstrarmos reflexos deste conceito na produção nacional e observarmos o mercado cinematográfico em pleno desenvolvimento a partir das leis de incentivo, analisamos três longa-metragens de animação: Brichos (2007), A Turma da Mônica em uma Aventura no Tempo (2007) e Brasil Animado (2011). Por fim, a partir destes estudos e de vivências pessoais, realizamos a poética “A Velha Gulosa”, um filme de ficção com inserções animadas, financiado através de leis de incentivo municipal.

Диссертация посвящена теоретическому анализу комиксов и их экранизаций, ориентированных на подростковую аудиторию, в современной российской экранной культуре. В работе анализируется состояние проблемы в зарубежных и отечественных социально-культурологических исследованиях; кинокомикс рассматривается как феномен экранной культуры; выявляются основные проблемы функционирования кинокомиксов в современных условиях российского кинорынка; анализируются перспективы развития кинокомикса как направления отечественного кинематографа. В проектной части диссертации представлены концептуальные и содержательные составляющие проекта фестиваля кинокомиксов для подростков «Российский кинокомикс: вымысел или реальность?». / The dissertation is devoted to the theoretical analysis of comics and their adaptations focused on teenage audience in modern Russian screen culture. The paper analyzes the state of the problem in foreign and domestic socio-cultural studies; film comics is considered as a phenomenon of screen culture; identifies the main problems of the functioning of film comics in the modern conditions of the Russian film market; analyzes the prospects for the development of film as a direction of domestic cinema. The project part of the thesis presents the conceptual and substantive components of the project of the festival of film comics for teenagers «Russian film comics: fiction or reality?».

Cette étude décrit le marché des films allemands en Moselle pendant l'annexion du département à l'Allemagne nazie. Elle analyse la politique locale du cinéma mise en place par les nouvelles autorités (partie 1), la programmation des films (partie 2), leurs circulations et leurs consommations par les spectateurs (partie 3). Privilégiant une approche anthropologique du cinéma, l'observation essaie d'interroger l'efficacité des mécanismes d'hégémonie culturelle qui ne se réduisent ni à une entreprise de manipulation politique, ni à l'imposition implicite d'une vision du monde. Elle porte son attention sur le plaisir comme moteur de la conduite esthétique et expression d'une sensibilité partagée.Dès juillet 1940, le cinéma est entièrement « germanisé » : l’organisation de l’activité cinématographique est placée sous le contrôle du NSDAP et les films (Deutsche Wochenschau, Kulturfilm et longs-métrages) sont tous projetés en allemand. Pour autant, le cinéma demeure l’activité-phare de l’annexion. La fréquentation des salles de cinéma est massive notamment du fait de la qualité d'une filmographie qui était déjà la première en Europe avant l'avènement du nazisme. L'analyse du marché montre également la faible présence des films de propagande les plus spontanément associés au cinéma nazi et la normalité d'un divertissement de culture germanique centré sur le succès des genres les plus populaires (comme les films musicaux, les mélodrames, les films historiques) et sur le prestige et la beauté de vedettes admirées (Viktor de Kowa, Marika Rökk, Viktor Staal, Ilse Werner, etc.).L'étude de la réception des films allemands en Moselle annexée est l'étude de l'expérience qu'en font les spectateurs, notamment les plus jeunes d'entre eux, dont nous avons pu raviver les souvenirs par l'intermédiaire d'enquêtes orales. Les films sont un moyen de se divertir, de s’extraire d'un quotidien coercitif et répressif, et d’observer les tensions sociales inhérentes à la société de l’époque. Cette appropriation des films est à l’origine d'une neutralisation des effets idéologiques des plus virulents d'entre eux, et d’un attachement profond des spectateurs au cinéma allemand en général. Son plaisir est entretenu. Il fait l'objet d'échanges, de discussions, de partages. Mais l'assimilation systématique de tous ces films à l'idéologie nazie a rendu impossible sa transmission après la chute du Troisième Reich et la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale.Pensé volontairement comme un vecteur essentiel de la germanisation des populations de l'Est de la France appelées à devenir des Allemands à part entière, utilisé comme un instrument de propagande de l'idéologie nazie et une vitrine culturelle de l'Allemagne, le cinéma en Moselle annexée est un loisir sous influence qui se vit pourtant librement. Le plaisir du cinéma allemand est à la fois ce qui permet aux autorités de s'imposer politiquement dans l'ordre du loisir et dans le même temps, ce qui rend possible, par le biais du jeu, caractéristique de l'homo ludens, le souci de soi et l'estime des autres. Cette ambivalence paradoxale est le propre de l'hégémonie culturelle / This study describes the German film market in Moselle during the annexation of the department to Nazi Germany. It analyses the local politics of cinema put in place by the new authorities (part 1), the programming of films (part 2), their circulation and their consumption by the spectators (part 3). Focusing on an anthropological approach to the cinema, it attempts to question the effectiveness of the mechanisms of cultural hegemony that are not reduced to political manipulation, nor to the implicit presentation of a worldview. The focus is on pleasure as the driving force of aesthetic behaviour and the expression of a shared sensibility.From July 1940, the cinema is completely "Germanized": the organisation of the film industry is placed under the control of the NSDAP and the films (Deutsche Wochenschau, Kulturfilm and feature films) are all screened in German. However, the cinema remains the core activity of the annexation. Cinema attendance is significant, particularly because of the quality of films that were the best in Europe before the advent of Nazism. Market analysis also shows how few propaganda films, of the kind most readily associated with Nazi cinema were shown and that Germanic cultural entertainment focused predominantly on the most successful genres (such as musicals, melodramas, historical films) and on the reputation and beauty of famous celebrities (Viktor de Kowa, Marika Rökk, Viktor Staal, Viktor Rökk, etc.)The study of German films in annexed Moselle is essentially a study of the experience of the viewers, especially the youngest of them, whose memories we have been able to revive through oral surveys. The films are a way to have fun, of escaping a coercive and repressive daily life, and the social tensions inherent in society at the time. This appropriation of film is aimed at neutralising the more dangerous ideological ideas, and the profound attachment of viewers to the German cinema in general. The gratification continues because it is the subject of exchanges, discussions, sharing. However, the systematic assimilation of all these films to Nazi ideology made it impossible to show them after the fall of the Third Reich and the end of the Second World War.Deliberately conceived as an important tool in the Germanisation of the peoples of eastern France (who were expected to become fully-fledged Germans) and to be used as a propaganda tool for Nazi ideology and a cultural showcase for Germany in annexed Moselle, cinema was a free-spirited leisure activity. The popularity of German cinema is what allowed the authorities to politically manipulate leisure-time, moreover, it was made possible through cultural play or 'homo lumens' and by caring for oneself and the esteem of others. This paradoxical ambivalence is characteristic of a cultural hegemony.

Cette recherche, réalisée en partenariat avec le Marché du Film de Cannes, s’attache à appréhender l’impact qu’exercent les évolutions des outils numériques de diffusion sur les spectateurs de cinéma dans un contexte festivalier. A l’envers des rhétoriques fonctionnant sur l'idée d’une rupture positiviste dans les pratiques des individus, particulièrement dans un contexte où un grand nombre de représentations médiatiques présentent les évolutions numériques comme «révolutionnaires», nous nous sommes efforcé de saisir ce qui constitue la complexité des pratiques et représentations des spectateurs, tant dans leurs aspects évolutifs que dans leurs aspects de continuité, dans le contexte de ce que nous avons nommé le régime numérique. Nos deux principaux terrains d’étude, le Marché du Film de Cannes et le Festival de Kinotayo, nous ont permis de considérer notre questionnement sous deux angles : celui de l’impact direct des relais numériques sur les pratiques et représentations des spectateurs en situation collective, mais également celui de l’impact des technologies numériques de diffusion sur la forme de l’entité festivalière elle‐même.La problématique du mouvement spectatoriel permis par les usages des relais numériques de diffusion débouche ainsi, dans le contexte éminemment sédentaire de l’activité cinématographique, sur de multiples enjeux d’importance : questionnant à la fois la portée de l’hypothétique individualisation d’une pratique collective, les perspectives renouvelées d’interaction des individus avec la chaine cinématographique mais également les limites évolutives de ce qui constitue la forme «festival». C’est ainsi une dynamique de reconfiguration multidimensionnelle de l’expérience collective cinématographique et festivalière qui apparaît dans cette recherche. Entre sphère collective et sphère privée, entre imaginaires«traditionnels» et pratiques évolutives, elle ancre l’évolution des pratiques et représentations en régime numérique non dans une optique de rupture, mais bien dans une optique de continuité. / This research, conducted in partnership with the Cannes Film Market, seeks tounderstand the impact exerted by digital diffusion technologies on the movie goers in the collective context of festivals.Unlike theories associating the practices of individuals to the idea of a positivist break, particularly in a context where a large number of medias describe digital evolutions as"revolutionary", we have tried to grasp the complexity of the practices and representations of spectators, both in the irevolutionary and continuity aspects, in the context of what we have called the digitalera.Our two main studyfields,the Cannes Film Market and the Kinotayo Festival, have allowed ustotackle our questions from two perspectives : that of the direct impact of digital tools on the practices and representations of spectators in a collective situation,but also that of the impact of digital diffusion technologies on the festival entity itself. The question of the spectators ’movement allowed by the uses of digital diffusion tools leads us, in the context of the highlys edentary cinematographic activity, to several issues of importance : questioning the potential individualization of a collective practice, questioning the renewed possibilities of interaction between the spectators and the cinematographicchain,but also questioning the evolving limits of what is known as "festivals". Thus appears, in this research, a multidimensional dynamic of reconfiguration of the collective festival and cinema expériences. Between the collective and private spheres, between "traditional" representations and evolving practices, this study shows us that the evolution of practices and représentations in a digital context is not about the idea of a break, but about the idea of continuity.

有鑑於台灣市場狹小，本地電影公司較難自給自足，基於台灣電影產業未來永續發展的前提下，應積極拓展海外市場，獲取利潤以支撐本地產業。然而由於台灣本土電影長期票房低落，美商八大發行系統基於商業考量，較不願發行國片，因此台灣電影通常選擇獨立發行公司或代理商協助進入市場。而前述拓展海外市場之最佳管道為「國際影視市場展」。透過市場展以爭取發行之優勢在於其經費成本較低、參與集會成員廣且眾，適合預算與知名度較低、題材較不商業的台灣電影爭取曝光進而取得國際發行管道。基於以上背景，本研究以台灣電影於「國際影視市場展」中爭取國際發行與販賣海外版權為主題，以通路理論為基礎，經由針對「2009年釜山亞洲電影市場展」與「2010年香港影視市場展」兩項活動進行實地考察並訪談與會者，同時選擇《刺陵》與《父後七日》兩部台灣參展電影做為研究個案，訪談負責該片國際發行與版權銷售的電影工作者，以瞭解並分析評估個案在國際發行與國際市場展活動、交易的策略及執行成效。 本研究發現：第一，華語電影在國際市場的發展，由於卡司、語言文化，與影像風格等因素而有所侷限，宜將重心先著力於華語市場，再依序拓及亞洲市場與非亞洲市場將較符合經濟效益；第二，台灣電影的風格、題材等因素是台灣電影在國際接受度不高的主因，而台灣電影人口市場狹小加上長期以來票房不佳，導致投資方信心不足，則相當程度侷限本土電影的拍片規模。儘管台灣電影現階段規模較小，但仍可透過強化故事內容、題材層次等方式來拍攝品質精良的中、小型電影，再透過有效的宣傳包裝來塑造電影形象；第三、台灣缺乏類型電影，導致操作空間與可行銷性低，若未來選擇走藝術電影類型，將面臨藝術電影市場競爭激烈，以及亟需提昇藝術層次的問題。最後，就國際發行策略而言，若能從電影主題與劇本開始就鎖定目標市場，再根據市場偏好修正製作方向，進而藉由參與國際市場展、影展等途徑爭取曝光，將是台灣電影突破海外銷售瓶頸的良方。