The author challenges the terminology «legal presumptions» and «judicial presumptions», and rather refers to presumptions established by rules of presumption and to hominis presumptions. He argues that the best way to differentiate between them is by showing the contrast between «it shall be presumed» (syntagm proper to practical reasoning) and «it is presumable» (syntagm proper to theoretical reasoning). The text clarifies the relationship between the so-called hominis presumptions and the factual inferences or evidential inferences, in general. He answers the question of what the «it is presumed» syntagm (proper to the hominis presumptions) brings with respect to the «it is probable» syntagm (proper of all evidentiary inferences). / El autor cuestiona la terminología «presunciones legales» y «presunciones judiciales» y, más bien, se refiere a las presunciones establecidas por normas de presunción y a las presunciones hominis. Defiende que la mejor manera de diferenciar unas de otras es mostrando la distancia que media entre «debe presumirse» (sintagma propio del razonamiento práctico) y «es presumible» (sintagma propio del razonamiento teórico). El texto aclara las relaciones entre las llamadas presunciones hominis y las inferencias fácticas o inferencias probatorias, en general, respondiendo a la pregunta sobre qué aporta el sintagma «es presumible» (propio de las presunciones hominis) frente al sintagma «es probable» (propio de todas las inferencias probatorias).

La nature du lien qui unit les deux aspects du système immunitaire, que sont la défense de l’hôte contre les agressions extérieures et la genèse des maladies auto- immunes, n’a pas été élucidée. L’axe IL-23/Th17 joue un rôle dans les deux versants, ce qui le place en bonne position pour être un potentiel chaînon manquant. Objectif : connaître l’implication de cet axe dans un modèle infectieux, Mycoplasma hominis, et un modèle de maladie auto-immune, la sclérodermie systémique (ScS), dans lesquels il n’a pas encore été étudié. Les lipoprotéines membranaires de M. hominis sont capables d’induire une maturation des cellules dendritiques humaines. Elle s’accompagne d’une sécrétion d’IL-23 variable selon l’origine clinique des isolats, via TLR2, et d’une polarisation vers la voie Th17. Nous avons observé une augmentation de la fréquence des cellules Th17 et Th22 dans le sang périphérique des patients ScS, potentialisée par l’iloprost, via entre autres la production monocytaire d’IL-23. Dans la peau des patients ScS, il existe une augmentation des cellules produisant l’IL-17 inversement corrélé au score de fibrose cutanée. In vitro, l’IL-17 est capable d’inhiber partiellement l’expression d’α-SMA induite par le TGF-ß et d’induire la sécrétion de MMP1 par des fibroblastes dermiques humains. L’axe IL-23/IL-17 et les cellules Th17 jouent un rôle dans la défense contre M. hominis et dans la physiopathologie de la ScS. / Relationship between both aspects of the immune system, ie host defense against external aggression and genesis of autoimmune diseases, has not been elucidated. IL-23/Th17 axis plays a role in both sides, which puts him in a good position to be a potential missing link. Objective: To understand the implication of this axis in a model of infection, Mycoplasma hominis, and a model of autoimmune disease, systemic sclerosis (SSc), in which it has not yet been studied.
The membrane lipoproteins of M. hominis are capable of inducing human dendritic cell maturation. It occurs along with an IL-23 secretion changing with the clinical origin of isolates, via TLR2, and a T cell polarization towards Th17. Then we observed an increase in the Th17 and Th22 cell frequency in peripheral blood of SSc patients, further enhanced by iloprost via monocyte production of IL-23 among others. In the skin of SSc patients, we showed an increase in IL-17-producing cells with an inverse correlation to the skin fibrosis score. In vitro, IL-17 is able to partially inhibit the expression of α-SMA induced by TGF-ß and to induce the secretion of MMP1 in human dermal fibroblasts. The IL-23/IL-17 axis and Th17 cells play a role in defense against M. hominis and in the pathogenesis of SSc.

Doenças neurológicas focais em pacientes com aids podem ser causadas por vários patógenos oportunistas. Dentre estas se inclui a encefalite por Toxoplasma gondii, os linfomas primários do sistema nervoso central causados pelo vírus Epstein-Barr, as encefalites virais (CMV, HSV, VZV) e a leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva (LEMP), causada pelo vírus JC (VJC). O presente estudo teve por objetivos detectar o DNA do vírus JC em amostras de líquido cefalorraquidiano de pacientes com aids e lesões não expansivas de substância branca do SNC, bem como caracterizar esses pacientes com relação ao número de células TCD4+, sexo, idade e ocorrência de outros diagnósticos etiológicos. A detecção do DNA do VJC foi realizada através da técnica de reação em cadeia por polimerase. O protocolo de PCR empregado, anteriormente descrito, utiliza um par de primers complementar à região precoce do vírus JC (antígeno T), resultando em um fragmento de 173 pb. Todas as amostras positivas foram submetidas a etapa posterior de tipagem com enzima de restrição Bam H1, resultando em dois fragmentos menores (120 e 53 pb), característicos do vírus JC. Com o intuito de estimar a sensibilidade da técnica empregada, um controle positivo qüantificável foi padronizado. O fragmento de 173 pb amplificado de uma das amostras de líquor estudadas foi inserido em plasmídio, e o recombinante obtido foi quantificado através de espectrofotometria, titulado e submetido a PCR. Através desta metodologia foi possível estimar que o teste é capaz de detectar a partir de 200 cópias/ µl. A especificidade do teste foi avaliada através da análise de amostras de líquor de pacientes com e sem aids e outros diagnósticos neurológicos, não compatíveis com LEMP. A pesquisa do DNA do vírus JC foi negativa em 119 de 120 amostras testadas, demonstrando uma especificidade de 99,17%. Foram incluídas no estudo 56 amostras de líquor de pacientes com lesão focal não expansiva de substância branca, compatível com LEMP, sendo positiva em 27/56 (48,2%) e negativa em 29/56 (51,8%). Em 23 dos 29 (79,3%) pacientes negativos para o vírus JC foi possível estabelecer um diagnóstico diferencial para os quadros encefalíticos: Toxoplasma gondii (nove casos), complexo cognitivo motor do HIV (CCMHIV) (cinco casos), tuberculose (três casos) e outros diagnósticos (oito casos). Em seis pacientes DNA-VJC negativos não houve um diagnóstico final. A caracterização da população avaliada, dividida em dois grupos, de acordo com o resultado da PCR (DNA-VJC positivo ou DNA-VJC negativo), não demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significante no que diz respeito ao sexo ou idade. No grupo de pacientes DNA-VJC positivos, o número de células TCD4+ foi significativamente mais baixo. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram uma alta prevalência do DNA do VJC (48,2%) nesse grupo de pacientes. Foi possível concluir também que, em pacientes com aids e encefalite focal com lesões não expansivas de substância branca do sistema nervoso central, com PCR negativa para o VJC, é necessária uma investigação diagnóstica mais aprofundada já que a maioria desses casos apresenta outros agentes etiológicos, na maioria das vezes passíveis de tratamento. / Focal neurological diseases in aids patients can be caused by a range of opportunistic pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii, EBV-associated primary CNS lymphomas, viral encephalitis (CMV, HSV, VZV) and JC virus causing the progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). In the present study, we evaluated the detection of JC virus DNA in CSF samples from aids patients with white matter non-expansive lesions of CNS by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and characterize this finding in relation to the number of TCD4+, age, gender, and other etiological diagnosis. The primers used to amplify the T antigen region of JC virus resulted in a fragment of 173 base pairs. Since JC virus harbor a BAM H1 restriction site in this region, digestion of the PCR product with the enzyme resulted in two fragments of 120 and 53 base pairs, characteristic of JC virus. To estimate the sensitivity of the assay, the 173 bp fragment obtained from one of the samples was inserted into a plasmid and the recombinant quantified by spectrophotometry. The sensitivity of the PCR was 200 copies / µL. The specificity of the assay was evaluated in CSF samples from patients with and without aids and other neurological conditions, not suggestive of PML. The PCR resulted negative in 119 of the 120 CSF samples tested showing a specificity of 99,17%. In 56 CSF samples from patients with neurological symptoms and radiological signs of PML, JC virus was detected in 27 (48.2%) by PCR. In 23 of the remaining 29 patients (79.3%) other neurological conditions were diagnosed: T. gondii encephalitis (9 cases), HIV encephalitis (5 cases), tuberculosis (3 cases) and other diagnosis (8 cases). In six patients no neurological disease diagnosis could be established. In the group of patients characterized as JC virus-DNA positive the mean number of TCD4+ was significantly lower as compared to the JC virus-DNA negative patients. No statistical difference was seen in relation to gender or age distribution between the two groups. The results of the present study demonstrated a high prevalence of JC virus DNA (48,2%) in patients with clinical and radiological signs of PML. We concluded that the polymerase chain reaction for JC-virus DNA detection can represent an advance in the diagnosis of PML. aids patients with non-expansive focal lesions of CNS white matter and JC virus-DNA negative by PCR probably have other treatable neurological conditions that must be extensively investigated.

Doenças neurológicas focais em pacientes com aids podem ser causadas por vários patógenos oportunistas. Dentre estas se inclui a encefalite por Toxoplasma gondii, os linfomas primários do sistema nervoso central causados pelo vírus Epstein-Barr, as encefalites virais (CMV, HSV, VZV) e a leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva (LEMP), causada pelo vírus JC (VJC). O presente estudo teve por objetivos detectar o DNA do vírus JC em amostras de líquido cefalorraquidiano de pacientes com aids e lesões não expansivas de substância branca do SNC, bem como caracterizar esses pacientes com relação ao número de células TCD4+, sexo, idade e ocorrência de outros diagnósticos etiológicos. A detecção do DNA do VJC foi realizada através da técnica de reação em cadeia por polimerase. O protocolo de PCR empregado, anteriormente descrito, utiliza um par de primers complementar à região precoce do vírus JC (antígeno T), resultando em um fragmento de 173 pb. Todas as amostras positivas foram submetidas a etapa posterior de tipagem com enzima de restrição Bam H1, resultando em dois fragmentos menores (120 e 53 pb), característicos do vírus JC. Com o intuito de estimar a sensibilidade da técnica empregada, um controle positivo qüantificável foi padronizado. O fragmento de 173 pb amplificado de uma das amostras de líquor estudadas foi inserido em plasmídio, e o recombinante obtido foi quantificado através de espectrofotometria, titulado e submetido a PCR. Através desta metodologia foi possível estimar que o teste é capaz de detectar a partir de 200 cópias/ µl. A especificidade do teste foi avaliada através da análise de amostras de líquor de pacientes com e sem aids e outros diagnósticos neurológicos, não compatíveis com LEMP. A pesquisa do DNA do vírus JC foi negativa em 119 de 120 amostras testadas, demonstrando uma especificidade de 99,17%. Foram incluídas no estudo 56 amostras de líquor de pacientes com lesão focal não expansiva de substância branca, compatível com LEMP, sendo positiva em 27/56 (48,2%) e negativa em 29/56 (51,8%). Em 23 dos 29 (79,3%) pacientes negativos para o vírus JC foi possível estabelecer um diagnóstico diferencial para os quadros encefalíticos: Toxoplasma gondii (nove casos), complexo cognitivo motor do HIV (CCMHIV) (cinco casos), tuberculose (três casos) e outros diagnósticos (oito casos). Em seis pacientes DNA-VJC negativos não houve um diagnóstico final. A caracterização da população avaliada, dividida em dois grupos, de acordo com o resultado da PCR (DNA-VJC positivo ou DNA-VJC negativo), não demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significante no que diz respeito ao sexo ou idade. No grupo de pacientes DNA-VJC positivos, o número de células TCD4+ foi significativamente mais baixo. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram uma alta prevalência do DNA do VJC (48,2%) nesse grupo de pacientes. Foi possível concluir também que, em pacientes com aids e encefalite focal com lesões não expansivas de substância branca do sistema nervoso central, com PCR negativa para o VJC, é necessária uma investigação diagnóstica mais aprofundada já que a maioria desses casos apresenta outros agentes etiológicos, na maioria das vezes passíveis de tratamento. / Focal neurological diseases in aids patients can be caused by a range of opportunistic pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii, EBV-associated primary CNS lymphomas, viral encephalitis (CMV, HSV, VZV) and JC virus causing the progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). In the present study, we evaluated the detection of JC virus DNA in CSF samples from aids patients with white matter non-expansive lesions of CNS by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and characterize this finding in relation to the number of TCD4+, age, gender, and other etiological diagnosis. The primers used to amplify the T antigen region of JC virus resulted in a fragment of 173 base pairs. Since JC virus harbor a BAM H1 restriction site in this region, digestion of the PCR product with the enzyme resulted in two fragments of 120 and 53 base pairs, characteristic of JC virus. To estimate the sensitivity of the assay, the 173 bp fragment obtained from one of the samples was inserted into a plasmid and the recombinant quantified by spectrophotometry. The sensitivity of the PCR was 200 copies / µL. The specificity of the assay was evaluated in CSF samples from patients with and without aids and other neurological conditions, not suggestive of PML. The PCR resulted negative in 119 of the 120 CSF samples tested showing a specificity of 99,17%. In 56 CSF samples from patients with neurological symptoms and radiological signs of PML, JC virus was detected in 27 (48.2%) by PCR. In 23 of the remaining 29 patients (79.3%) other neurological conditions were diagnosed: T. gondii encephalitis (9 cases), HIV encephalitis (5 cases), tuberculosis (3 cases) and other diagnosis (8 cases). In six patients no neurological disease diagnosis could be established. In the group of patients characterized as JC virus-DNA positive the mean number of TCD4+ was significantly lower as compared to the JC virus-DNA negative patients. No statistical difference was seen in relation to gender or age distribution between the two groups. The results of the present study demonstrated a high prevalence of JC virus DNA (48,2%) in patients with clinical and radiological signs of PML. We concluded that the polymerase chain reaction for JC-virus DNA detection can represent an advance in the diagnosis of PML. aids patients with non-expansive focal lesions of CNS white matter and JC virus-DNA negative by PCR probably have other treatable neurological conditions that must be extensively investigated.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:17:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Ione Soares Ferreira Ginuino.pdf: 594140 bytes, checksum: 1524f0a5e00c7f5bb986fa9cebab4c20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-24 / With the objective to determine frequency, age and sex influences, and risk factor associated to Blastocystis hominis in feces of housed dogs and cats from the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 234 fecal samples were collected by convenience from 175 dogs and 59 cats. To the diagnostic of B. hominis in fecal samples, direct examination was used, but ferric-hematoxilin and Gomori s trichrome techniques were used in order to confirm this diagnostic. Width and length of the parasite found in fecal samples varied from 10.07 to 13.80, and 12.66 to 19.93 to dogs and cats respectively. With regards the frequency of B. hominis in housed animals, 23.42 of dogs, and 23.72% of cats were positives, independent of animal sex. Animal s age was the important factor to determine, mainly in dogs, the risk of B. hominis transmission in dwellings. / Com o objetivo de determinar a morfologia, freq??ncia, influ?ncia da idade e sexo, e fatores de risco associados ? Blastocystis hominis nas fezes de c?es e gatos domiciliados na Regi?o Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, foram coletadas amostras fecais por conveni?ncia de 175 c?es e 59 gatos. Para o diagn?stico de B. hominis, foi utilizado o exame direto, e para confirma??o do diagn?stico foram usadas ?s t?cnicas de colora??o da hematoxilina f?rrica e tricr?mio de Gomori. A largura e o comprimento de B. hominis encontrado nas amostras fecais variaram de 10,07 a 13,80μm, e 12,66 a 19,93μm para c?es e gatos respectivamente. Quanto ? freq??ncia de B. hominis nos animais domiciliados, 23,42% dos c?es, e 23,72% dos gatos foram positivos, independente do sexo. A idade dos animais foi um importante fator para determinar, principalmente nos c?es domiciliados, o risco de transmiss?o de B. hominis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:29:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Solimar A de Oliveira.pdf: 1870870 bytes, checksum: 5c7849377c8610cb5cbc8b8d4905a909 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Introduction: The chronic renal insufficiency is in between the transition epidemiologist illness, being able to be affected by the enteric opportunistic parasites for representing a population of immunosuppressed. Catalogued as emergent agents of opportunistic character, protozoan disease is responsible for important morbi-mortality rates, but little recognized on the part of the professionals of health and for the shortage of specialized laboratories in its diagnostics. They are caused mainly by protozoan, as the Blastocystis hominis, Cryptosporidium sp, Isospora belli, Cyclospora cayetanensis, amongst others. Objectives: Mapping world-wide studies through a systematic revision of literature concerned to the detection of these protozoan in hemodialysis patients. And, besides, to identify enteric opportunistic agents in immunosuppressed children with chronic nephropathies who were submitted to hemodialysis and also children patients who don t have chronic nephropathies, in the Clinical Hospital /UFG. Methods: The theoretical part, represented by the systematic revision of literature, was elaborated from standardized forms on the selection of scientific articles available in the Virtual Library in Health. This work, concerning the experimental part, was built in the period of October of 2009 to May of 2011 with analysis of the epidemiologic profiles of the patients and laboratorial detection of opportunistic enteroparasitosis in 229 fecal samples of 26 hemodialysis children (test-group) and of 59 children who haven t chronic nephropathies (control group), from the Hospital of the Clinics of the Federal University of Goiás. For further detection of the oocysts of coccids (Cryptosporidium sp, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Isospora belli), microscopic examination was used direct (fresh).It was also used the methods of Hoffman, Pons and Janer, Ridley or of concentration in formalin 10% - Acetate of Ethyl, Coloration of Kinyoun (hot), and, Ziehl-Neelsen (modified). With regard to the diagnosis of Blastocystis hominis, it was used the microscopic examination direct (fresh) and the technique of Coloration of Nair - Blue of Methylene. Results: In the systematic revision of literature, nine articles had been selected, and from the interpretation on these studies, the presence of enteric opportunistic protozoan in fecal samples of hemodialysis patients was evidenced. In the experimental part, the detection of protozoan for patients, in the test group and in the control group was, respectively, of: Blastocystis hominis in 9 (34,6%) and 13 (22%); Giardia lamblia in 3 (11,5%) and 2 (3,4%); Endolimax nana in 9 (34,6%) and 9 (15,3%); Entamoeba coli in 3 (11,5%) and 2 (3,4%). And still it had been detected only in the test group: Cryptosporidium sp in 1 (3,8%) patient and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar in 3 (11,5%). Regarding the quantitative analysis of fecal samples, it was collected 115 samples of the group of hemodialysis children and 114 samples of the group of children who don t have chronic nephropathies. The results gotten in this comparison had designated the presence of oocysts of intestinal protozoan in the test group and in the control group. Respectively, we have: Blastocystis hominis in 24 (20,87%) and 16 (14,04%) samples; Giardia lamblia in 3 (2,61%) and 2 (1,75%) samples; Endolimax nana 15 (13,4%) and 9 (7,89%) samples. Besides, it had been detected only in the test group: Cryptosporidium sp in 1 (0,87%) sample and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar in 3 (2,61%). With regard to the diarrheal feces analysis, it was detected in test group 1 sample (0,87%), and in the control group, 8 (7.02%). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that such agents are present in our environment, reinforcing isolated infections or associates, between them or ahead of other opportunistic enteric parasites, providing a risk for the population of hemodialysis patient. They still disclose the urgency of an implantation of specialized laboratories with specific detection techniques of these infectum-parasitic agents. / Introdução: A insuficiência renal crônica está entre as doenças de transição epidemiológica, podendo ser afetada pelas parasitoses entérico oportunistas por representar uma população de imunossuprimidos. Catalogadas como agentes emergentes de caráter oportunista, as protozooses são responsáveis por importantes índices de morbi-mortalidade, mas pouco reconhecidas por parte dos profissionais de saúde e pela escassez de laboratórios especializados em seus diagnósticos. São causadas, principalmente, por protozoários como o Blastocystis hominis, Cryptosporidium sp, Isospora belli, Cyclospora cayetanensis, dentre outros. Objetivos: Mapear estudos mundiais mediante revisão sistemática da literatura quanto à detecção destes protozoários em pacientes hemodialisados. Identificar agentes entéricos oportunistas em crianças imunossuprimidas com nefropatias crônicas e submetidas à hemodiálise e em crianças não portadoras de nefropatias crônicas, no Hospital das Clínicas/UFG. Métodos: A parte teórica, representada pela revisão sistemática da literatura, foi elaborada a partir de formulários padronizados para a seleção de artigos científicos existentes na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Este trabalho, no que tange à parte experimental, foi realizado no período de outubro de 2009 a maio de 2011, com análise do perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes e detecção laboratorial de enteroparasitoses oportunistas em 229 amostras fecais de 26 crianças hemodialisadas (grupo teste) e de 59 crianças não portadoras de nefropatias crônicas (grupo controle), procedentes do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Para a detecção dos oocistos de coccídeos (Cryptosporidium sp, Cyclospora cayetanensis e Isospora belli), foram utilizados exames microscópicos diretos a fresco, bem como os métodos de Hoffman, Pons e Janer, Ridley ou de concentração em formalina a 10% Acetato de Etila, Coloração de Kinyoun a quente e ainda, Ziehl-Neelsen modificado. Já para o diagnóstico de Blastocystis hominis, foram utilizados exames microscópicos diretos a fresco e a técnica de Coloração de Nair Azul de Metileno. Resultados: Na revisão sistemática da literatura foram selecionados nove artigos e a partir da interpretação desses estudos foi constatada a presença de protozoários entéricos oportunistas em amostras fecais de pacientes hemodialisados. Na parte experimental, a detecção de protozoários por pacientes, no grupo teste e no grupo controle, foi de: Blastocystis hominis em 9 (34,6%) e 13 (22%); Giardia lamblia em 3 (11,5%) e 2 (3,4%); Endolimax nana em 9 (34,6%) e 9 (15,3%); Entamoeba coli em 3 (11,5%) e 2 (3,4%), respectivamente. Ainda, foram detectados no grupo teste: Cryptosporidium sp em 1 (3,8%) paciente e Entamoeba histolytica/dispar em 3 (11,5%). Quanto à análise quantitativa de amostras fecais, foram coletadas 115 amostras fecais do grupo de crianças hemodialisadas e 114 amostras fecais do grupo de crianças não portadoras de nefropatias crônicas. Os resultados obtidos nessa comparação assinalaram a presença de cistos e oocistos de protozoários intestinais no grupo teste e no grupo controle. Nos referidos grupos teste e controle foram encontrados cistos de Blastocystis hominis em 24 (20,87%) e 16 (14,04%) amostras; Giardia lamblia em 3 (2,61%) e 2 (1,75%) amostras; Endolimax nana 15 (13,4%) e 9 (7,89%) amostras, respectivamente. Além disso, foram detectados no grupo-teste: Cryptosporidium sp em 1 (0,87%) amostra e Entamoeba histolytica/dispar em 3 (2,61%). Em relação à consistência das fezes, foi detectada fezes diarréicas em 1 (0,87%) amostra do grupo-teste e 8 (7,02%) do grupo controle. Conclusão: Estes achados demonstram que tais agentes estão presentes em nosso meio ambiente, potencializando infecções isoladas ou associadas, entre eles ou diante de outros parasitos entéricos oportunistas, proporcionando um risco para a população de hemodialisados. Revelam ainda, a premência de implantação de laboratórios especializados com técnicas específicas de detecção destes agentes infecto-parasitários.

Orientador: Márcia Guimarães da Silva / Banca: Rodrigo Paupéro de Camargo Soares / Banca: Vera Lúcia Mores Rall / Não disponível / Abstract: Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity has been described in term deliveries and its role on the immune modulation is of interest to the better understanding of the underlying labor processes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in the amniotic fluid of term pregnancies and to evaluate its influence on cytokines production at the end of pregnancy. A cross sectional study was conducted with fifty five pregnant women out of labor with intact membranes and gestational age between 37 and 41 weeks seen at the Bom Jesus hospital in Ariquemes, Rondônia, between June 2009 and May 2010. Amniotic fluid samples and fragments of chorioamniotic membranes were collected at cesarean section. M. hominis and U. urealyticum detection was performed by PCR and Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)- levels were determined by ELISA. Chorioamniotic membranes were submitted to histopatological analyses. Presence of M. hominis was detected in 36.4% of amniotic fluid samples and any of them was positive for U. urealyticum. Regarding cytokines levels, 63.6% and 90.9% of samples have not shown detectable concentrations of TNF- and IL-1β. The median concentration of IL-6 and IL-8 were 107.9 pg/mL (0-517.1) and 208.1 pg/mL (0-1897.4), respectively. Interleukin-1, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF- concentrations were not associated with the presence of M. hominis in amniotic fluid, regardless the gestational age. No sample had detectable IL-10 levels. The histopatological analyses have shown no chorioamnionitis in any of the membranes, only a discreet mononuclear infiltration in the decidua could be observed in 40.4% of the samples. Presence of M. hominis was detected in 36.4% of amniotic fluid samples and any of them was positive for U. urealyticum. Regarding cytokines levels, 63.6% and 90.9% of samples have not... (Complete abstact click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:15:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008- Joice Aparecida Rezende Vilela.pdf: 1244449 bytes, checksum: 335f88e6cd41b29936d7ce97d585c143 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Dermatobia hominis, the human botfly, has obligatory parasitic larval forms of the subcutaneous tissue of domestic animals, wildlife and man, causing nodule myiasis. Its importance for the cattle industry is related to the economic damages caused by those larvae. The conventional chemical control has facing some problems such as the accelerated development of resistance and residues in animal products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevention of botfly myiasis through the use of phytotherapic neen and of the moxidectin observing the capacity of interference in the evolution of parasite biology. For later infestation, third instar larvae were collected and kept in BOD at temperature of 27 ? 1?C and 10% R.U for pupation. After 24 to 31 days, emerged adults were placed in cages with Musca domestica and Chrysomya albiceps, used as a vector for oviposition of D. hominis. The vector carrying eggs were captured and placed in BOD. After 4 to 6 days, first instar larvae were maintained in BOD at 19? C, until host infestation. In the experimental lineation was used 12 male cattle free of D. hominis natural infestation. The animals were previously placed in screened stalls in the W.O. NEITZ Research Station at UFRRJ, receiving concentrated feed, grass, and water. The cattle was distributed into three groups with four animals and submitted to the treatments, being a control animal (treated with water pouredon), two animals treated with commercial products A and B of neem oil (Azadirachta indica, 2000 ppm of the active principle Azadirachtin) applied as a pour-on (50 ml for animal), and one animal treated with moxidectin 10% long action injected subcutaneously (1ml/100 kg) in the back of the ear. Each animal was infested with 30 first instar larvae (L1) on days 03, 07, 14, and 21 after treatment. The outbreak of L1 was stimulated by thermal source and larvae were transferred with a fine brush to a shaved region along the bovine back. The infestations were mapped for monitoring every two days to evaluation of efficacy and residual effect of treatments in accordance with the larval survival at different periods of infestation. With the purpose of verify possible collateral effects, were accomplished clinical and laboratorial examinations of the animals, before and 15 days after the treatments. Regarding efficacy, the neem products applied as pour-on had statistical not significant effectiveness for inhibition of larvae development. On the other hand, injectable moxidectin 10% showed 100% efficacy until day 14 and although larvae penetration was not precluded, larvae development was inhibited, but from day 21, did not inhibit the development of the penetrated larvae. The third instar larvae that developed after the treatments were collected and kept in BOD for observation of some biological parameters. It was observed that larvae from all treatments showed regular pupation, emergence of morphologically normal flies and the presence of viable postures. / Dermatobia hominis, a mosca do berne, possui formas larvais parasitas obrigat?rios do tecido subcut?neo de animais dom?sticos, silvestres e do homem, provocando mi?ase nodular. Sua import?ncia na bovinocultura relaciona-se aos preju?zos econ?micos determinados pelas formas evolutivas larvais. No controle qu?mico convencional tem sido observado desenvolvimento acelerado de resist?ncia e res?duos nos produtos animais. Os objetivos do experimento foram avaliar a preven??o da dermatobiose atrav?s do uso do fitoter?pico nim e da moxidectina, observando a capacidade de interfer?ncia na evolu??o da biologia parasit?ria. Para a infesta??o, foram coletadas larvas de terceiro instar, que foram mantidas em estufa B.O.D. ? temperatura de 27 ? 1?C e 70 ? 10% U.R para a pupa??o. Ap?s 24 a 31 dias, os adultos que emergiram foram colocados em gaiolas com Musca domestica e Chrysomya albiceps, vetores para oviposi??o de D. hominis. Os vetores portadores de ovos foram capturados e acondicionados em estufa B.O.D. Ap?s 4 a 6 dias, as larvas de primeiro instar, em eclos?o foram mantidas a 19?C, at? o momento da infesta??o. No delineamento experimental utilizaram-se 12 bovinos machos, livres de infesta??o por D. hominis. Os animais foram estabulados em baias teladas na Esta??o de Pesquisas Parasitol?gicas W.O. NEITZ, da UFRRJ, recebendo ra??o concentrada, capim picado e ?gua ad libitum. Os bovinos foram distribuidos em tr?s grupos com quatro animais e submetidos aos tratamentos, sendo um animal controle (tratado com ?gua aplicada pour-on), dois animais tratados com produtos comerciais A e B ? base de ?leo de nim (Azadirachta indica, concentra??o de 2000 ppm do princ?pio ativo Azadirachtina) em aplica??o pour-on ao longo do dorso dos animais, dose de 50 ml por animal, e um tratado com moxidectina ? 10% Longa A??o, dose de 1ml/100 kg, em inje??o subcut?nea na parte posterior da orelha. Cada animal foi infestado com 30 larvas L1 nos dias 03, 07, 14 e 21 ap?s os tratamentos. A eclos?o das L1 foi estimulada por fonte t?rmica, e as mesmas colocadas com um pincel fino sobre a regi?o tricotomizada ao longo do dorso. As infesta??es foram mapeadas para acompanhamento a cada dois dias para avalia??o da efic?cia e tempo residual dos tratamentos de acordo com a sobreviv?ncia larval nos diferentes per?odos de infesta??o. Com a finalidade de se verificar poss?veis efeitos colaterais foram realizados exames cl?nico e laboratorial dos animais, antes e 15 dias ap?s os tratamentos. N?o foram observados altera??o dos par?metros cl?nico-laboratoriais. Com rela??o ? efic?cia, os produtos do Nim tiveram efic?cia estatisticamente n?o significativa na forma de aplica??o pour-on, na inibi??o do desenvolvimento parasit?rio. A moxidectina ? 10% apresentou efic?cia de 100% at? o 14? dia, n?o impedindo a penetra??o da larva mas a evolu??o parasit?ria, e a partir do 21? dia n?o inibiu o desenvolvimento das larvas penetradas. As larvas L3 que se desenvolveram ap?s os tratamentos, foram coletadas e mantidas em B.O.D para observa??o de alguns par?metros biol?gicos. Constatou-se que as larvas das L3 provenientes de todos tratamentos evoluiram para pupa??o, emerg?ncia de moscas morfologicamente normais e presen?a de posturas vi?veis.

La lechiguana es una enfermedad de los bovinos definida como una paniculitis fibrogranulomatosa proliferativa. Se caracteriza por una tumoración subcutánea de crecimiento rápido, con marcada proliferación de tejido fibroso que puede ocasional la muerte del animal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue confirmar la hipótesis de que la lechiguana es una enfermedad causada por una asociación entre el parasitismo de la Dermatobia hominis y la presencia de Mannheimia granulomatis.

Mycoplasmas conform most closely with the theoretical concept of 'minimum cells', existing as the smallest, free-living organisms capable of self-replication. They survive as parasites of plants, insects, animals or humans, with the most common human colonising species being Mycoplasma hominis. M. hominis has been characterised as a human pathogen responsible for a variety of infections, which pose a significant threat particularly to immunocompromised patients and neonates. However little has been elucidated about the cell physiology and molecular structure of this organism. Of interest to this study were the investigation of the heat shock response of M. hominis and the diagnostic assays used for its detection. The heat shock response is a ubiquitous physiological feature of all organisms and displays unprecedented conservation. This phenomenon is particularly evident in the 70 kDa family of heat shock proteins (hsp70) which exhibits a high degree of homology between different species. The hsp70 gene from M. hominis was cloned and preliminary partial sequencing indicated the similarity with other hsp70 homologs. The regulation of hsp70 expression at the transcriptional and translational levels was investigated. The level of hsp70 mRNA was found to increase correspondingly in response to heat shock, more visibly than the level of hsp70 protein. However imrnunochemical studies of the M. hominis hsp70 translation product demonstrated further the homology with other species. To facilitate rapid diagnosis of M. hominis infections, a PCR ELISA diagnostic assay was developed and optimised. The amplification of a conserved region of the M. hominis 16S rRNA gene was linked to subsequent hybridisation to an appropriate capture probe in a microtiter plate format. The sensitivity of the assay was comparable to other molecular assays although the PCR ELISA produces more rapid results and is less labour intensive. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.