Submitted by Suzana Dias (suzana.dias@famerp.br) on 2018-10-24T19:40:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelPazLandim_dissert.pdf: 2190052 bytes, checksum: 481993ad32fdeb90f77a1b27bf9d7949 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-24T19:40:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelPazLandim_dissert.pdf: 2190052 bytes, checksum: 481993ad32fdeb90f77a1b27bf9d7949 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-05 / The causal relationship between hypertension and the development of target organ damage (TOD) is very well established, but the contribution of absolute blood pressure values to the genesis of TOD has been questioned. This study makes a comparative analysis between the values of Blood Pressure and the triggering of Target Organ Lesions in a hypertensive population, in order to verify the possibility of a dependence between high blood pressure figures and the appearance of lesions. Objective - To relate blood pressure levels obtained by ABPM with the appearance of LVH, stroke, CAD and microalbuminuria in a selected population of hypertensive patients. Casuistic and Methods: One hundred and sixty two patients belonging to the FAMERP hypertension outpatient clinic who met the inclusion criteria were studied, and the occurrence of the outcomes was considered. The minimum period of follow-up was five years and the maximum period was fifteen years. At the end of the data collection, statistical analyzes were sufficient to answer if higher values of arterial pressure were related, or not, to greater number of TOD. We also sought to confirm existence of other related variables, which could contribute positively or negatively to the appearance of the outcomes. Results: Only the increase in left ventricular mass and the occurrence of CAD are significantly related to the abnormal behavior of the arterial pressure and, even then, only to the nocturnal mean higher than the reference for mass increase and the diastolic mean of 24 hour ABPM recorded at the end of the observation period for the CAD. The appearance of outcomes, objective of this study is significantly more related to metabolic factors, comorbidities and/or to epidemiological parameters than to the increase in numerical values of blood pressure. The appearance of microalbuminuria in the multivariate analysis was positively related to DMII (p= 0.0029) and TG (p= 0.003). The same can be observed for stroke (male gender with p= 0.009; HDL= 0.016; PAD= 0.003; microalbuminuria p= 0.003 and LVH at the end of the observation p= 0.029). Diabetes mellitus II was also protagonist in the evolution for LVH, with p= 0.030 in the univariate analysis and p= 0.037 when there was multivariate refining. When studying the onset of CAD, besides the pressure component, we have also recorded age older than or equal to 65 years (p= 0.019 in the univariate comparison and p= 0.002 in the multivariate), HDL-c (p= 0.009 in the univariate and p= 0.004 in the multivariate) and PAD (p= 0.047). Conclusions: Increases in blood pressure levels lato sensu were not accompanied by a corresponding increase in the number of CAD, LVH, stroke or microalbuminuria in the studied population, except non dipper / Introdução: A relação causal entre hipertensão e o desenvolvimento de lesões de órgãos-alvo (LOA) está muito bem estabelecida, mas a contribuição dos valores absolutos da pressão arterial na gênese das LOA tem sido questionada. Este estudo faz uma análise comparativa entre os valores de Pressão Arterial e o desencadeamento de Lesões de Órgão-Alvo em uma população de hipertensos, de maneira a verificar a possibilidade de ter havido entre eles uma dependência entre altas cifras tensionais e o aparecimento de lesões. Objetivos: Relacionar os níveis de pressão arterial obtidos pela monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial M.A.P.A. com o aparecimento de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e microalbuminúria (MICROALB) em uma população selecionada de hipertensos. Casuística e Métodos: Estudamos 162 pacientes pertencentes ao ambulatório de Hipertensão da faculdade de medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP) que obedeceram aos critérios de inclusão e consideramos o aparecimento dos desfechos. O prazo mínimo de acompanhamento foi de cinco anos e o máximo de quinze anos. Ao final da coleta de dados fizemos as análises estatísticas suficientes para responder se valores mais altos de pressão arterial estiveram ou não relacionados com maior número de LOA. Também procuramos a existência de outras variáveis afins que pudessem contribuir positiva ou negativamente para o surgimento dos desfechos. Resultados: O aumento da massa ventricular esquerda e o surgimento de DAC estiveram relacionados significativamente com o comportamento anormal da pressão arterial. A média noturna superior à referência esteve relacionada positivamente com o aumento da massa e a média diastólica da M.A.P.A. de 24 horas registrada ao final do período de observação para a DAC. O surgimento dos desfechos, objetivo deste trabalho, esteve muito mais ligado a fatores metabólicos, co-morbidades e ou a parâmetros epidemiológicos do que ao aumento dos valores numéricos da pressão arterial. Na análise multivariada o surgimento de microalbuminúria relacionou-se positivamente com diabetes melitus tipo II (DMII) com p=0,0029 e triglicerídeos (TG) com valor de p=0,003. O mesmo pôde ser observado para AVC, gênero masculino com p= 0,009; fração HDL colesterol (HDL-c) com p= 0,016; doença arterial periférica (DAP) com valor de p= 0,003; possuir microalbuminúria (p= 0,003) e ter hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) ao término da observação, p= 0,029. DM II também se associou com a evolução para HVE, com p= 0,030 na análise univariada, e p= 0,037 quando houve o refino multivariado. Para o desfecho AVC, HDL-c, microalbuminúria e presença de DAP se associaram a este desfecho. Registramos outros fatores relacionados ao desfecho doença arterial coronariana (DAC), ou seja, idade ≥65 anos (p = 0,019 na comparação univariada e p = 0,004 na multivariada), possuir DAP (p = 0,47) e HDL-c (p = 0,009 na univariada e p = 0,004 na multivariada). Conclusões: O valor das cifras tensionais avaliadas pela M.A.P.A. não se associam a aumento de risco para número de DAC, HVE, AVC ou Microalbuminúria na população estudada, com exceção de descenso noturno incompleto ter se associado ao desenvolvimento de aumento da massa ventricular esquerda e da média diastólica de 24h ter se relacionado positivamente com a evolução para DAC. A fração HDL colesterol (HDL-c) correlaciona-se com a evolução para DAC e AVC. A concomitância de doença arterial periférica (DAP) previa está ligada a DAC e de Microalbuminúria (MICROALB) e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) a AVC. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) relaciona-se a aumento da massa ventricular esquerda (MASS VE) e MICROALB. Os valores de triglicerídeos e de ácido úrico (AU) ligam-se ao desenvolvimento de MICROALB.

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Three years into the human territory, the fight against HIV/AIDS still prevails. According to Fuller (2008), it is estimated that by 2025, 80 million Africans will have been killed by this pandemic, while 90 million are estimated to be infected by HIV. Close to 3 thousand women are infected with HIV daily. In the beginning of 2008, some 22,5 million sub-Saharan Africans were living with HIV (Fuller 2008). In South Africa, 5 million people are estimated to be infected with HIV, 250 thousand die each year due to AIDS-related deaths, while a thousand people die daily and 17 hundred get infected daily. South African women are the hardest hit population group, compared to their male counterparts (Fuller 2008; Zuberi 2004). In South Africa this epidemic crawled under the shadow of denial, fear, ignorance, stigma and discrimination, which disrupted efforts to prevent further spread and care for the infected and the affected individuals and groups. South African women are subjected to gender inequality, sexual violence and rape, and in the presence of HIV/AIDS their plight became exacerbated. They became subjected to blame and rejection because people do not want to associate themselves with this group, who possess the deadly infectious disease which is associated with commercial sex workers, intravenous drug users and homosexuals. The aim of this research was to investigate the plight of anticipated and enacted stigma among the South African women who receive treatment as outpatients in the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital. The study was conducted among six women who are living with HIV/AIDS over a period of four weeks, with a qualitative research design adopted as research method. In-depth interviews were used as the primary tool for data collection. This study was conducted in order for the researcher to obtain insight into the subject of HIV- and AIDS-related stigma and to highlight the experiences of participants for policy and programme designing and development purposes.

Three years into the human territory, the fight against HIV/AIDS still prevails. According to Fuller (2008), it is estimated that by 2025, 80 million Africans will have been killed by this pandemic, while 90 million are estimated to be infected by HIV. Close to 3 thousand women are infected with HIV daily. In the beginning of 2008, some 22,5 million sub-Saharan Africans were living with HIV (Fuller 2008). In South Africa, 5 million people are estimated to be infected with HIV, 250 thousand die each year due to AIDS-related deaths, while a thousand people die daily and 17 hundred get infected daily. South African women are the hardest hit population group, compared to their male counterparts (Fuller 2008; Zuberi 2004). In South Africa this epidemic crawled under the shadow of denial, fear, ignorance, stigma and discrimination, which disrupted efforts to prevent further spread and care for the infected and the affected individuals and groups. South African women are subjected to gender inequality, sexual violence and rape, and in the presence of HIV/AIDS their plight became exacerbated. They became subjected to blame and rejection because people do not want to associate themselves with this group, who possess the deadly infectious disease which is associated with commercial sex workers, intravenous drug users and homosexuals. The aim of this research was to investigate the plight of anticipated and enacted stigma among the South African women who receive treatment as outpatients in the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital. The study was conducted among six women who are living with HIV/AIDS over a period of four weeks, with a qualitative research design adopted as research method. In-depth interviews were used as the primary tool for data collection. This study was conducted in order for the researcher to obtain insight into the subject of HIV- and AIDS-related stigma and to highlight the experiences of participants for policy and programme designing and development purposes.