O acidente vascular cerebral é considerado problema crítico de saúde pública no Brasil, tendo sido, em 2005, a principal causa de morte no país, seguido pela doença coronariana. Esta dissertação integra a etapa 2 do projeto Vigilância Epidemiológica da Doença Cerebrovascular. The WHO STEPwise approach to stroke surveillance aplicado no Distrito de Saúde Escola do Butantã, São Paulo (SP), Brasil. Foram analisadas as taxas de mortalidade e os anos potenciais de vida perdidos em decorrência do acidente vascular cerebral no período de 1997 a 2007 por sexo, faixa etária e acima de 35 anos nos seis distritos administrativos da área de abrangência do Hospital Universitário, totalizando 2 036 óbitos. Utilizou-se também a área técnica de detecção de aglomerados (cluster) por acidente vascular cerebral nos 489 setores censitários. Foram analisados 645 casos de acidente vascular cerebral no período de julho de 2004 a dezembro de 2007, utilizando como covariáveis sexo e faixas etárias acima de 35 anos de idade. Foi proposto e aplicado um questionário a fim de caracterizar os domicílios das pessoas que faleceram de acidente vascular cerebral em 53 domicílios entre julho de 2004 a junho de 2005. As taxas de mortalidade em decorrência do acidente vascular cerebral seguiram as tendências de queda na área de abrangência do Hospital Universitario de 1997 a 2007. A utilização da técnica de detecção de aglomerados (cluster) puramente espacial, puramente temporal e espaço-temporal foi estatisticamente significativa, principalmente para setores censitários dos distritos Raposo Tavares e Rio Pequeno, sendo um importante instrumento de vigilância epidemiológica. Considerando o acidente vascular cerebral uma questão de saúde pública importante, sugere-se incorporar a análise das condições de habitação para identificar as características do ambiente dos pacientes prevalentes para, futuramente, verificar o impacto social da doença. / Stroke is considered a critical public health problem in Brazil, it was in 2005 the main death cause in Brazil followed for coronary disease. This dissertation is part of step 2 project Vigilância Epidemiológica da Doença Cerebrovascular. The WHO STEPwise approach to stroke surveillance aplicado no Distrito de Saúde Escola do Butantã, São Paulo (SP), Brasil. We analyzed the mortality taxes and years of potential life lost for stroke from 1997 to 2007 per gender and age strata above 35 years old in the six districts from Hospital Universitário area, totalizing 2036 deaths. We also used cluster detection technical of stroke inside the 489 census area. We analyzed 645 stroke cases of death from 2004 July to 2007 December using as covariates gender and age strata above 35 years old. We suggested and applied a questionnaire to describe the patientss houses who died from stroke in the area, in 53 patientss houses who died from 2004 July and 2005 June. The mortality taxes of stroke followed the fall tendency in the Hospital Universitário area from 1997 to 2007. The cluster technical use as purely spatial, purely temporal and space time was statistically meaningful specially to some census area of Raposo Tavares and Rio Pequeno districts and it represents a important approach surveillance. Considering stroke as a important public health problem we suggest include the housing conditions analyzes to identify the environment characteristics of prevalent patients to in the future verify the social disease impact.

This thesis examines the potential of housing co-operatives to provide adequate housing for women, focusing on the context of Nairobi, Kenya. The limitations of the current approaches to housing provision in Kenya are discussed, along with their gendered implications. A review of the potential benefits which housing co-operatives provide for women is conducted. As part of this examination, a multi-scalar analysis of the housing co-operative sector in Kenya illuminates the role of gender mainstreaming policies and their role in addressing discrimination and inequality in the housing sector in Kenya. A case study of Rooftops Canada’s gender mainstreaming work in Kenya is used to provide examples of gender mainstreaming work being undertaken in the housing co-operative sector. This case study also provides insight into the role of international donors in gender equality work in Kenya’s housing co-operative sector.

The purpose of this study was to obtain a better understanding of housing conditions of the 108 occupied rural homes in the school district known as Wellman Consolidated Independent School District, which is located in Terry County in West Texas.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第24274号 / 地環博第234号 / 新制||地環||45(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 広英, 准教授 落合 知帆, 教授 西前 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Depuis 2012, les cages doivent permettent aux poules d’exprimer leur répertoire comportemental (directive 1999/74/CE). Des difficultés d’aménagements ralentissent l’appropriation de cette directive par les éleveurs. Le but de cette thèse était d’étudier les effets de l’augmentation de la taille de groupe en cage et de chercher les aménagements de cages les plus efficaces pour enrichir le répertoire comportemental des poules, en préservant les performances zootechniques, l’état de santé des poules et l’hygiène de la cage et des oeufs. Dans nos modèles de cages testés, la taille de 60 poules par cage est préférable à celle de 20 ou 40 poules. Bien que non optimal, un tapis de gazon artificiel est préférable aux autres revêtements testés. L’apport de substrat friable en cages favorise les comportements de picotage, grattage et dans une certaine mesure de bains de poussière. Le son peut être proposé à la place de l’aliment en tant que substrat. Mais certains points restent problématiques. Des panneaux durs à gratter et picoter devraient permettre l’adéquation entre les besoins des poules et les contraintes de l’élevage. / How to set up laying hen cages to enrich hen behavior whilst ensuring zootechnical performance and cage hygiene. A study focusing on group size and solutions to provide pecking and scratching area and nest. As of 2012, cages must enable hens to express their full behavioral repertoire (directive 1999/74/CE). Difficulties in setting up cages tend to hinder adoption of the directive by farmers. The aim of this work was: first, to study the effect of increasing the number of hens per cage ; and second, to find out which cage set-ups were the most efficient for enriching the laying hens’ behavioral repertoire whilst also ensuring zootechnical performance, animal health and egg and cage hygiene. In the cage models we tested, 60-hen cages were found to be preferable to 20- or 40-hen cages. Although not ideal, artificial turf mat was preferable to the other mats tested. The provision of friable substrate in cages improved pecking and scratching behaviors, as well as dustbathing behaviors, but to a lesser extent. Wheat bran can be spread over the cage floors as a friable substrate instead of feed. However, certain issues have not yet been resolved. The installation of hard panels on the floors of the cages to promote scratching and pecking behaviors should ensure an optimal balance between the hens’ needs and farming constraints.

Indoor air quality is a critical determinant of physical and mental health. Despite evidence linking poor indoor air quality to adverse health outcomes, this issue is understudied in the context of First Nations children and youth health and wellbeing. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize indoor air quality, housing conditions, and respiratory health of children living in the Kanesatake First Nation and (2) evaluate the feasibility of using remote community-based participatory methods in the context of First Nations health research. Community-assisted data collection occurred between June 2021 and February 2022 in the Kanesatake First Nation, Quebec. Indoor air data were collected from 31 randomly selected houses. Results showed elevated levels of contaminants, including particulate matter, benzene, toluene, and xylene, compared to the Canadian averages. Houses generally lacked adequate ventilation, and over one-quarter were reported to be in need of major repairs. We developed instruction tools for air sampling and house inspection to facilitate off-site data collection. High rates of participant completion (95%) and low attrition rates (5%) indicated the feasibility of remote community-based participatory research methods. Lessons learnt are summarized and important recommendations are made for adaptation to improve future data collection. This research served as a pilot project for a multi-year, cross-Nation study, as well as the first study to evaluate the indoor air environment in the Kanesatake First Nation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissARCB.pdf: 1227960 bytes, checksum: 5fe6fb05fd0355b102b5b0d3fa329830 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-05 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Identifying the several improper forms of dwelling is fundamental to permit the definition of priorities by the public specialized agencies, as building of new residence demands high investments. For this purpose, it is essential to stimulate a rigorous methodological discussion, with the spread of indicators, components and concepts used in the identification of housing needs. In this sense, the present dissertation intends to discuss the calculation of urban housing needs in Brazil through the study of three housing need indicator systems, two of them developed by Brazilian official agencies - the Fundação João Pinheiro and Fundação SEADE and one developed by an international organization - the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (HABITAT). The general objective of this work is to analyze the three indicator systems in a comparative way aiming a methodological improvement and, the specific objectives are to identify the housing needs evaluated by each one of them and to compare the indicators used based on criteria previously defined. In result, it was possible to confirm that the three methods of calculation identify similar housing needs, however using different indicators. / Captar as várias formas impróprias de morar é fundamental para permitir a definição de prioridades pelos órgãos públicos competentes, visto que a construção de novas moradias demanda altos investimentos. Para tanto, é essencial incentivar um rigoroso debate metodológico, com a divulgação dos indicadores, componentes e conceitos utilizados na identificação das carências habitacionais. Nesse sentido, a presente dissertação procura discutir o método de cálculo das carências habitacionais urbanas no Brasil a partir do estudo de três sistemas de indicadores, dois deles desenvolvidos por órgãos oficiais brasileiros a Fundação João Pinheiro e a Fundação SEADE e um desenvolvido por um organismo internacional a Agência das Nações Unidas para Assentamentos Humanos (HABITAT). O objetivo geral do trabalho é analisar comparativamente os três sistemas de indicadores visando a um aprimoramento metodológico, e os objetivos específicos, identificar as carências avaliadas por cada um deles e comparar os indicadores utilizados, com base em critérios de seleção de indicadores previamente definidos. Como resultados da pesquisa, foi possível confirmar que os três sistemas de indicadores identificam carências habitacionais semelhantes, porém utilizando indicadores diferentes.

Genes and environment interact to determine an individual’s vulnerability or resilience to several psychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Alcohol use is often initiated during adolescence and early onset drinking is associated with increased risk for later AUD. Childhood and adolescence are periods of extensive brain maturation, which makes young individuals more susceptible to environmental influence. However, little is known about early environmental influence on reward pathways and behaviors involved in the development of AUD. Changes in the endogenous opioid and dopamine systems, as well as individual differences in risk behaviors are all believed to play important roles in the increased vulnerability seen after adverse early life events and early onset drinking. The overall aim of the thesis was therefore to investigate the influence of early environmental factors on adolescent alcohol intake, endogenous opioids, dopamine dynamics and alcohol-induced effects in rats to increase our knowledge of neurobiological factors underlying vulnerability to AUD. Furthermore, individual behavioral differences and their correlation to basal and drug-induced neurobiological responses in rats were also investigated. Animal models of different early environments, e.g. maternal separation and social vs. single housing, and adolescent alcohol consumption have been used to study effects on behavior, endogenous opioid peptides and dopamine dynamics. The results identified the amygdala and dorsal striatum as interesting brain regions in which endogenous opioids and dopamine, respectively, are impacted by early environmental factors. The amygdala and the dorsal striatum are both hypothesized to be involved in the shift from initial drug use to compulsive use and changes in these areas may be underlying environmentally increased vulnerability to AUD. Furthermore, behavioral phenotypes in relation to individual neurobiological responses were identified. High risk-taking behavior was associated with a more pronounced response to amphetamine, but the inherent dopamine response was instead associated with risk-assessment behavior. In conclusion, several brain regions of interest for future research were identified. Furthermore, the results contribute to increased understanding of factors involved in the development of vulnerability for AUD in adolescents and young adults.

There are numerous guidelines recommending that captive primates live in complex environments in which they have the opportunity to make choices and the ability to control aspects of the environment, despite the lack of quantitative evidence to suggest these qualities improve welfare. Complexity, choice and control (the ‘Three Cs’) are inter-related and therefore it is complicated to separate their effects. The main aim of this thesis was to examine how the ‘Three Cs’ affect welfare, using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a model. Behavioural measures and preference tests were used to determine the impact and significance of the ‘Three Cs’ on welfare. Experimental manipulations were natural (i.e. access to outside runs), or unnatural (e.g. pressing a button to control additional illumination). In a series of different studies, marmosets were moved to larger and more complex enclosures, were allowed to choose between indoor cages and outdoor complex enclosures and were able to control additional white light or coloured lights in their home enclosures. The results of these studies show that appropriate levels of each of the ‘Three Cs’ had a positive influence on the welfare of the marmosets, especially on youngsters. Although having control over light, and increased illumination itself improved welfare, providing a choice of access to outside runs (which were more complex and allowed the marmosets greater control over their activities) resulted in the greatest welfare improvement for marmosets of all ages. Loss of access, or control, did not appear to have a negative impact. The marmosets were housed in pairs or in family groups, in the different studies. A cross-study comparison shows that the composition of the groups affected the behavioural response of adult marmosets to environmental enrichment. Unexpectedly, it was also found that, when housed in standard laboratory conditions, adult marmosets were more relaxed when housed in pairs than when housed with their offspring. A secondary aim of the thesis was to quantify welfare indicators and activity budgets of common marmosets in a range of different social and physical contexts, and to compare this with the behaviour of wild marmosets, to increase our understanding of what is “normal” in captive situations. It is concluded that it is critical to sub-divide locomotion and inactivity into different levels to interpret these measures accurately. Levels of calm locomotion increased in enriched environments, while levels of relaxed inactivity and scent marking decreased. A number of recommendations for the care and housing of marmosets are made.

No description available.