Distraction is an effective pain management intervention and children’s coping styles are important to consider when designing interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine two movie distractions in children 3 to 11 years old receiving venipunctures and to evaluate the relations between the effectiveness of the interventions and coping styles. Results revealed no interaction and no main effects of condition or coping style. However, coping on caregiver-report of child pain approached significance. T-tests revealed significant differences between approach and avoidance coping styles, with children with an approach coping style experiencing significantly less pain compared to children with an avoidance coping style. Descriptive statistics revealed the presence of a mixed coping style, suggesting that children’s coping styles may be continuous. This study highlights the importance of examining coping styles in the context of pediatric painful medical procedures and the need to further examine the effectiveness of distraction interventions.

A punção venosa periférica representa um procedimento invasivo de alta ocorrência no cotidiano laboral dos profissionais de enfermagem. Este estudo de natureza comparativa, inferencial tem como propósito avaliar o desempenho dos profissionais de enfermagem na execução do procedimento de punção venosa periférica, com vistas a verificar as convergências, e, identificar os fatores de riscos que podem predispor ocorrência de complicações. Um formulário do tipo \"Lista de Verificação\" foi usado para proporcionar a observação estruturada. O grupo em estudo constitui-se de 55 profissionais de enfermagem os quais foram observados executando o procedimento de punção venosa periférica por três vezes e em dias alternados. Utilizou-se a média aritimética dessas observações. Obtivemos como resultados 78% para a mediana de acertos global para todas as categorias; sendo que especificamente, a mediana global para cada categoria correspondeu: 82% enfermeiros, 80% técnicos e 77% auxiliares de enfermagem. Para a comparação entre o número de acertos nas três categorias profissionais foi utilizado o teste estatístico não paramétrico Kruskal-Wallis com nível de significância &#945; = 5%. Nos casos onde houve diferença foi procedido o teste de comparações múltiplas apropriado. Em relação, aos 25 itens do procedimento de punção venosa, 10 apresentaram erros significativos, sendo que 4 destes com diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as categorias profissionais. Concluímos que as atividades educativas e de treinamento profissional periódico, constituem a linha mestra para a formação de uma equipe de enfermagem, crítica e consciente do seu papel na prevenção e controle das complicações associadas aos procedimentos invasivos, dentre eles, a punção venosa periférica. / Peripheral venipuncture is an invasive procedure that frequently occurs in the daily work of nursing professionals. This descriptive and exploratory study aimed at evaluating the performance of nursing professionals during the execution of the peripheral venipuncture procedure with the purpose to verify convergences and identify risk factors that can predispose to the occurrence of complications. In order to evaluate the average number of correct performances in the three professional categories, the KrusKal-Wallis non-parametric statistical test was used with significance level of &#945; = 5%. In the cases where a difference was found, the multiple-comparison tests were carried out. Structured observation was the resource used for data collection. Therefore, a check-list type form was used to guide the respective observation. The sample consisted of 55 nursing professionals who were observed while performing the respective procedure three times every other day. An average of 78% of globally correct performances was found for all the categories. However, the specific global average for each category corresponded to: 82% for nurses, 80% for nursing technicians and 77% for nursing auxiliaries. In relation to the 25 items concerning the venipuncture procedure, 10 presented significant errors and four of them presented p < 0.05. It was concluded that educational activities and periodical professional training constitute the guiding line for the education of a nursing team comprising individuals who are critical and conscious with regard to the role that they play in the prevention and control of complications associated with invasive procedures, among which is peripheral venipuncture.

A punção venosa periférica representa um procedimento invasivo de alta ocorrência no cotidiano laboral dos profissionais de enfermagem. Este estudo de natureza comparativa, inferencial tem como propósito avaliar o desempenho dos profissionais de enfermagem na execução do procedimento de punção venosa periférica, com vistas a verificar as convergências, e, identificar os fatores de riscos que podem predispor ocorrência de complicações. Um formulário do tipo \"Lista de Verificação\" foi usado para proporcionar a observação estruturada. O grupo em estudo constitui-se de 55 profissionais de enfermagem os quais foram observados executando o procedimento de punção venosa periférica por três vezes e em dias alternados. Utilizou-se a média aritimética dessas observações. Obtivemos como resultados 78% para a mediana de acertos global para todas as categorias; sendo que especificamente, a mediana global para cada categoria correspondeu: 82% enfermeiros, 80% técnicos e 77% auxiliares de enfermagem. Para a comparação entre o número de acertos nas três categorias profissionais foi utilizado o teste estatístico não paramétrico Kruskal-Wallis com nível de significância &#945; = 5%. Nos casos onde houve diferença foi procedido o teste de comparações múltiplas apropriado. Em relação, aos 25 itens do procedimento de punção venosa, 10 apresentaram erros significativos, sendo que 4 destes com diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as categorias profissionais. Concluímos que as atividades educativas e de treinamento profissional periódico, constituem a linha mestra para a formação de uma equipe de enfermagem, crítica e consciente do seu papel na prevenção e controle das complicações associadas aos procedimentos invasivos, dentre eles, a punção venosa periférica. / Peripheral venipuncture is an invasive procedure that frequently occurs in the daily work of nursing professionals. This descriptive and exploratory study aimed at evaluating the performance of nursing professionals during the execution of the peripheral venipuncture procedure with the purpose to verify convergences and identify risk factors that can predispose to the occurrence of complications. In order to evaluate the average number of correct performances in the three professional categories, the KrusKal-Wallis non-parametric statistical test was used with significance level of &#945; = 5%. In the cases where a difference was found, the multiple-comparison tests were carried out. Structured observation was the resource used for data collection. Therefore, a check-list type form was used to guide the respective observation. The sample consisted of 55 nursing professionals who were observed while performing the respective procedure three times every other day. An average of 78% of globally correct performances was found for all the categories. However, the specific global average for each category corresponded to: 82% for nurses, 80% for nursing technicians and 77% for nursing auxiliaries. In relation to the 25 items concerning the venipuncture procedure, 10 presented significant errors and four of them presented p < 0.05. It was concluded that educational activities and periodical professional training constitute the guiding line for the education of a nursing team comprising individuals who are critical and conscious with regard to the role that they play in the prevention and control of complications associated with invasive procedures, among which is peripheral venipuncture.

Bakgrund: Det är vanligt att barn upplever smärta och ångest i samband med venösa stick. Virtuell verklighet, VR, kan användas som en distraktionsmetod under omvårdnadsprocedurer för att reducera smärta och ångest. Att få en samlad och ökad kunskap om användning av VR under venösa stick kan bidra till att minska barns lidande under proceduren. Syfte: Att undersöka användandet av VR som distraktion för att minska smärta och ångest hos barn som får venösa stick.  Metod: Artikelsökningar har gjorts i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. I studien inkluderades 10 empiriska kvantitativa artiklar som har kvalitetsgranskats, analyserats och sammanställts. Resultat: VR som distraktionsmetod i samband med venösa stick kan minska barns upplevda smärta och ångest. Av de 10 studierna kunde 8 identifiera en signifikant lägre nivå av upplevd smärta. Även barnens upplevda ångest under proceduren minskade. Konklusion: Oavsett vilken typ av VR som använts eller i vilken vårdmiljö det venösa sticket skett har VR haft positiva effekter för barn mellan 4–18 år. Vidare forskning på ämnet är nödvändigt för att visa hur VR kan användas som distraktionsmetod i praktiken. / Background: It is normal for children to experience pain and anxiety during venipuncture. Virtual Reality, VR can be used to distract children from pain and anxiety during caring procedures. Summarizing these studies and increased knowledge of how VR can be used during venipuncture could help relieve children from the experience of pain and anxiety. Aim: To examine the use of VR as a distraction from pain and anxiety during venipuncture. Methods: The article search was conducted in the databases Cinahl and PubMed. 10 quantitative empirical studies were quality controlled, analysed and compiled. Result: VR as a distraction during venipuncture can relieve children of experienced pain and anxiety. 8 out of 10 studies showed a significant decrease in pain. Children’s experienced anxiety were also significantly decreased. Conclusion: Positive effects for children ages 4-18 can be seen in all studied care environments and with all studied types of VR. More research is needed to show how VR can be used in a practical setting.

Bakgrund: I Sverige besöker mer än 200 000 barn akutmottagningen varje år. Där måste de ofta genomgå smärtsamma diagnostiska och behandlande procedurer. Den främmande miljön leder till att barnen upplever stress, oro och rädsla. Barn och föräldrar är överens om att nålstick och venpunktion är några av de mest stressande och smärtsamma procedurerna i samband med ett sjukhusbesök. För många barn som hamnar på sjukhus är den största rädslan att behöva få en spruta eller uppleva smärta.Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa metoder som lindrar oro och smärta hos barn vid nålstick i samband med sjukhusbesök. Metod: I litteraturstudien har 16 kvantitativa artiklar granskats och analyserats med inspiration av metasyntestänkande och beskrivande synteser har skapats. Sökningar av artiklar gjordes i databaserna Pub Med, CINAHL och Academic Search Elite. Även manuell sökning genomfördes. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier med vardera två underkategorier. Kategorier var: Psykologisk smärtlindring, Lokal smärtlindring och Trygghetsfaktorer. Slutsats: Barns oro och smärta i samband med nålstick kan lindras med olika metoder som är enkla att tillgå och har en låg kostnad. För ett lyckat nålstick är det viktigt att sjuksköterskan individanpassar valet av metod utifrån barnets ålder och utveckling.Nyckelord: Barn, smärta, oro, nålstick, venpunktion, avledning, omvårdnad, litteraturstudie. / Background: Every year more than 200 000 children make a visit to the emergency department in Sweden. Painful procedures are not unusual and the unfamiliar environment cause the children to feel stress, anxiety and fear. Both children and their parents agree that needlestick and venipuncture is one of the most stressful and painful procedures that children need to undergo during a hospital stay. When in hospital, many children’s biggest fear is to feel pain or having an injection. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to illuminate methods that can ease pain and anxiety in children undergoing needlestick during a hospital visit. Method: In this literature review sixteen quantitative articles were complied and analysed, inspired by meta-synthesis and descriptive synthesis were made. The search for articles were conducted in Pub Med, CINAHL and Academic Search Elite. Articles were also searched manually. Result: The analyse resulted in three categories with two sub-categories each. The categories were: Psychological pain relief, Local pain relief and Safety giving factors. Conclusion: The pain and anxiety children experience in association with needlestick can be eased by simple methods at a low cost. For a successful needlestick, the nurse need to choose methods based on the child’s age and mental development.Keywords: Children, pain, anxiety, needlestick, venipuncture, distraction, nursing, literature review.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / This article proposes an algorithm oriented to the detection of the level of blood filling in patients, with detection capacity in millimeters. The objective of the software is to detect the amount of blood stored into the venipuncture tube and avoid coagulation problems due to excess fluid. It also aims to avoid blood levels below that required, depending on the type of analysis to be performed. The algorithm acquires images from a camera positioned in a rectangular structure located within an enclosure, which has its own internal lighting to ensure adequate segmentation of the pixels of the region of interest. The algorithm consists of an image improvement stage based on gamma correction, followed by a segmentation stage of the area of ​​pixels of interest, which is based on thresholding by HSI model, in addition to filtering to accentuate the contrast between the level of filling and staining, and as a penultimate stage, the location of the filling level due to changes in the vertical tonality of the image. Finally, the level of blood contained in the tube is obtained from the detection of the number of pixels that make up the vertical dimension of the tube filling. This number of pixels is then converted to physical dimensions expressed in millimeters. The validation results show an average percentage error of 0.96% by the proposed algorithm. / Revisión por pares

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Que ce soit pour soigner une blessure, faire des examens médicaux, ou pour recevoir des traitements, les enfants subissent plusieurs procédures médicales qui sont associées à des niveaux importants de douleur et de détresse. Plusieurs interventions pharmacologiques et non-pharmacologiques sont utilisées dans les milieux de soins pédiatriques dans un contexte de gestion de la douleur et de la détresse procédurales. Parmi les interventions non-pharmacologiques soutenues empiriquement, la communication dérivée de l’hypnose consiste à utiliser des techniques de communication hypnotique sans induction d’une transe. Bien que la littérature fasse état de l’efficacité des interventions hypnotiques, la majorité des recherches en pédiatrie étudie l’efficacité d’une intervention menée par un spécialiste de l’hypnose accompagnant le soignant qui effectue la procédure. Or, cette façon de faire est très dispendieuse et n’est pas organisable dans les milieux hospitaliers pédiatriques. Il est donc primordial d’élaborer des formations pour ceux qui prodiguent les soins, comme les infirmiers(ères), afin de leur permettre d’utiliser des techniques de communication hypnotique simples dans leur pratique clinique quotidienne. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’élaborer une formation aux techniques de communication dérivées de l’hypnose clinique pour le personnel infirmier pédiatrique afin de réduire la douleur et la détresse de jeunes patients lors de procédures médicales douloureuses et anxiogènes. La présente thèse est composée de trois articles. Les deux premiers articles découlent d’une étude de test de concept et de faisabilité. Le premier article a comme objectifs d’élaborer une formation aux techniques de communication dévirées de l’hypnose pour les infirmiers(ères) pédiatriques, d’évaluer leur maîtrise des compétences de communication hypnotique suite à la formation et d’évaluer leur expérience en ce qui a trait au programme de formation. L’étude de test de concept et de faisabilité pré-post-suivi, réalisée auprès de 6 infirmières pédiatriques et 33 de leurs patients atteints d’un cancer, a montré que, suite à une brève formation, les infirmières maîtrisent les compétences relationnelles et techniques de communication hypnotique et que ces compétences sont maintenues dans le temps. Les résultats ont également révélé que deux infirmières ont augmenté leurs compétences de communication hypnotique de manière plus importante que les autres infirmières. Lors des entretiens individuels, les infirmières ont identifié des composantes positives et négatives de la formation et ont proposé des suggestions d’amélioration. Le second article a comme objectif d’évaluer les effets d’une telle formation aux techniques de communication dérivées de l’hypnose sur la douleur et la détresse procédurales de patients pédiatriques d’une clinique de jour d’Hématologie-Oncologie. Pour l’ensemble de l’échantillon (88 interactions infirmière-patient chez 22 patients), aucune différence significative n’a été observée au niveau de la douleur et la détresse, à l’exception d’une diminution significative de la détresse perçue par le parent en post-formation. En explorant l’hétérogénéité des compétences des infirmières au niveau de la douleur et de la détresse des patients, des améliorations significatives ont été observées suite à la formation pour la douleur auto-rapportée par le patient, la douleur et la détresse perçues par le parent et la douleur observée chez les patients des infirmières avec une maîtrise supérieure des compétences. Bien que ces changements observés au niveau de la douleur et la détresse n’ont pas été maintenus au suivi, ces derniers peuvent être attribués à des changements des compétences chez les infirmières. Finalement, sur la base de cette étude de test de concept et de faisabilité, une nouvelle formation a été élaborée. Le troisième article, découlant d’une étude de développement-raffinement, a comme objectifs d’élaborer une formation manualisée à la communication dérivée de l’hypnose à destination du personnel infirmier pédiatrique, de pré-tester cette formation auprès d’infirmiers(ères) d’oncologie pédiatrique et de raffiner la formation en fonction des suggestions d’amélioration des infirmières. La formation manualisée Rel@x est constituée de deux séances de 4h : une séance sur les aspects relationnels et une autre, présentant une des deux techniques de communication hypnotique proposées, l’« endroit agréable » ou le « gant magique ». Lors du pré-test, cinq infirmières ont pris part à l’ensemble des séances. Les évaluations quantitatives et qualitatives ont révélé que les infirmières ont apprécié la formation. Les infirmières ont proposé des suggestions d’amélioration par rapport au contenu, à la forme et au matériel de la formation, et ces suggestions ont été intégrées à la version finale de la formation. Cette formation Rel@x est maintenant prête à être testée dans une étude pilote. / Whether it is to treat an injury, undergo a medical exam, or receive treatment, children go through many medical procedures that are associated with significant levels of pain and distress. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are used in pediatric care settings in the context of procedural pain and distress management. Among the empirically supported non-pharmacological interventions, hypnosis-derived communication consists of using hypnotic communication techniques without the induction of a trance. Although the literature shows the efficacy of hypnotic interventions, the majority of research in pediatrics studies the efficacy of an intervention conducted by a hypnosis specialist accompanying the healthcare professional performing the procedure. However, this way of doing is very expensive and cannot be organized in pediatric hospital settings. It is therefore essential to develop training for those who provide care, such as nurses, to enable them to use simple hypnotic communication techniques in their daily clinical practice. This thesis's main objective is to develop a training in communication techniques derived from clinical hypnosis for pediatric nursing personnel to reduce young patients' pain and distress during painful and anxiety-provoking medical procedures. This thesis is composed of three articles. The first two articles stem from a test of concept and feasibility study. The first article aims to develop a training in communication techniques derived from hypnosis for pediatric nurses, to evaluate their mastery of hypnotic communication skills following the training, and to evaluate their experience with the training program. The pre-post follow-up test of concept and feasibility study, conducted with 6 pediatric nurses and 33 of their cancer patients, showed that, following brief training, nurses master the relational and technical hypnotic communication skills and that these skills are maintained over time. Results also revealed that two nurses increased their hypnotic communication skills more importantly than the other nurses. In the individual interviews, nurses identified both positive and negative components of the training and offered suggestions for improvement. The second article aims to evaluate the effects of such hypnosis-derived communication training on pediatric patients' procedural pain and distress in a Hematology-Oncology daycare clinic. For the whole sample (88 nurse-patient interactions among 22 patients), no significant differences were observed for pain and distress, except for a significant decrease in distress perceived by the parent in the post-training. When exploring the heterogeneity of nurses' skills in regard to patient pain and distress, significant improvements were observed following the training for patient's self-reported pain, pain and distress perceived by the parent, and observed pain in patients of nurses with a higher skill mastery. Although these observed changes in pain and distress were not maintained at follow-up, they can be attributed to changes in nurses' skills. Finally, on the basis of this test of concept and feasibility study, a new training was developed. The third article, stemming from a development-refinement study, aims to develop a manualized hypnosis-derived communication training for pediatric nurses, pre-test the training with pediatric oncology nurses, and refine the training based on nurses' suggestions for improvement. The manualized Rel@x training consists of two 4-hour sessions: one session on relational aspects and another, presenting one of the two hypnotic communication techniques proposed, the “pleasant place” or the “magic glove”. During the pre-test, five nurses took part in all the sessions. The quantitative and qualitative evaluations revealed that the nurses appreciated the training. Nurses proposed suggestions for improvement in regards to the training’s content, format and materials, and these suggestions were integrated into the final version of the training. This Rel@x training is now ready to be tested in a pilot study.