abstract: Sexual and social signals have long been thought to play an important role in speciation and diversity; hence, investigations of intraspecific communication may lead to important insights regarding key processes of evolution. Though we have learned much about the control, function, and evolution of animal communication by studying several very common signal types, investigating rare classes of signals may provide new information about how and why animals communicate. My dissertation research focused on rapid physiological color change, a rare signal-type used by relatively few taxa. To answer longstanding questions about this rare class of signals, I employed novel methods to measure rapid color change signals of male veiled chameleons Chamaeleo calyptratus in real-time as seen by the intended conspecific receivers, as well as the associated behaviors of signalers and receivers. In the context of agonistic male-male interactions, I found that the brightness achieved by individual males and the speed of color change were the best predictors of aggression and fighting ability. Conversely, I found that rapid skin darkening serves as a signal of submission for male chameleons, reducing aggression from winners when displayed by losers. Additionally, my research revealed that the timing of maximum skin brightness and speed of brightening were the best predictors of maximum bite force and circulating testosterone levels, respectively. Together, these results indicated that different aspects of color change can communicate information about contest strategy, physiology, and performance ability. Lastly, when I experimentally manipulated the external appearance of chameleons, I found that "dishonestly" signaling individuals (i.e. those whose behavior did not match their manipulated color) received higher aggression from unpainted opponents. The increased aggression received by dishonest signalers suggests that social costs play an important role in maintaining the honesty of rapid color change signals in veiled chameleons. Though the color change abilities of chameleons have interested humans since the time of Aristotle, little was previously known about the signal content of such changes. Documenting the behavioral contexts and information content of these signals has provided an important first step in understanding the current function, underlying control mechanisms, and evolutionary origins of this rare signal type. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2015

Honest communication between therapists and their clients is an essential part of good psychotherapy. Previous research has examined the impact of dishonesty on the part of the client; however, the topic of therapist dishonesty has remained virtually unexplored. This study examined the prevalence, motivations, and perceived consequences of therapist dishonesty as part of the psychotherapy process. Specifically, the present study asked therapists to report the topics about which they are more and less likely to be less than completely honest with their clients in session and looked for common characteristics among therapists who reported being more frequently dishonest with their clients. Therapists’ reported motivations for and perceived consequences of dishonesty with their clients was also examined. Findings revealed that the vast majority of therapists report having been dishonest with their clients at least once and that therapists are significantly more likely to engage in covert dishonesty than overt dishonesty. Most therapists described using dishonesty in service of their clients’ therapy or wellbeing and with no perceived negative consequences. Novice therapists reported using dishonesty with their clients more frequently than therapists with more years of experience. The use of dishonesty and its relationship to therapist disclosure, clinical tact, and the role of hope in psychotherapy is discussed. Directions for future research, as well as implications for training programs and ethical guidelines put forth by the American Psychological Association, are discussed.

This qualitative study aimed to investigate psychotherapists’ experience of dishonesty in the therapy setting. Therapist dishonesty is broadly defined as “behaviors or words, spoken or withheld, that are meant to deceive or mislead” (Jackson & Farber, 2021, p. 1). Though it is anecdotally acknowledged in the clinical literature, the phenomenon of therapist dishonesty has been empirically under-researched and unexplored, in favor of topics such as client dishonesty and client and therapist self-disclosure. Designed as a follow-up to a quantitative study of 401 participants (Jackson & Farber, 2021), the present study aimed to capture a comprehensive phenomenological understanding of the circumstances, motives, feelings, perceived consequences, guidelines, and attitudes therapists carry about dishonesty in therapy. Further, this study aims to understand the extent to which therapists, in practice, are dishonest, and whether this occurrence is consistent with professional ethics and guidelines regarding dishonesty. Additionally, this study intends to review and synthesize the advice practicing therapists would provide to beginning therapists on handling situations in which they are tempted to refrain from telling the entire truth to patients. Following the methodology of Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR), 20 psychotherapists participated in semi-structured interviews prompting the factors that contribute to honesty and dishonesty in psychotherapy and its perceived impacts and clinical implications. Nine domains and various salient findings emerged from the analysis. Findings revealed that most commonly, dishonesty occurs around personal disclosures to patients, reasons for dishonesty are typically associated with boundary setting to protect therapists’ needs or patients’ feelings, while nearly all therapists would not have handled their dishonest moment differently, many regret this moment, and typically, therapists contend that their honest disclosure have increased, rather than decreased, over the course of their careers. Therapist dishonesty and its association with clinical tact, therapist disclosure, and therapist matching are discussed. Limitations, clinical implications for novice therapists, and future directions are noted. Keywords: Therapist dishonesty, therapist honesty, therapist disclosure, clinical tact, therapist effects

Although honesty is valued in intimate relationships, there has not been significant research on the range and different types of honesty and deception and their impacts on couples. The purpose of this study was to explore and define the role honesty plays in intimate relationships by examining the spectrum of honest and deceptive behaviors as described by participants. The study utilized qualitative methods to examine how romantic partners describe various types of honesty and deception in their relationships and the influence these have. The data was taken from part of a larger project on healthy and unhealthy relationships where semi-structured interviews were conducted from a diverse sample recruited through convenience and theoretical sampling. Constructivist grounded theory methods were used to code, generate, and refine prominent categories from the data. A model was created to describe and display the different motivations and types of honesty and deception. A better understanding of the role honesty plays in a healthy relationship can equip clinicians to recognize deception and help couples strengthen trust and connection. Understanding how honesty and deception are experienced in relationships can also help couples be more aware of how their actions and their partner's actions impact their relationship. Clinical implications from the study include suggestions for systemic therapists to assess for and explore honesty and deception in the motivations, types, and behaviors within intimate relationships. These can be applied in therapy to fortify trust and strengthen couples.

Bakgrund. Forskning har visat att personlighetsdimensionerna Honesty-humility från HEXACO samt Agreeableness från Big Five är viktiga indikatorer på oönskat beteende på arbetsplatsen. Det finns mycket forskning kring Honesty-humility respektive Agreeableness, dock är sambandet mellan dessa två personlighetsdimensioner, så vitt vi vet, sparsamt utforskat. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur sambandet mellan Honesty-humility och Agreeableness ser ut. Material och metod. Enkäten Riks-SOM från 2018 användes för att studera sambandet mellan Honesty-humility och Agreeableness. 3500 personer i åldersspannet 16-85 blev slumpmässigt utvalda ur registret för totalbefolkningen. Multipel regressionsanalys med 5000 bootstrapiterationer användes för att studera sambandet under kontroll för bakgrundsvariabler, med ett underlag om 1635 personer. Resultat och slutsats. Studien visade på ett positivt samband mellan Honesty-humility och Agreeableness även efter att sambandet kontrollerats för ålder, kön och utbildning. / Background. Research has shown that the personality dimensions Honesty-humility from HEXACO and Agreeableness from the Big Five are important indicators of Counterproductive workplace behavior (CWB). There is a lot of research on Honesty-humility and Agreeableness, however, as far as we know the relationship between these two personality dimensions is sparsely explored. The purpose of this study was to research the relationship between Honesty-humility and Agreeableness. Material and method. The Riks-SOM survey from 2018 was used to study the relationship between Honesty-humility and Agreeableness. 3500 people between the ages of 16-85 were randomly selected from the register for the total population. Multiple regression analysis with 5000 bootstrap iterations was used to study the relationship while controlling for background variables, with a sample of 1635 subjects. Result and conclusions. The study showed a positive relationship between Honesty-humility and Agreeableness even after controlling for age, sex, and education.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology / Doris J. Carroll / This study investigated the differences in own behavior and perception of peer behavior among undergraduates among gender, age, race/ethnicity and major. The participants were part of a census of undergraduate students at a Midwestern land grant university. There were 2,759 useable responses to a survey using McCabe’s Academic Integrity Scale. The findings found significant differences between age and gender comparisons. Younger women reported the most behavior in academic dishonesty, and older women reported the lowest behavior in academic dishonesty. The race/ethnicity and major comparisons yielded no differences. Finally, the findings suggest the need for further systematic research on academic dishonesty.

published_or_final_version / Psychology / Master / Master of Philosophy

The purpose of this study was four-fold: the identification of behaviors perceived as academically honest by faculty and six levels of nursing students, to determine differences between faculty and students, to determine differences between graduate and undergraduate students, and to determine differences in consequences proposed by faculty and students.

To date, limited means of accurately measuring the communal organisational public relationships between an organisation and its various publics have been developed. Researchers and practitioners have acknowledged the need for a more accurate measurement tool. Previous analysis of communal relationships has typically been done in an anecdotal or non-quantifiable way. This study explores a new method of quantifying the relationship between an organisation and its publics and identifies the key themes and components that are important to a successful organisation-public relationship (OPR); this method allows organisations to more accurately measure their OPRs, diagnose their strengths and weaknesses and quantify changes in the relationships over time. In so doing, organisations will be able to improve their relationships with their stakeholders and work more effectively to achieve mutually beneficial goals. The study's findings contribute to defining the components that can be used to develop a tool that can be used by the public relations profession to more accurately reflect the status of communal relationships, and, perhaps more importantly, the changes in the status of the relationships over time. Increased objectivity in reflecting the status of the relationships between an organisation and its publics is likely to enable the profession to elevate its perceived status by providing a better service to organisations and their publics. This, in turn, will allow senior management teams to see clearly the value that public relations can provide to maximise the success of the organisation. The data obtained from this research provide insights into the priorities and expectations that external stakeholder groups have of organisations and how these expectations can be grouped into three key areas - how they are treated, the value that the relationships represent to them and how effective the communication is. The results provide practitioners with a valuable insight into ways of improving these OPRs, which in turn could assist organisations in achieving their goals.

To date, limited means of accurately measuring the communal organisational public relationships between an organisation and its various publics have been developed. Researchers and practitioners have acknowledged the need for a more accurate measurement tool. Previous analysis of communal relationships has typically been done in an anecdotal or non-quantifiable way. This study explores a new method of quantifying the relationship between an organisation and its publics and identifies the key themes and components that are important to a successful organisation-public relationship (OPR); this method allows organisations to more accurately measure their OPRs, diagnose their strengths and weaknesses and quantify changes in the relationships over time. In so doing, organisations will be able to improve their relationships with their stakeholders and work more effectively to achieve mutually beneficial goals. The study's findings contribute to defining the components that can be used to develop a tool that can be used by the public relations profession to more accurately reflect the status of communal relationships, and, perhaps more importantly, the changes in the status of the relationships over time. Increased objectivity in reflecting the status of the relationships between an organisation and its publics is likely to enable the profession to elevate its perceived status by providing a better service to organisations and their publics. This, in turn, will allow senior management teams to see clearly the value that public relations can provide to maximise the success of the organisation. The data obtained from this research provide insights into the priorities and expectations that external stakeholder groups have of organisations and how these expectations can be grouped into three key areas - how they are treated, the value that the relationships represent to them and how effective the communication is. The results provide practitioners with a valuable insight into ways of improving these OPRs, which in turn could assist organisations in achieving their goals.