This dissertation focuses on two aspects of integrating near-infrared plasmonics with electronics with the intent of developing the platform for future photonics. The first aspect focuses on fabrication by introducing and developing a simple, single reflective optical element capable of high–throughput, large scale fabrication of micro- and nano-sized structure templates using holographic lithography. This reflective optical element is then utilized to show proof of concept in fabricating three dimensional structures in negative photoresists as well as tuning subwavelength features in two dimensional compound lattices for the fabrication of dimer and trimer antenna templates. The second aspect focuses on the study of aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), which belongs to recently popularized material class of transparent conducting oxides, capable of tunable plasmonic capabilities in the near-IR regime. Holographic lithography is used to pattern an AZO film with a square lattice array that are shown to form standing wave resonances at the interface of the AZO and the substrate. To demonstrate device level integration the final experiment utilizes AZO patterned gratings and measures the variation of diffraction efficiency as a negative bias is applied to change the AZO optical properties. Additionally efforts to understand the behavior of these structures through optical measurements is complemented with finite difference time domain simulations.

In mainstream media and entertainment, holography is often misrepresented as single perspective non-stereoscopic imagery suggesting three-dimensionality. Traditional holographic artists, however, utilize a laser setup to record and reconstruct wavefronts to describe a scene in multi-perspective natural parallax vision ("auto-stereoscopic"). Although these approaches are mutually exclusive in practice, they share a similar goal of staging three-dimensional (3D) imagery for a window-like viewing experience. This thesis presents a non-waveform digital computer approach for recording, reconstructing, and experiencing holographic visualizations in a cinematic context. By recording 3D information from a scene using the structured light method, a custom computer program performs stereoscopic reconstruction in real-time during presentation. Artists and computer users could then use a hardware device, such as the Microsoft Kinect, to explore the holographic cinematic form interactively.

This work presents recent advances in the development of infra-red sensitive photorefractive polymers, and updateable near real-time holographic 3D displays based on photorefractive polymers. Theoretical and experimental techniques used for design, fabrication and characterization of photorefractive polymers are outlined. Materials development and technical advances that made possible the use of photorefractive polymers for infra-red free-space optical communications, and 3D holographic displays are presented.Photorefractive polymers are dynamic holographic materials that allow recording of highly efficient reversible holograms. The longest operation wavelength for a photorefractive polymer before this study has been 950nm, far shorter than 1550nm, the wavelength of choice for optical communications and medical imaging. The polymers shown here were sensitized using two-photon absorption, a third order nonlinear effect, beyond the linear absorption spectrum of organic dyes, and reach 40% diffraction efficiency with a 35ms response time at this wavelength. As a consequence of two-photon absorption sensitization they exhibit non-destructive readout, which is an important advantage for applications that require high signal-to-noise ratios.Holographic 3D displays provide highly realistic images without the need for special eyewear, making them valuable tools for applications that require "situational awareness" such as medical, industrial and military imaging. Current commercially available holographic 3D displays employ photopolymers that lack image updating capability, resulting in their restricted use and high cost per 3D image. The holographic 3D display shown here employs photorefractive polymers with nearly 100% diffraction efficiency and fast writing time, hours of image persistence, rapid erasure and large area, a combination of properties that has not been shown before. The 3D display is based on stereography and utilizes world's largest photorefractive devices (4x4 inch in size). It can be recorded within a few minutes, viewed for several hours without the need for refreshing and can be completely erased and updated with new images when desired, thusly comprising the first updateable holographic 3D display with memory, suitable for practical use.

The formulation of rigid supersymmetric field theories on curved space leads to a number of results on their strongly-interacting regime, crucial from both the mathematical and physical point of view, starting from Witten's topological twist of four-dimensional Yang-Mills theory. At the same time, strongly-coupled field theories may also be studied holographically via the AdS/CFT correspondence. The aim of this thesis is to study aspects of the holographic dictionary for supersymmetric theories on curved manifolds. A key aspect of the correspondence is the renormalization of gravity observables, which is realized via holographic renormalization. If the dual boundary field theory is supersymmetric, it is natural to ask whether this scheme is compatible with the rigid supersymmetry at the curved boundary. The latter requires specific geometric structures, and general arguments imply that BPS observables, such as the partition function, are invariant under certain deformations of these structures. We may then formulate a precise check of the holographic dictionary by asking whether the dual holographic observables are similarly invariant, as the free energy of the gauge theory is identified with the holographically renormalized supergravity action. In the first part of the thesis, we consider this question in N = 4 gauged supergravity in four and five dimensions for the holographic dual to the topological twists of N = 4 gauge theories on Riemannian three-manifolds and N = 2 gauge theories on Riemannian four-manifolds. We show that the renormalized on-shell action is independent of the metric on the boundary four-manifold, as required for a topological theory. We then go further, analyzing the geometry of supersymmetric bulk solutions. This allows us to show that the gravitational free energy of any smooth filling vanishes in both AdS₄/CFT₃ and AdS₅/CFT₄. In the second part of the thesis, we study the same question in minimal N = 2 gauged supergravity in four and five dimensions. In four dimensions we show that holographic renormalization precisely reproduces the expected field theory results for the dependence of the partition function on the background. Surprisingly, in five dimensions we find that no choice of standard holographic counterterms is compatible with supersymmetry, which leads us to introduce novel finite boundary terms. For a class of solutions satisfying certain topological assumptions we provide some independent tests of these new boundary terms, in particular showing that they reproduce the expected VEVs of conserved charges. We also briefly comment on the relation between these terms and boundary supercurrent anomalies.

Orientador: Horatiu Nastase / Resumo: Nesta tese, discutimos três modelos cosmológicos que são baseados direta ou indiretamente em ideias advindas de teoria das cordas. Depois de uma revisão geral de cosmologia em teoria das cordas, um resumo de cosmologia e teoria das cordas é apresentado, com ênfase nos conceitos fundamentais e teóricos. Então descrevemos como o acoplamento camaleônico pode potencialmente afetar as predições de inflação cósmica com campo único, com tratamento cuidadoso dos modos de perturbação cosmológica adiabáticos e de entropia. Além disso uma nova abordagem para a dualidade-T em soluções cosmológicas de supergravidade bosônica é discutida no contexto de teoria dupla de campos. Por fim, propomos uma nova prescrição para o mapa holográfico em cosmologia que pode ser usado para conectar modelos fundamentais de cosmologia holográfica com outras abordagens fenomenológicas. / Doutor

Many properties of photosensitize material is applied to the holographic recording of the photosensitive materials. The diacrylateis(RM257) is liquid crystalline materials. Beasuse the RM257 with photopolymeriable acrylate endgroups, under the action of light, polymerization of the mesogen with two polymerization groups lesds to crosslinked polymer networks. As the RM257 has a sensitivity to light and good molecular arrangement , it can be applied to optical storage. In this study, the use of the RM257 thin films as holographic recording materials ; the holography patterns were written using two s-s polarized, mutually coherence He-Ne laser at 633nm light. First, a single beam of He-Ne laser irradiates the RM257, and control exposure time, irradiation intensity, to investigate the RM257 on He-Ne laser (633nm) absorption. Then RM257 thin film exposed to two beams of He-Ne laser induced holographic interferemce fileld. Holography irradiation RM257 thin film arranged molecular singular direction and periodic alignment of molecular, and to fabricate the formation of holographic gratings. The sample temperature is controlled during holography irradiation, can improve RM257 thin film record as holographic interferemce fileld. To investigate holographic fileld induced the molecular of RM257 thin film.

He-Ne Laser induced polymerization in diacrylate mesogens RM257 had been verified in previous studies. Holography patterns can also be recorded in RM257 using He-Ne Laser. Higher diffraction efficiency was obtained by controlling temperature of the mesogen. In the present study, we consider the diacrylate compound RM82 that is main chain polymeric liquid crystal with different length of chain. We focus on two objectives in this study: (i) to investigate polymerization and absorbance of RM82 thin film that was exposed to He-Ne laser with the temperature of sample control, the initial power intensity of laser beam and the exposed time. (ii)Using the result of part (i), the possibility of the use of RM82 thin film for recording holographic patterns produced using a laser beam emitted from a 12mW He-Ne laser operated at 633 nm wavelength is studied. The periodic structures and orientated diacrylate polymer networks are produced in the polymer film by holographic field produced using He-Ne laser. The region of light stripes was aligned perpendicular to the gratings, whereas the region of dark stripes was disorder.

RM257 is a photopolymerisable diacrylate mesogen. In its normal way, the polymerization of the diacrylate mesogen is initiated by using UV light. RM257 mesogen have photopolymeriable acrylate endgroups. RM257 molecules form to polymer network. In this study, we use 632.8 nm HeNe laser to initiate the monomer conversion of RM257. The effects of light intensity, exposure time and temperature of monomer on the rate of polymerization have been studied. The monomer conversion of RM257 is found to have a higher rate when the mesogen in the isotropic phase. On other hand, using a two ¡Vbeen interference pattern, a periodic structure was be produced in the RM257 polymer network. The mesogen has a uniform ordered. To discuss that diacylate effected by holographic light field.

A series of sol-gel based photopolymerizable silica glass for holographic storage have been synthesized via a facile chemical design in an effort to overcome the cracking problem incurred during the irradiation stage. The holographic composite material includes a low molecular weight polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with end-capped hydroxyl groups, an epoxide-containing coupling agent, a photopolymerizable acrylate monomer, and the sol-gel-derived silica matrix. Inclusion of PDMS provides improved compression stress and strain and toughness over the original unmodified samples, without deterioration on the diffraction efficiency (£b). A plateau value of £b ~ 40 % can be found under a beam power of 5.02 mW. Correlation between the molecular weight of acrylate polymer and £b of the holographic composite material is described and the discrepancies analyzed. The premature saturation of polymerization in the holographic system is attributed to the retarded free radical polymerization within the silica matrix. Minor variation of £b with photoinitiator concentration is observed, indicating that only moderate molecular weight is required for a reasonably high £b. The crack-free mechanism is based on the chemical and physical interactions within the material system. We also investigated the pore size and volume effect for optical properties, especially in studies of diffraction efficiency. With mixing rubber additives, the pore characteristics change via measurement of BET technique. The results indicated that moderate pore size made high diffraction efficiency for porous matrix and some characterizations also were presented. On the other hand, the optical application of this recording medium was described via 3D projected fringes profilometry (PFP) measurement. We recorded coded pattern on medium by employing fiber devices as light source. Using endoscope as image-derived tool, we get double-projected fringe images on tiny object. By PFP technique, a performed retrieved image can be achieved.

The study of the first-order diffraction efficiency and the mechanism of formation have been investigated on dye-doped liquid crystals (DDLC) and liquid crystals with azo-dye-doped polymer film. The thesis mainly contains three experimental parts by changing the temperature of sample and the polarizations of writing and probing beams. The first part includes the study of temporal profiles of diffraction efficiency for transient gratings and their temperature and polarization dependence in azo-dye-doped liquid crystals. The dynamics of molecular reorientation of transient gratings can be understood by analyzing the build-up time of the peak efficiency and the relaxation decay of the first-order diffraction. The study of the polarization and temperature dependence allows us to understand the underlying mechanism of laser-induced transient gratings. The second part is concentrated in the diffusion process of photoexcited dye in a planar liquid crystal host. The experiment result reveals that the diffusion coefficient is larger for the molecular director along the grating vector than the perpendicular case and the diffusion will be faster as temperature increases. The third part is focused on the mechanism of formation and the temperature dependence of holographic grating for the liquid crystals with azo-dye-doped polymer film. The temporal profile of the first-order diffraction intensity shows a dip at the temperatures of nematic phase. The dip of the first-order diffraction intensity is temperature dependent and can be explained to be the light scattering due to the photothermal effect. The transient behavior in the dip of transmitted probe beam is also temperature dependent. The surface modulation has been measured by using atomic force microscope (AFM). The depth of surface relief grating of liquid crystals with azo-dye-doped polymer film is deeper than that of azo-dye-doped polymer film and the first-order diffraction efficiency is also larger for the liquid crystals with polymer film.