Coral reefs are biologically and economically important ecosystems underpinned by corals that are able to flourish in oligotrophic waters due to their mutualistic association with dinoflagellate symbionts (genus Symbiodinium). Symbiodinium are strictly intracellular, residing within the gastrodermal tissues of the coral host, and contributing the majority of the coral’s energy requirements. Coral reefs are in rapid decline due to a range of threats such as local human influences, bleaching (loss of Symbiodnium and/or reduction of pigment), disease and ocean acidification, to which links to climate change have been made. The close association of corals and a diverse community of microbes led to development of the coral holobiont hypothesis, in which a range of microorganisms (e.g Bacteria) form a functionally-relevant mutualistic relationship with corals and Symbiodinium. This thesis aimed to fill knowledge gaps in the coral holobiont hypothesis and the host-microbe interactions within this system, including pathogen interactions and coral immune system functioning. This thesis revealed that host-microbe interactions in corals are complex, and that the underlying mechanisms of immunity and symbiosis may be similar. The findings corroborate the idea that corals maintain specific bacterial communities that have potential probiotic and nutritional value. In particular, a group of common coral associates were identified, and it is suggested that members of this group are globally occurring key associates. Corals affected by a disease previously described as “White Syndrome” were observed to undergo pronounced changes in their microbial community structure in comparison to healthy colonies. However, in contrast to previous findings, no single pathogen could be identified as the causative agent of the disease syndrome, and it is speculated that corals experiencing altered health status result in a breakdown of the resident associated microbial community structure. Culturable bacterial isolates from corals were shown to affect the growth of each other and in particular some species had great inhibitory properties. Hence, the presence of some bacterial species has the potential to influence the all over structure of the coral associated microbial community. It was also shown that changed environmental conditions may alter the growth conditions for coral associated bacteria in mucus. It is suggested that increased replication is needed in studies of bacterial assemblages on corals, as variability between coral species and sites were observed. In addition, studies of the role of coral microbial communities in health and disease should broaden their focus to more thoroughly consider the role of the coral holobiont, especially with regards to the coral host. This thesis identified the first functional Pattern Recognition Protein (PRP), a C-type lectin named Millectin, in scleractinian corals. Millectin was isolated by affinity chromatography and was shown to bind to bacterial pathogens as well as coral Symbiodinium symbionts. Gene expression of Millectin was upregulated in response to immune stimuli and the lectin was further abundantly expressed in the tissues of corals, suggesting a major role for this protein in system functioning and immunity. Further research into Millectin and a complement factor C3 homolog suggested that these molecules may have been co-opted into the equally important role of symbiont recruitment. Gene expression analysis of C3 also indicated this molecule may be involved in responses to tissue trauma. Millectin shows variability in the binding region, and hence, is the earliest evolutionary representative to date of a variable PRP. This finding, and the observed ancestral relation with vertebrate homologs, provided further information on the evolution of the innate immune system and gives further insight into invertebrate immunity.

Nous avons collecté et comparé les microbiotes et les microbiomes intestinaux de plusieurs dizaines de lézards de l’espèce Podarcis sicula, vivant dans des populations continentales et insulaires croates. L’une de ces populations présentait la particularité d’avoir subi un changement de régime alimentaire récent, une transition d’un régime insectivore vers un régime omnivore (à 80% herbivores) sur une période de 46 ans. Les analyses de diversité menées sur la région V4 de l’ARN ribosomique 16S de ces communautés microbiennes ont révélé que la diversité spécifique (diversité alpha) des microbiotes de lézards omnivores (enrichis en archées méthanogènes) excède celle des microbiotes de lézards insectivores. Les communautés microbiennes des lézards apparaissent en outre faiblement structurées : 5 entérotypes peuvent être identifiés au niveau du phylum, et 3 phyla majoraires (les Bactéroidètes, les Firmicutes et les Protéobactéries) sont présents dans cette espèce. Cependant, ni le régime alimentaire, l’origine spatiale ou temporelle, et le sexe des lézards ne se traduisent par des différences significatives et majeures dans les microbiotes. Des analyses linéaires discriminantes avec effet de la taille des OTUs et des reads des microbiomes fonctionnellement annotés indiquent plutôt que le changement de régime alimentaire de Podarcis sicula est associé à des changements ciblés dans l’abondance de certains composants du microbiote et du microbiome de ces lézards, nous conduisant à formuler l’hypothèse de changements ciblés des communautés microbiennes dans cet holobionte non-modèle, par opposition à des transformations plus radicales. Sur un plan plus théorique, cette thèse propose également des modèles de réseaux (réseaux de similarité de reads et graphes bipartis) susceptibles d’aider à approfondir les analyses des microbiomes. / We collected and compared intestinal microbiota and microbiomes from several Podarcis sicula lizards, which live in Croatian continental and insular populations. One of these populations has recently changed its diet over an 46 years timespan, switching from an insectivorous diet to an omnivorous one (up to 80% herbivorous). Diversity analyses of these microbial communities, based on the V4 region of their 16S rRNA, showed that the microbiota taxonomic diversity (or alpha diversity) is higher in omnivorous lizards (enrichment in methanogenic archaea) than in insectivorous ones. Besides, microbial communities seem weakly structured: 5 enterotypes are detected at the phylum level, and 3 major phyla (Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) are present. However, neither diet, spatial or temporal origin, nor lizard gender correlate with significant differences in microbiota. Linear discriminant analyses with size effect, based on OTUs and functionally annotated reads from the microbiomes, suggest that Podarcis sicula diet change is associated to targeted changes of the abundance of some enzymes in the microbiomes. Such a result leads us to propose a hypothesis of targeted changes in the microbial communities of this non-model holobiont, instead of more radical transformations. On a more theoretical level, this thesis also proposes network models (Reads similarity networks and bipartite graphs) that can help improving microbiome analyses.

Coral reefs are under considerable decline. The framework builders in coral reefs are scleractinian corals, which comprise so-called holobionts, consisting of cnidarian host, algal symbionts (genus Symbiodinium), and other associated microbes. Corals are commonly considered stenohaline osmoconformers, possessing limited capability to adjust to salinity changes. However, corals differ in their ability to cope with different salinities. The underlying mechanisms have not yet been addressed. To further understand putative mechanisms involved, I examined coral holobiont osmoregulation conducting a range of experiments on the coral Fungia granulosa. In my research F. granulosa from the Red Sea exhibited pronounced physiological reactions (decreased photosynthesis, cessation of calcification) upon short-term incubations (4 h) to high salinity (55). However, during a 29-day in situ salinity transect experiment, coral holobiont photosynthesis was unimpaired under high salinity (49) indicating acclimatization. F. granulosa microbiome changes after the 29-day high salinity exposure aligned with a bacterial community restructuring that putatively supports the coral salinity acclimatization (osmolyte synthesis, nutrient fixation/cycling). Long-term incubations (7 d) of cultured Symbiodinium exhibited cell growth even at ‘extreme’ salinity levels of 25 and 55. Metabolic profiles of four Symbiodinium strains exposed to increased (55) and decreased (25) salinities for 4 h indicated distinct carbohydrates and amino acids to be putatively involved in the osmoadjustment. Importantly, under high salinity the osmolyte floridoside was consistently increased. This could be corroborated in the coral model Aiptasia and in corals from the Persian/Arabian Gulf, where floridoside was also markedly increased upon short- (15 h) and long-term (>24 months) exposure to high salinity, confirming an important role of floridoside in the osmoadjustment of cnidarian holobionts. This thesis demonstrates osmoacclimatization of F. granulosa and osmoadjustment of cultured Symbiodinium. All three main compartments (i.e. coral host, Symbiodinium, bacteria) seem to contribute to the coral holobionts salinity adjustment. However, the exact mechanisms of coral host and bacteria contribution remain to be determined. Floridoside likely constitutes a conserved osmolyte increasing the salinity resilience of Symbiodinium and also of the cnidarian/coral holobiont. Floridoside further possess’ antioxidative properties, possibly providing a protection from reactive oxygen species formation as a result of salinity stress or/and other environmental stressors.

Mangrove forests are highly productive ecosystems widespread in tropical and subtropical coastlines, with a coverage of 75% of the world’s tropical shorelines. Mangrove plants developed specific physiological and morphological adaptation to thrive in such unique environments. Together with plant adaptations, mangroves develop a tight partnership with microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, that form the so-called mangrove-microbiome. Plant-associated microorganisms are generally recruited by the root system (root tissues and rhizosphere) and the colonization process starts with the release of root-related exudates detected by the surrounding edaphic microorganisms that are attracted in the rhizosphere zone. Then, root surface selects those microorganisms that can enter the tissues as endophytes. The microorganisms recruited belowground can migrate through the plant tissues by using the plant vessels and may colonize the aboveground compartments of the plant. Here, I aimed to evaluate the environmental origin and compartmentalization of the mangrove microbiome. To do this, I sampled bulk sediments, sea water, and mangrove plant compartments (root rhizosphere and endosphere, pneumatophores, shoot, leaves, flowers and propagules) of 20 gray mangrove trees (Avicennia marina L.) across two sites on the Red Sea coast of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia. By high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, I showed that the bacterial assembly in A. marina plant compartments follows a clear niche partition process in which bacterial communities are actively recruited from the surrounding ecosystem (sediment and sea water) by the root system, and further distributed across the different plant organ and compartments. Moreover, the composition of microbiome detected had many similitudes with others previously described around the world, suggesting that certain bacteria represent a mangrove “core microbiome”. The conservation of microbiome composition, mainly driven by environmental and host selection, that beneficial bacteria provide to the plant and contribute to its growth and fitness by several mechanisms. Thus, the characterization and identification of mangrove microbiome can meliorate our knowledge regarding plant–microbe interactions, as well as put the bases for the development of Nature-based Solution (NBS) to enhance reforestation and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems

Les communautés du coralligène dominées par des gorgonaires ont été sévèrement affectées par des évènements de mortalités massives liés au réchauffement de la Méditerranée. Pour évaluer la contribution des bactéries associées à l’holobionte Paramuricea clavata à son fonctionnement et sa santé, il est apparu primordial de caractériser le compartiment microbien naturel de ce gorgonaire tempéré.Dans ce contexte, l’objectif général de cette thèse était de décrire les interactions existant entre la gorgone rouge P. clavata et ses bactéries associées en Méditerranée nord-occidentale. Les analyses entreprises par des techniques culture-indépendantes basées sur l’analyse des ADN ribosomiques 16S bactériens ont inclus (i) la caractérisation de la variation spatio-temporelle des communautés bactériennes, (ii) la localisation des bactéries dans les tissus de l’hôte, (iii) l’évaluation de la stabilité des associations gorgones-bactéries en conditions de stress et (iv) la détermination de la spécificité d’hôte des bactéries dominantes entre différentes espèces de gorgonaires sympatriques (Eunicella singularis, Eunicella cavolini et Corallium rubrum). Les résultats obtenus ont établi que P. clavata et son microbiote forment un holobionte au sein duquel hôte et bactéries vivent en étroite association, stable dans le temps et l’espace ou en conditions de stress. Les communautés bactériennes associées sont principalement endosymbiotiques et dominées par un ribotype bactérien appartenant à un genre nouveau de la famille des Hahellaceae qui semble présenter une forte spécificité d’hôte. Ces résultats suggèrent un rôle particulier de ce genre bactérien chez les holobiontes gorgonaires. / Coralligenous communities dominated by gorgonian species have been severely affected by diseases and mass mortality events linked to the current warming trends reported for the Mediterranean Sea. The characterization of the natural microbial compartment of this temperate gorgonian species becomes a crucial step in the evaluation of the bacterial contribution to health and functioning of the Paramuricea clavata holobiont.Under these circumstances, the global aim of this PhD work was to describe the interactions existing between the red gorgonian P. clavata and its associated bacteria in the Northwestern Mediterranean basin. The culture-independent analyses based on the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA included (i) the characterization of spatiotemporal variation of the bacterial communities, (ii) the localization of the bacteria within host tissues, (iii) the evaluation of the stability of gorgonian-bacterial associations under stress conditions and (iv) the determination of the host-specificity of dominant bacteria in different sympatric gorgonian species (Eunicella singularis, Eunicella cavolini and Corallium rubrum).The results of this study highlighted that P. clavata and its microbiota form a holobiont in which host and bacteria live in close association. This association is spatiotemporally stable and maintained under stress conditions. Associated bacterial communities are mostly endosymbiotic and dominated by a bacterial ribotype belonging to a new genus within the Hahellaceae family that seems to be host-specific. These results suggest a particular role of this bacterial genus in the gorgonian holobionts.

The iconic pillar coral, Dendrogyra cylindrus, is one of five Caribbean species listed in 2014 under the US Federal Endangered Species Act because of its extreme low abundance and continued decline in US waters. Until recently, little was known about the demographics or genetic diversity of Florida’s D. cylindrus population. This study represents the first time two holobiont partners (coral animal and associated photosynthetic algal endosymbionts) have been closely examined, spatially and temporally, in this little-studied species. The aim was to explore the influences of coral animal genotypes, mutualistic photosynthetic algal strains, and hyperthermal stress on bleaching and disease processes, resistance, and recovery through two consecutive hyperthermal events on the Florida Reef Tract (FRT) in 2014 and 2015. Through geographically stratified, triannual assessments and tissue sampling of D. cylindrus colonies across three regions of the FRT from April 2014 to April 2016, I compared genotypic identities of the coral animal to bleaching and disease status and recovery. Additionally, I characterized the algal endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae family) in D. cylindrus between regions of the FRT using Illumina amplicon sequencing of the partial chloroplast 23S rDNA Domain V gene and correlated them to differential responses during bleaching and recovery. Finally, I examined the effects of hyperthermal stress on disease prevalence and changes in disease susceptibility in D. cylindrus throughout two consecutive hyperthermal events in 2014 and 2015. Genotypic differences in D. cylindrus were associated with full or partial bleaching and/or disease resistance associated with some genets. Additionally, this study characterized unexpected diversity in the Symbiodiniaceae community within D. cylindrus and a site-specific, species-level switch in endosymbionts associated with acquired bleaching resistance during the 2015 hyperthermal event. Finally, this study demonstrated that two consecutive hyperthermal events were associated with an increase in prevalence of white plague in D. cylindrus and contributed to its susceptibility to black band disease, documented for the first time on the FRT. Through understanding the response of the D. cylindrus holobiont partners to biotic and abiotic stressors, such as hyperthermal bleaching and associated diseases, we gained valuable insights into how this threatened species may respond to a changing climate.

The unifying concept of endosymbiosis and the ‘holobiont’ is that the interaction of the microbial community and the host’s biology can affect myriad processes from speciation to physiology to behavior. This study explored the role of the microbiome as a potential facilitator of rapid evolution of social behavior in a socially polymorphic species of spider, Anelosimus studiosus. Adult females were collected from solitary and social colonies at two geographically distinct locations, and behaviorally assayed to assign individuals to ‘docile’ or ‘aggressive’ phenotypes. Microbiomes of each individual were analyzed by 16s rRNA sequencing. Correlations were found with external influences on the microbiome (colony type, local environmental microbiota, and among colony), and also between the microbiome and individual’s behavioral phenotype. While causation has not yet been established, these data suggest that demographics and ecology affect the microbiome, and that behavior may be affected by the microbiome.

L’ubiquité de la symbiose bactérienne, et sa présence à tous les niveaux de l’organisation biologique, bouleverse toute la science du vivant. Aujourd’hui, malgré le profond renouvellement de la biologie, de la médecine et de la philosophie de la biologie, il manque une approche de la relation symbiotique même, de son établissement et de son évolution. Au cours de ce travail, nous montrons que l’ubiquité de la symbiose et sa diversité rendent difficile la détermination d’un modèle particulier pour répondre à toute la complexité de la relation. Pour pallier cette difficulté, proposons de suivre un caractère particulier : le métabolisme syntrophique, solution évolutionnaire commune à toutes les symbioses et l’utilisons comme base de l’analyse. Par une approche évolutionnaire des mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires, nous démontrons le caractère obligatoire de toute symbiose en établissant la dépendance des partenaires les uns aux autres. Le microbiote, formé des communautés bactériennes symbiotiques, est un organe évolutionnaire intégré fonctionnellement à l’organisme hôte. Les bactéries symbiotiques sont des agents d’homéostasie qui permettent aux organismes hôtes de s’adapter aux fluctuations des conditions environnementales. Cette fonction homéostatique est à l’origine d’une structuration réciproque entre les partenaires symbiotiques, donnant lieu à un holobionte avec une reproduction hybride et une héritabilité étendue. En analysant la symbiose intestinale bactérienne chez l’humain, nous établissons l’interaction codéveloppementale et coévolutionnaire des partenaires, et démontrons l’extension de la structuration réciproque métabolique vers une structuration cognitive qui passe par les systèmes immunitaire et neurologique chez les organismes supérieurs. En démontrant l’intrication du métabolisme avec l’information nous proposons une perspective informationnelle de la symbiose. L’échange d’informations significatives entre l’hôte et son microbiote définit l’organisation informationnelle du holobionte. / The pervasiveness of bacterial symbiosis and its omnipresence at every level of the biological organization deeply trouble life sciences. Today, despite biological, medical and philosophical renewal, a relational perspective analyzing the symbiotic relation, and the establishment and evolution of symbiosis is still lacking. In this work, we reveal difficulties to adopt an appropriate symbiosis model covering the complexity of the diverse and ubiquitous relation, and we propose to analyze the syntrophic metabolism as a common feature to all symbiosis. We apply an evolutionary approach to study molecular and cellular mechanisms, and we demonstrate the reciprocal dependency of symbiotic partners determining an obligatory symbiosis. The microbiota composed of symbiotic bacterial communities is an evolutionary homeostatic organ, functionally integrated in its host organism. Symbiotic bacteria are homeostatic agents that allow host organisms to adapt to fluctuations in environmental conditions. This homeostatic function enables the reciprocal scaffolding between symbiotic partners, resulting in a holobiont characterized by a hybrid reproduction and an extended inheritance. The analysis of bacterial symbiosis in human gut demonstrates the partner’s coevolutionary and codevelopmental interaction and determines the extension of the reciprocal metabolic scaffolding to a cognitive scaffolding based on immune and neurological systems in higher organisms. We demonstrate the entanglement of metabolism and information, and propose an informational perspective to define the symbiosis. This establishes an informational organization of the holobiont through the exchange of significant information between the host and its microbiota.

Originaire d'Asie du Sud et de l'Est, le moustique tigre Aedes albopictus est aujourd'hui implanté sur 5 des 6 continents et les moyens de lutte mis en place pour l'éliminer peinent à freiner son expansion. Ces dernières années, l'étude des communautés microbiennes associées aux insectes a permis de démontrer leur implication dans des fonctions clefs de la biologie de leurs hôtes (nutrition, immunité, résistance aux stress biotiques et abiotiques …). Ensemble, ils constituent un super-organisme appelé holobionte. Ainsi, une meilleure connaissance de l'écologie microbienne d'Ae. albopictus pourrait nous apporter de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension du fonctionnement du pathosystème vectoriel. C'est dans ce contexte que s'est inscrit mon projet de thèse qui a consisté à décrire le microbiote bactérien du moustique tigre en lien avec son écologie et la génétique de ses populations. Nos travaux se sont tout d'abord portés sur des exemples précis d'interactions avec des symbiotes d'intérêts puis nous avons élargi cette étude à l'ensemble des communautés bactériennes et leurs facteurs de variation, en bénéficiant du développement des nouvelles technologies de séquençage. Les résultats obtenus ouvrent la voie vers de nouvelles hypothèses sur le fonctionnement et la dynamique de l'holobionte moustique avec la prise en compte des interactions symbiotiques comme un élément majeur du pathosystème vectoriel / Originated from South East Asia, the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is now established on 5 of the 6 continents. Control strategies to limit its introduction and expansion remain restricted. Those last years, studies on insect microbial communities highlighted the key role of symbionts in the biology of their hosts (nutrition, immunity, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses…). Together, they constitute a super-organism called the holobiont. Therefore, a better knowledge of microbial ecology of Ae. Albopictus should increase the understanding of vectorial pathosystem. In this context, my thesis project consisted to improve the description of bacterial microbiota associated with the Asian tiger mosquito in relation with its ecology and population genetics. We first based our attention on specific models of symbiotic interactions and then we extended our study to the whole bacterial community and its variation factors using high throughput sequencing technologies. Our results open the way to new hypotheses about the function and dynamics of mosquito holobionte taking into account the symbiotic interactions as a major component of the vectorial pathosystem

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La acuicultura se proyecta como un medio vital para alimentar de manera sostenible a la creciente población mundial. Sin embargo, para lograrlo, la producción de peces debe abordarse con sostenibilidad y adaptabilidad en mente, especialmente frente a desafíos como el cambio climático y la disminución de recursos. Esto requiere innovaciones en genética y nutrición para garantizar la resiliencia de las poblaciones de peces cultivados. Comprender las interacciones entre organismos, microbiota y el medio ambiente es crucial, y las tecnologías ómicas ofrecen una manera de profundizar en estas dinámicas. Se ha secuenciado el genoma del dorado, una especie significativa de acuicultura europea, lo que ha llevado a conocer la expansión génica y la plasticidad fenotípica. Esta tesis tuvo como objetivo aprovechar este conocimiento integrando diversas aproximaciones ómicas para anotar el genoma y la microbiota intestinal de esta importante especie mediterránea. El enfoque se centró en acciones para hacer más sostenibles las prácticas futuras de acuicultura. Un aspecto crítico abordado fue la gestión de los niveles de oxígeno, dada su disminución debido al cambio climático. Comprender las respuestas de los peces al oxígeno reducido es vital para la acuicultura sostenible. La investigación sobre el dorado reveló adaptaciones a la hipoxia leve, incluida una disminución general de la respuesta metabólica y variaciones a nivel de expresión génica. La selección genética y los avances en piensos acuícolas también son esenciales para la acuicultura sostenible. La tesis monitoreó la evolución de los peces y la dieta junto con un programa de cría para el crecimiento, revelando respuestas diferenciales en peces alimentados con recursos marinos reducidos. La selección genética por un crecimiento rápido es capaz de influir en la composición y la actividad de la microbiota intestinal. La caracterización de esta comunidad también reveló su importancia en la salud y el crecimiento de los peces. Los factores genéticos parecían jugar un papel más importante que la dieta en la formación de la composición de la microbiota intestinal, pero las interacciones entre genética y dieta influenciaron tanto las respuestas del huésped como las microbianas. En resumen, la tesis presenta resultados prometedores para mejorar el crecimiento, la salud y la adaptación ambiental en especies de acuicultura, contribuyendo también a la sostenibilidad del sector acuícola. / [CA] L'aqüicultura es projecta com un mitjà vital per a alimentar de manera sostenible la creixent població mundial. No obstant això, per a aconseguir-ho, la producció de peixos ha d'abordar-se amb sostenibilitat i adaptabilitat en ment, especialment front a desafiaments com el canvi climàtic i la disminució de recursos. Això requereix innovacions en genètica i nutrició per a garantir la resiliència de les poblacions de peixos cultivats. Comprendre les interaccions entre organismes, microbiota i el medi ambient és crucial, i les tecnologies òmiques oferixen una manera de profunditzar en aquestes dinàmiques. S'ha sequenciat el genoma de l'orada, una espècie significativa d'aqüicultura europea, la qual cosa ha portat a conèixer l'expansió gènica i la plasticitat fenotípica de l'espècie. Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu aprofitar aquest coneixement integrant diverses aproximacions òmiques per a anotar el genoma i la microbiota intestinal d'aquesta important espècie mediterrània. L'enfocament es va centrar en accions per a fer més sostenibles les pràctiques futures d'aqüicultura. Un aspecte crític abordat va ser la gestió dels nivells d'oxigen, donada la seua disminució a causa del canvi climàtic. Comprendre les respostes dels peixos a l'oxigen reduït és vital per a l'aqüicultura sostenible. La investigació va revelar adaptacions a la hipòxia lleu, inclosa una disminució general de la resposta metabòlica i variacions a nivell d'expressió gènica. La selecció genètica i els avanços en pinso per a l'aqüicultura també són essencials per a la sostenibilitat del sector. La tesi va monitorar l'evolució dels peixos i la dieta juntament amb un programa de sel·lecció genètica per creixement, revelant respostes diferencials en peixos alimentats amb recursos marins reduïts. La selecció genètica per a un creixement ràpid és capaç d'influir en la composició i l'activitat de la microbiota intestinal. La caracterització d'aquesta comunitat també va revelar la seua importància en la salut i el creixement dels peixos. Els factors genètics semblaven jugar un paper més important que la dieta en la formació de la composició de la microbiota intestinal, però les interaccions entre genètica i dieta van influir tant en les respostes de l'organisme com en les microbianes. En resum, la tesi presenta resultats prometedors per a millorar el creixement, la salut i l'adaptació ambiental en espècies d'aqüicultura, contribuint també a la sostenibilitat del sector aqüícola. / [EN] Aquaculture is projected as a vital means to feed the growing global population sustainably. However, to achieve this, fish production must be approached with sustainability and adaptability in mind, especially in the face of challenges like climate change and resource depletion. This requires innovations in genetics and nutrition to ensure the resilience of farmed fish populations. Understanding the interactions between organisms, microbiota, and the environment is crucial, and omics technologies offer a way to delve deeper into these dynamics. The genome of the gilthead sea bream, a significant European aquaculture species, has been sequenced, leading to insights into gene expansion and phenotypic plasticity. This thesis aimed to leverage this knowledge by integrating various omics approaches to annotate the genome and gut microbiome of this important Mediterranean species. The focus was on actions to conserve and "green" future aquaculture practices. One critical aspect addressed was the management of oxygen levels, given their declining availability due to climate change. Understanding fish responses to reduced oxygen is vital for sustainable aquaculture. Research on gilthead sea bream revealed adaptations to mild hypoxia, including a hypo-metabolic general response and changes in metabolic processes and gene expression profiling. Selective breeding and advancements in aquafeeds are also essential for sustainable aquaculture. The thesis monitored fish and diet evolution alongside a breeding program for growth, revealing differential responses in fish fed with reduced marine resources. Genetic selection for fast growth influenced the gut microbiota, highlighting the interconnectedness of genetics, diet, and microbial communities. Characterization of the gut microbiota revealed its importance in fish health and growth. Genetic factors appeared to play a more significant role than diet in shaping the gut microbiota composition, but interactions between genetics and diet influenced both host and microbial responses. Overall, the thesis presents promising outcomes for enhancing growth, health, and environmental adaptation in aquaculture species. By understanding the interconnectedness of genetics, nutrition, and microbiota, it aims to contribute to the sustainability of the aquaculture sector. / This PhD thesis has been elaborated by the PhD candidate thanks to two research contracts appointed to the framework of two H2020 European projects: AQUAEXCEL2020 “AQUAculture infrastructures for EXCELlence in European fish research towards 2020” (2015-2020; grant agreement nº 652831), and AquaIMPACT “Genomic and nutritional innovations for genetically superior farmed fish to improve efficiency in European aquaculture” (2019-2023; grant agreement nº 818367). During the thesis, the candidate completed a 3-months (91 days) stay in the Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), belonging to the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) in Ås, Norway. This stay was financed by an EMBO Scientific Exchange Grant (grant agreement nº 10168). A grant from the iMOVE program from CSIC (grant agreement nº IMOVE23080) was also awarded, but not financially executed. Core publications of this thesis were funded by: AQUAEXCEL2020 H2020 EU Project (652831); PerformFISH H2020 EU Project (H2020-SFS-2016-2017; 727610); AquaIMPACT H2020 EU Project (818367); ThinkInAzul (THINKINAZUL/2021/024, PRTR-C17.I1); Bream-AquaINTECH (RTI2018–094128-B-I00); The rest of publications in which the candidate was involved received extra funding from: GAIN H2020 EU Project (773330) y AQUAEXCEL3.0 H2020 EU Project (871108) / Naya Català, F. (2024). The Two Genomes of Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata): a Multi-Omics and Holobiont Approach [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/205692 / Compendio