Bakgrund och problem: Tidigare studier har visat att så lite som 10% av de som påbörjar uppstartsprocessen av företag också lyckas slutföra den. Det innebär att det är väldigt få entreprenörer som lyckas omvandla sin idé till verklighet och därmed starta företaget. Tidigare studier har också visat att en aspekt för att nå framgångsrikt entreprenörskap är att entreprenören har en hög nivå av välutvecklat humankapital. En persons humankapital innehåller de kunskaper och färdigheter som de fått genom sin utbildning och erfarenheter. Uppsatsen undersöker studententreprenörer som har en viss nivå av utbildning men utan några entreprenöriella erfarenheter och påverkan det har på uppstarsprocessen av företag. Det finns endast få tidigare studier vars syfte har varit att undersöka studententreprenörer. Syfte och metod: Syftet med undersökningen är att undersöka betydelsen av studententreprenörers humankapital i förhållande till uppstartsprocessen av företag. Metoden som används i studien är kvalitativa empiriska intervjuer med både studententreprenörer och med personer som arbetar som entreprenörscoacher på organisationer vars mål är att hjälpa, leda och inspirera studenter till att bli entreprenörer. Intervjuerna har varit av semi-strukturell karaktär för att säkerställa att respondenten får utrymme att dela sina erfarenheter. Resultat: Resultatet av den empiriska studien visar att den låga andelen framgångsrika uppstarter främst beror på att många studententreprenörer ger upp så fort de stöter på en motgång i uppstartsprocessen. Uppstartsprocessen har också visat sig vara mindre linjär och kronologisk än tidigare studier påvisat. Istället borde uppstartsprocessen ses som en modell där de olika aktiviteterna omringar entreprenören under hela processen och där entreprenören ständigt utvecklar olika aktiviteter vid olika tidpunkter i uppstartsprocessen. Slutsats: Studiens slutsatser är att utbildningen ger studententreprenörer ökad grundläggande förståelse för olika processer och aktiviteter som uppstartsprocessen består av samt att tidigare erfarenheter hos entreprenören underlättar uppstartsprocessen. / Background and problem: Previous studies have shown that the success-ratio for entrepreneurial startups is as low as 10% which means that very few entrepreneurs succeed to transform their idea to reality and to complete a successful startup of their company. Previous studies have also shown that one aspect for successful entrepreneurship is that the entrepreneur have a high level of well-developed human capital. A person's human capital contains the knowledge and skills they have got through their education and experiences. The paper studies the effect of student entrepreneurs who have a degree of education but without any entrepreneurial experience. There are also very limited previous studies whose purpose is to study student entrepreneurs. Purpose and method: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of student entrepreneurs' human capital in relation to the startup process of companies. The method used in the study is qualitative empirical interviews with both student entrepreneurs and with people working as entrepreneurial coaches at an organization who aims to guide, help and inspire students to become entrepreneurs. The interviews have been of semistructural character to ensure that the respondents experiences are shared. Results: The findings of the empirical study shows that the poor success-rate mainly occurs because the student entrepreneurs give up as soon as they face a setback in the startup process. The startup process itself has been shown to be less linear and chronologic than previous studies has shown. Instead, it should be viewed as a model where the different activities surround the entrepreneur all the time where the entrepreneur constantly develops different activities at different points of the startup process. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is that education contributes with an extended basic knowledge about the different activities that the start-up process contains. Also, previous experience has shown to ease the star-up process.

Master Thesis called Are the development aid and democracy inseparable? aims to find out what impact does development aid have on democracy. The development aid is divided into four groups. Hypotheses are tested on data of 48 of countries from Sub-Saharan Africa in the period starting from the end of the Cold War and ending in 2009. In order to achieve its aim, the study uses regression model of ordinary least squares in combination with moving averages, when in position of dependent variable stands either value of democracy according to Polity IV Project or value of democracy evaluated by Freedom House. In first two chapters is presented theoretical concept of this study, on which this study is based on. In third chapter dependent and independent variables are analyzed including their descriptive characteristics. In the fourth and the fifth chapter the basic model is introduced, estimated results are analyzed and in following sixth chapter the model and results are tested. The estimated results of both models confirm the hypothesis about positive influence of human capital development aid on democracy. On the contrary, both models disprove the hypothesis about positive relationship of institutional aid with democracy and they both find negative influence of institutional development aid on...

Masters of Art / Knowledge Management (KM) has developed over the years into a mainstream organisational necessity to achieve success and organisational effectiveness. The goal of this study is to assess KM and organisational learning within religious organisations especially Pentecostal Churches. This study is based on both qualitative and quantitative research design, employing a case study research method. The study population was the 120 congregational members of Christian Faith Revival Ministries of South Africa, located in Tafelsig, Mitchell’s Plain, Cape Town. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected using questionnaire and Interview. Analysis was done using SPSS and Atlas.ti.

This dissertation contains three essays in microeconomics. Using descriptive analyses andcausal inference techniques, it examines the role that institutions play in determining children’s human capital investments, adults’ wages, and whether older workers are independent contractors. Chapter 1 explores how children’s human capital development is affected by the interactions between automatic grade promotion, tuition reduction, and rainfall. An important feature of rural life is that children participate in farming. One consequence of this fact is that when there is increased demand for agricultural labor children are more likely to be kept out of school, lowering their human capital. When policymakers implement reforms an important consideration should be whether children’s labor supply elasticity can be affected—will increased labor demand result in them being more likely to stay out of school. Estimating these interactive effects is generally difficult because of the need for several sources of exogenous variation. This paper interacts quasi-random rainfall shocks as a shifter to the demand for child labor and two education reforms in India—automatic promotion of children to grade 8, and a large reduction in fees at government-run schools—to examine whether the policy changes interact with the demand for child labor and whether the two policy reforms interact with one another. I find that tuition reduction increases children’s elasticity of labor supply. Higher rainfall reduces test scores, but when tuition is lowered, the effect of rainfall on test scores is more negative. There are also interactive effects between social promotion and tuition elimination. For children with the average level of treatment, tuition reduction increases test scores by 7% of a standard deviation. The effect of tuition reduction is lower for children who receive an additional year of automatic promotion, only 4.7% of a standard deviation. These results demonstrate that there are interactions between child labor and education policy, which can potentially undermine any beneficial impact of reforms. Future work should examine the mechanisms behind these findings, to better understand families’ decision-making in response to changing education policy. Chapter 2 studies how firms share rents with workers, and the role of labor market institutionsin determining which workers receive rents. Firms can decide whether to produce some goods and services in-house or purchase them from the market. Increasingly, they are purchasing from the market—using subcontractors, temp agencies, and other outsourced labor. Low-wage workers’ wages decline when they are outsourced, but little is known about how outsourcing affects remaining workers. If firms are rent sharing, outsourcing might increase remaining workers’ earnings because there are more rents or fewer workers to share them with. This paper measures the impact of occupational layoff (OL) outsourcing, where firms outsource some occupations, on the earnings and separations of workers who remain employed by those firms. Using employer-employee data based on German social security records in a dynamic difference-in-differences design, outsourcing increases remaining workers’ long-run earnings by 6% in a sample of 260 OL outsourcing events. Remainers are also more likely to stay at the outsourcing firm—outsourcing decreases the probability of remainers switching firms by 7.5 percentage points. Higher earnings and fewer separations are consistent with remainers receiving additional rents. Earnings gains are larger for workers in the bottom-half of the within-firm earnings distribution. Outsourcing only increases remainers’ earnings in firms with collective bargaining agreements (CBAs). In firms with CBAs, outsourcing increases remainers’ long-term earnings by 6%. In firms without CBAs, outsourcing lowers shortterm earnings by 3%. The results are consistent with a model of wage setting where outsourcing firms with CBAs need to compensate remainers. When there is no CBA, firms do not compensate remainers and can lower their wages. Analyzing the impact of outsourcing on within-firm and overall wage inequality, a typical outsourcing event in the sample lowers the within-firm Gini index by 2.5% as low-wage workers leave the firm and low-wage remainers are compensated. Using Recentered Influence Functions, increasing the share of workers part of an outsourcing event by 10 percentage points (from a baseline of 11.7%) increases the top of the earnings distribution by approximately 1-1.5%, and the overall Gini index by 1%. Remainers are relatively high-wage, and outsourcing increases their earnings. By not accounting for this effect, prior studies likely underestimate the total impact of outsourcing on earnings inequality in Germany. Chapter 3 studies the role that labor market demand shocks play in no just whether workersare employed, but the types of contracts they are employed in, especially as they age. Independent Contracting is an employment relationship where workers have fewer legal protections relative to traditional employment. At the same time, workers in these contracts are generally hired to provide defined tasks, and cannot be controlled by their employer to the same degree as regular employees. However, little is known about why firms decide to use contractors as opposed to regular employees. In a simple framework with uncertainty and fixed costs, contracting occurs when there is a mismatch between worker and firm type—either the worker or firm can do better in the next period, so they agree to a short-term contract. Under this framework, contracting can be driven by market factors. Negative labor demand shocks have an ambiguous predicted effect on the use of contractors as (1) employees become contractors and (2) contractors become unemployed. Which effect dominates is tested using data on two negative labor demand shocks—the China Shock and the Housing Wealth Shock from the Great Recession. In both instances, negative labor demand reduces the probability that workers are independent contractors, conditional on being employed in a given industry and occupation. From a baseline of 6.9% of 18-65 year olds employed as contractors, moving from the 25th to 75th percentile of the China Shock reduces contractor probability by 0.8 percentage points, while moving from the 25th to 75th percentile of the Housing Wealth Shock reduces the probability that a worker is an independent contractor by 3.75 percentage points. These demonstrate that economic downturns reduce the overall share of contractors, suggesting that contracting is mostly used on the margin as a supplement to regular employer-employee relationships, rather than as a replacement for those relationships.

This dissertation studies the role of occupation-specific human capital in explaining the long-run decline in labor market dynamics observed in the United States for the past four decades. Chapter 1 presents empirical facts on labor market outcomes by required occupation-specific training. This is to provide evidence that (i) required length of occupation-specific training is a proxy for the specificity of human capital to perform the occupation and that (ii) increasing occupation specificity has led to the decline in labor market dynamics. First, I find from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and O*NET that for the past four decades, within occupations, there has been an increase the amount of time needed to become trained in the occupation. I then find from the Survey of Income and Program Participation that the average wage loss experienced by occupation switchers after unemployment increases when their occupation held before unemployment has faced over time an increase in occupation-specific training. I take this as evidence that the observed increase in occupation-specific training over time has made human capital less transferable across occupations. I then proceed to use the Monthly Current Population Survey, combined with the required length of occupation-specific training by occupation from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and O*NET, to do a shift-share decomposition of the decline in labor market outcomes. The decline in the aggregate job separation rate and the increase in unemployment duration is accounted for mostly by the increase in specific training within occupations. Motivated by my empirical analysis, in Chapter 2, I then build a search-and-matching model to learn how the increase in specificity within occupations explains the decline in the aggregate job separation rate. The main ingredients are endogenous job separations and occupation-specific human capital that workers acquire during employment and lose when they switch occupations. My model has two occupation specificity parameters: (i) the average duration of occupation-specific training and (ii) the output gap by which nontrained workers are less productive because they have not yet acquired the occupation-specific capital. To ask my model how much of a decline it predicts in the aggregate job separation rate when occupations become more specific, the occupation specificity parameters in the model are increased to match the increase in occupation specificity in the data. The increase in the average duration of occupation-specific training matches the required length of occupation-specific training from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and O*NET. The increase in the output gap is informed by the estimated increase in the wage penalty faced by occupation switchers (relative to non-occupation switchers) when their previously held occupation requires more occupation-specific training, obtained from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. The model predicts 60% of the decline in the aggregate job separation rate. Chapter 3 relaxes the assumption that occupation switching is exogenous in Chapter 2, endogenizing occupation switching in addition to job separations. The model predicts a greater increase in the average unemployment duration in line with the data. In the model, the longer unemployment spells are due to the unemployed trained workers, whose human capital has become more specific to their previous occupation, choosing not to switch occupations. If they switch occupations, they could quickly end their unemployment spell. This would however come at the cost of larger wage cuts because their human capital has become less transferable to a different occupation. Occupation switchers would also have to earn these lower wages for a longer period of time until they become trained in their new occupation. Hence, despite a low probability of getting reemployed in the same occupation as before, previously trained workers increasingly choose not to switch occupations, which increases the average unemployment duration.

Immigrants in Sweden are often problematized in political and media debates especially in relation to lack of integration into the labor market. This study is based on secondary data analysis on the challenges that highly educated non-EU immigrants face in the process of integration into the Swedish labor market. Previous knowledge on the topic was found at the Malmö and Lund University Libraries and their databases. The aim of this study is to identify the challenges for non-EU immigrants to integrate into Swedish labor market, and to find out if the jobs they get is compatible to their academic qualifications obtained from their home countries. Also, it is to identify measures taken by the government to facilitate immigrants’ access to the labor market. The theories I used in this study are integration, human capital, and discrimination. The findings revealed that, poor knowledge of the Swedish language, lack of social network, discrimination and lack of recognition of immigrant’s educational qualifications were the main obstacles faced by highly educated immigrants from integrating into the labor market. Also, the findings reveal that the job positions of the highly educated immigrants in the Swedish labor market were lower than the educational qualifications they have from their countries of origin. In addition, the government had identified some of these challenges and have discussed plans for possible policy development to tackle these challenges.

Se analizan los efectos de los determinantes de la remuneración laboral en el Perú durante los años 2014 al 2017. Para ello, se enfoca esta relación desde la perspectiva del capital humano. De acuerdo a estudios previos, la educación presenta efectos heterogéneos que dependen tanto de las características del individuo, así como su contexto; dicha relación suele ser modelada con una ecuación tipo Mincer (1974), la misma que será empleada para efectos de la presente investigación, aplicada al caso peruano. Los datos son obtenidos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) y se recurre a un modelo de regresión de Efectos Fijos. Se encontró que, en el Perú, la educación puede tener un efecto heterogéneo sobre la remuneración laboral dependiendo en que sector económico se desempeñe el individuo (ceteris paribus): para un individuo que pasa de no tener nivel educativo a tener educación técnica completa se espera que este efecto sea de, aproximadamente, 97% si labora en el sector agropecuario-pesquero; alrededor de 177% si se desempeña en el sector manufacturas y 116% en el sector servicios. Este resultado apoya la idea de que el sector económico en el que desempeña el individuo es una fuente de heterogeneidad para los efectos de la educación sobre la remuneración laboral. / The effects of the determinants of salary in Peru are analyzed for the period 2014 – 2017. In this sense, this relationship is approached from the perspective of human capital. According to previous studies, education presents heterogeneous effects that depend both on the characteristics of the individual as well as their context. This relationship is usually modeled with an equation developed by Mincer (1974), the same one that will be used for the purposes of this investigation applied to the Peruvian case. The data employed in the econometric analysis was obtained from the National Household Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Hogares in spanish) and a regression model of Fixed Effects is used. It was found that, in Peru, education can have a heterogeneous effect on labor remuneration depending on which economic sector the individual performs (ceteris paribus): for an individual who goes from not having an educational level to having a complete technical education, the expected effect should be approximately 97% if he or she works in the agricultural-fishing sector, around 177% if he or she works in the manufacturing sector and around 116% if he or she works in the service sector. This result supports the idea that the economic sector in which the individual works is a source of heterogeneity for the effects of education on labor remuneration. / Trabajo de investigación

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This thesis investigates how refugees experience their participation in civil society organizations and how such participation affects their social integration. Focusing on the experiences of refugees from a community center in Denmark, this qualitative study explores what resources refugees gain from civil society activities and whether these gains affect their social relationships within the host society. Data collected via seven semi-structured interviews and observations is analyzed using the concepts of social capital, human capital and social integration. The findings demonstrate that resources gained through civil society participation pave the way for socialization opportunities between refugees and communities in the host society, thus, enhance social integration. Social resources such as social networks, mental support and civic values, as well as human capital gains in the form of language skills and information foster refugees’ social integration. The study demonstrates that social capital, human capital and social integration are interconnected, as social and human capital affect each other’s accumulation and eventually contribute to social integration. Another significant finding is that refugees think integration needs to be a mutual process between newcomers and the native population. The study further indicates the importance refugees attach to language as an essential tool for social integration.

El presente documento está dirigido a investigar la eficiencia del gasto público enfocado al capital humano, comparando los resultados entre departamentos, y observar cuál es el impacto que tiene el gasto en el crecimiento interregional, realizando un análisis de datos de panel para los 24 departamentos del Perú, incluyendo a la Provincia Constitucional del Callao, en el período del 2009 al 2018. Al estimar la frontera de eficiencia, se empleará como insumo los recursos monetarios y como resultado se incorporarán índices respecto de los sectores de educación y salud. Los resultados eficientes en los sectores mencionados parecen agruparse en una cantidad reducida de regiones, lo cual permite observar qué regiones necesitan intervención por parte del gobierno para conseguir en el largo plazo un efecto eficiente respecto del gasto que se otorga al capital humano. / This document is intended to investigate the efficiency of public spending focused on human capital, comparing results between departments, and observe what is the impact of spending on interregional growth, analyzing panel data for the 24 departments of Peru, including the Constitutional Province of Callao, in the period from 2009 to 2018. When estimating the efficiency frontier, monetary resources will be used as an input and as a result, education and health indices will be incorporated. Efficient results in the sectors mentioned seem to cluster in a small number of regions, which allows us to observe what regions need intervention by the government to achieve in the long run an efficient effect in respect of expenditure which is focused to human capital. / Trabajo de investigación