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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Avaliação da penetração cutânea de nanocápsulas de isotretinoína por tape stripping in vitro em pele humana e suína / Assessment of cutaneous penetration of isotretinoin-loaded nanocapsules by tape stripping in vitro in human and pig skin

Bettoni, Clarissa Cassini January 2009 (has links)
Objetivos: objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar a penetração cutânea da isotretinoína nanoencapsulada e livre utilizando técnicas de microdiálise e tape stripping in vitro. Métodos: A viabilidade da utilização da técnica de microdiálise para avaliar o perfil farmacocinético da isotretinoína após aplicação tópica foi investigada através da determinação da recuperação relativa (RR) in vitro por diálise e retrodiálise. A influência da concentração, do fluxo de perfusão e a ligação do fármaco à tubulação das sondas de microdiálise foram investigadas. A metodologia analítica para quantificação do fármaco em microdialisado foi validada. Em seguida, as penetrações cutâneas da isotretinoína livre e nanoencapsulada incorporada em géis hidrofílicos foram comparadas através da técnica de tape stripping in vitro em células de difusão de Franz utilizando pele humana e pele de porco. Para garantir a integridade das formulações, a estabilidade físico-química das mesmas foi avaliada. Os resultados de penetração cutânea foram comparados com os resultados in vivo obtidos em trabalho prévio do grupo de pesquisa. Resultados e Conclusões: Um método analítico simples e rápido para a determinação de isotretinoína em microdialisado foi validado de acordo com o FDA. A RR mostrou-se concentração independente e observou-se que há diferenças significativas entre as RR avaliadas pelos dois métodos utilizados, sendo a recuperação por retrodiálise 2,7 a 3,5 vezes superior que a obtida por diálise para os fluxos investigados. O fármaco aderiu às tubulações da sonda de microdiálise devido à sua lipofilicidade. Os hidrogéis de isotretinoína apresentaram estabilidade durante 2 meses de estocagem à 4 °C. Os experimentos de tape stripping in vitro mostraram que a isotretinoína não foi encontrada no compartimento receptor após 8 h, para ambas as formulações. A nanoencapsulação aumentou a penetração e prolongou a liberação da isotretinoína no estrato córneo de ambas as peles. A penetração cutânea em ambas as peles mostrou proporções similares para as duas formulações embora diferentes quantidades de fármaco tenham sido detectadas no estrato córneo. A pele de porco, mais permeável que a pele humana, é apropriada para prever a penetração cutânea da isotretinoína no estrato córneo humano in vitro (R = 0,79). O método in vitro não foi capaz de prever a penetração cutânea da isotretinoína in vivo. / Objectives: The aim of the present work was to assess the cutaneous penetration of isotretinoin free and loaded into polymeric nanocapsules using microdialysis and tape stripping in vitro. Methods: The feasibility of using microdialysis to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of isotretinoin after topical application was investigated through assessment of relative recovery (RR) in vitro by dialysis and retrodialysis. The influence of isotretinoin concentration, perfusion flow rate and drug binding to the probes were determined. The analytical method for quantification of microdialysate samples was validated. Furthermore the cutaneous penetration of isotretinoin free and loaded nanocapsules incorporated in hydrogel formulations were compared by tape stripping in vitro using Franz-type diffusion cells with excised human and pig skin. In order to ensure the integrity of the formulations used in this study, the chemical and physical stabilities were evaluated. The results of cutaneous penetration were compared with the results of tape stripping in vivo acquired in a previous study of our group. Results and Conclusions: A simple and rapid analytical method for quantification of isotretinoin in microdialysate samples was validated according to FDA. RR was concentration independent but method dependent under the conditions investigated being the retrodialysis recovery 3.5 to 2.7 times higher than the dialysis. Isotretinoin bound to the microdialysis tubing due to its high lipophilicity. The hydrogels showed storage stability for 2 months at 4 °C. In vitro tape stripping in human and pig skin showed that no isotretinoin reaches the receptor compartment for both formulations up to 8 h. Nanoencapsulation increased isotretinoin skin penetration for both stratum cornea and prolonged drug release. Similar proportion of cutaneous penetration for human and pig skin were observed although different amounts of drug were detected at the stratum corneum of both skin specimens. Pig skin, more permeable than human skin, is suitable for predicting cutaneous penetration of isotretinoin in humans in vitro (R = 0.79). The in vitro experiments were not suitable to reflect the in vivo results for percutaneous penetration of isotretinoin.
42

Avaliação da penetração cutânea de nanocápsulas de isotretinoína por tape stripping in vitro em pele humana e suína / Assessment of cutaneous penetration of isotretinoin-loaded nanocapsules by tape stripping in vitro in human and pig skin

Bettoni, Clarissa Cassini January 2009 (has links)
Objetivos: objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar a penetração cutânea da isotretinoína nanoencapsulada e livre utilizando técnicas de microdiálise e tape stripping in vitro. Métodos: A viabilidade da utilização da técnica de microdiálise para avaliar o perfil farmacocinético da isotretinoína após aplicação tópica foi investigada através da determinação da recuperação relativa (RR) in vitro por diálise e retrodiálise. A influência da concentração, do fluxo de perfusão e a ligação do fármaco à tubulação das sondas de microdiálise foram investigadas. A metodologia analítica para quantificação do fármaco em microdialisado foi validada. Em seguida, as penetrações cutâneas da isotretinoína livre e nanoencapsulada incorporada em géis hidrofílicos foram comparadas através da técnica de tape stripping in vitro em células de difusão de Franz utilizando pele humana e pele de porco. Para garantir a integridade das formulações, a estabilidade físico-química das mesmas foi avaliada. Os resultados de penetração cutânea foram comparados com os resultados in vivo obtidos em trabalho prévio do grupo de pesquisa. Resultados e Conclusões: Um método analítico simples e rápido para a determinação de isotretinoína em microdialisado foi validado de acordo com o FDA. A RR mostrou-se concentração independente e observou-se que há diferenças significativas entre as RR avaliadas pelos dois métodos utilizados, sendo a recuperação por retrodiálise 2,7 a 3,5 vezes superior que a obtida por diálise para os fluxos investigados. O fármaco aderiu às tubulações da sonda de microdiálise devido à sua lipofilicidade. Os hidrogéis de isotretinoína apresentaram estabilidade durante 2 meses de estocagem à 4 °C. Os experimentos de tape stripping in vitro mostraram que a isotretinoína não foi encontrada no compartimento receptor após 8 h, para ambas as formulações. A nanoencapsulação aumentou a penetração e prolongou a liberação da isotretinoína no estrato córneo de ambas as peles. A penetração cutânea em ambas as peles mostrou proporções similares para as duas formulações embora diferentes quantidades de fármaco tenham sido detectadas no estrato córneo. A pele de porco, mais permeável que a pele humana, é apropriada para prever a penetração cutânea da isotretinoína no estrato córneo humano in vitro (R = 0,79). O método in vitro não foi capaz de prever a penetração cutânea da isotretinoína in vivo. / Objectives: The aim of the present work was to assess the cutaneous penetration of isotretinoin free and loaded into polymeric nanocapsules using microdialysis and tape stripping in vitro. Methods: The feasibility of using microdialysis to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of isotretinoin after topical application was investigated through assessment of relative recovery (RR) in vitro by dialysis and retrodialysis. The influence of isotretinoin concentration, perfusion flow rate and drug binding to the probes were determined. The analytical method for quantification of microdialysate samples was validated. Furthermore the cutaneous penetration of isotretinoin free and loaded nanocapsules incorporated in hydrogel formulations were compared by tape stripping in vitro using Franz-type diffusion cells with excised human and pig skin. In order to ensure the integrity of the formulations used in this study, the chemical and physical stabilities were evaluated. The results of cutaneous penetration were compared with the results of tape stripping in vivo acquired in a previous study of our group. Results and Conclusions: A simple and rapid analytical method for quantification of isotretinoin in microdialysate samples was validated according to FDA. RR was concentration independent but method dependent under the conditions investigated being the retrodialysis recovery 3.5 to 2.7 times higher than the dialysis. Isotretinoin bound to the microdialysis tubing due to its high lipophilicity. The hydrogels showed storage stability for 2 months at 4 °C. In vitro tape stripping in human and pig skin showed that no isotretinoin reaches the receptor compartment for both formulations up to 8 h. Nanoencapsulation increased isotretinoin skin penetration for both stratum cornea and prolonged drug release. Similar proportion of cutaneous penetration for human and pig skin were observed although different amounts of drug were detected at the stratum corneum of both skin specimens. Pig skin, more permeable than human skin, is suitable for predicting cutaneous penetration of isotretinoin in humans in vitro (R = 0.79). The in vitro experiments were not suitable to reflect the in vivo results for percutaneous penetration of isotretinoin.
43

Avaliação da penetração cutânea de nanocápsulas de isotretinoína por tape stripping in vitro em pele humana e suína / Assessment of cutaneous penetration of isotretinoin-loaded nanocapsules by tape stripping in vitro in human and pig skin

Bettoni, Clarissa Cassini January 2009 (has links)
Objetivos: objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar a penetração cutânea da isotretinoína nanoencapsulada e livre utilizando técnicas de microdiálise e tape stripping in vitro. Métodos: A viabilidade da utilização da técnica de microdiálise para avaliar o perfil farmacocinético da isotretinoína após aplicação tópica foi investigada através da determinação da recuperação relativa (RR) in vitro por diálise e retrodiálise. A influência da concentração, do fluxo de perfusão e a ligação do fármaco à tubulação das sondas de microdiálise foram investigadas. A metodologia analítica para quantificação do fármaco em microdialisado foi validada. Em seguida, as penetrações cutâneas da isotretinoína livre e nanoencapsulada incorporada em géis hidrofílicos foram comparadas através da técnica de tape stripping in vitro em células de difusão de Franz utilizando pele humana e pele de porco. Para garantir a integridade das formulações, a estabilidade físico-química das mesmas foi avaliada. Os resultados de penetração cutânea foram comparados com os resultados in vivo obtidos em trabalho prévio do grupo de pesquisa. Resultados e Conclusões: Um método analítico simples e rápido para a determinação de isotretinoína em microdialisado foi validado de acordo com o FDA. A RR mostrou-se concentração independente e observou-se que há diferenças significativas entre as RR avaliadas pelos dois métodos utilizados, sendo a recuperação por retrodiálise 2,7 a 3,5 vezes superior que a obtida por diálise para os fluxos investigados. O fármaco aderiu às tubulações da sonda de microdiálise devido à sua lipofilicidade. Os hidrogéis de isotretinoína apresentaram estabilidade durante 2 meses de estocagem à 4 °C. Os experimentos de tape stripping in vitro mostraram que a isotretinoína não foi encontrada no compartimento receptor após 8 h, para ambas as formulações. A nanoencapsulação aumentou a penetração e prolongou a liberação da isotretinoína no estrato córneo de ambas as peles. A penetração cutânea em ambas as peles mostrou proporções similares para as duas formulações embora diferentes quantidades de fármaco tenham sido detectadas no estrato córneo. A pele de porco, mais permeável que a pele humana, é apropriada para prever a penetração cutânea da isotretinoína no estrato córneo humano in vitro (R = 0,79). O método in vitro não foi capaz de prever a penetração cutânea da isotretinoína in vivo. / Objectives: The aim of the present work was to assess the cutaneous penetration of isotretinoin free and loaded into polymeric nanocapsules using microdialysis and tape stripping in vitro. Methods: The feasibility of using microdialysis to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of isotretinoin after topical application was investigated through assessment of relative recovery (RR) in vitro by dialysis and retrodialysis. The influence of isotretinoin concentration, perfusion flow rate and drug binding to the probes were determined. The analytical method for quantification of microdialysate samples was validated. Furthermore the cutaneous penetration of isotretinoin free and loaded nanocapsules incorporated in hydrogel formulations were compared by tape stripping in vitro using Franz-type diffusion cells with excised human and pig skin. In order to ensure the integrity of the formulations used in this study, the chemical and physical stabilities were evaluated. The results of cutaneous penetration were compared with the results of tape stripping in vivo acquired in a previous study of our group. Results and Conclusions: A simple and rapid analytical method for quantification of isotretinoin in microdialysate samples was validated according to FDA. RR was concentration independent but method dependent under the conditions investigated being the retrodialysis recovery 3.5 to 2.7 times higher than the dialysis. Isotretinoin bound to the microdialysis tubing due to its high lipophilicity. The hydrogels showed storage stability for 2 months at 4 °C. In vitro tape stripping in human and pig skin showed that no isotretinoin reaches the receptor compartment for both formulations up to 8 h. Nanoencapsulation increased isotretinoin skin penetration for both stratum cornea and prolonged drug release. Similar proportion of cutaneous penetration for human and pig skin were observed although different amounts of drug were detected at the stratum corneum of both skin specimens. Pig skin, more permeable than human skin, is suitable for predicting cutaneous penetration of isotretinoin in humans in vitro (R = 0.79). The in vitro experiments were not suitable to reflect the in vivo results for percutaneous penetration of isotretinoin.
44

Desenvolvimento e aplicação de modelo de pele humana reconstruída in vitro para estudos de citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade

Sousa, Leilane Bentes, 92-98180-5246 27 February 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-09-14T12:25:10Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DissertaçãoParcial_Leilane Sousa (Pré-Textuais, Rev. Lit e Objetivos).pdf: 1252437 bytes, checksum: d055c176d626e63f0a9ad128366526d6 (MD5) Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-09-14T12:25:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DissertaçãoParcial_Leilane Sousa (Pré-Textuais, Rev. Lit e Objetivos).pdf: 1252437 bytes, checksum: d055c176d626e63f0a9ad128366526d6 (MD5) Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-14T12:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DissertaçãoParcial_Leilane Sousa (Pré-Textuais, Rev. Lit e Objetivos).pdf: 1252437 bytes, checksum: d055c176d626e63f0a9ad128366526d6 (MD5) Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Alternative methods are being developed to reduce, refine, and replace (3Rs) animals used in experiments and have been applied to test the safety of cosmetics and medicines. It is important to consider the difficulties that Brazil faces with customs and perishability issues that hinder and even prevent the use of commercially available reconstructed human skin models. The aim of this work was to develop a reconstructed human skin model (PHR-UFAM) and test its applicability for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays. For this, skins were generated using permanent human keratinocytes and fibroblasts (embedded in collagen) cells. The quality control was performed by morphological and immunohistochemical analyses, viability by MTT test with negative control, and barrier function test. The applicability for genotoxicity assays was evaluated by micronucleus test, neutral and alkaline comet, and modified comet for detection of DNA methylation sites with positive controls of each test defined by OECD and literature. The best condition tested allowed the development of a reconstructed human skin (PHR-UFAM) with epidermis presenting expression of immunohistochemical markers: epithelial (cytokeratins) and dermal (vimentin). The model followed quality parameters (histology, viability, and barrier function) and presented morphological similarity with models recognized and validated by OECD. The applicability of skin model for genotoxicity assays demonstrated the effectiveness of the positive controls: Mitomycin C that was able to increase significantly the micronucleus frequency when tested at concentrations of 1,5 e 3 μg/mL (3.03% and 3.51%, respectively); Ethylmethanesulfonate caused damage to the DNA when tested at concentrations of 5 e 10 μM by comet assay in both alkaline (damage index values of 59.3 and 103.7, respectively) and neutral (damage index of 40.7 and 125, respectively) versions; and 5-azacytidine in the modified comet assay for methylation detection, tested at concentrations of 0.5, 1 e 1.5 μM showed reduced damage indexes (107.5, 83.1, and 89.3, respectively). The results were similar to skin models validated by OECD and literature. Thus, with this work it was possible to develop a reconstructed human skin model composed entirely of permanent cells. However, further validation studies are required to prove its effectiveness for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests of substances with therapeutic or cosmetic potential. / O desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos in vitro baseia-se no refinamento, redução e substituição ao uso de animais em experimentação e têm sido desenvolvidos para testar a segurança de cosméticos e medicamentos. É importante considerar as dificuldades que o Brasil enfrenta com questões alfandegárias e de perecibilidade que dificultam e até mesmo impedem a utilização de modelos de pele humana reconstruída disponíveis comercialmente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo de pele humana reconstruída (PHR-UFAM) in vitro utilizando células de cultura permanente e testar suas aplicabilidades para ensaios de citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade. Para isso, as peles foram geradas utilizando queratinócitos e fibroblastos (embebidos em colágeno) humanos permanentes. O controle de qualidade das peles foi feito por análise morfológica e imunohistoquímica, a viabilidade pelo teste do MTT com o controle negativo e teste de função barreira. A aplicabilidade para ensaios de genotocixidade foi avaliada pelo teste do micronúcleo, cometa em pH alcalino e neutro e cometa modificado para detecção de sítios de metilação no DNA com os controles positivos de cada teste definidos pela OECD e pela literatura. A melhor condição testada permitiu o desenvolvimento de uma pele humana reconstruída (PHR-UFAM) com uma camada epidérmica apresentando expressão de marcadores imunohistoquímicos epiteliais (citoqueratinas) e dérmico (vimentina). O modelo atendeu aos parâmetros de qualidade (histologia, viabilidade e função barreira) e apresentou semelhança morfológica com os modelos reconhecidos e validados pela OECD. A aplicabilidade para ensaios de genotoxicidade evidenciou efetividade dos controles positivos: Mitomicina C, que foi capaz de aumentar significativamente a frequência de micronúcleos em 3,03% e 3,51% nas concentrações de 1,5 e 3 μg/mL; Etilmetanossulfonato, que causou dano ao DNA no modelo de pele quando testado nas concentrações de 5 e 10 μM, avaliado pelo ensaio do cometa tanto na versão alcalina (índices de dano iguais a 59,3 e 103,7, respectivamente) quanto na neutra (índices de dano iguais a 40,7 e 125, respectivamente); e 5-azacitidina no ensaio do cometa modificado para detecção de metilação no DNA testada nas concentrações 0,5, 1 e 1,5 μM, que apresentou índices de dano reduzidos iguais a 107,5, 83,1 e 89,3, respectivamente, no modelo de pele PHR-UFAM. Os resultados foram comparados com o controle não tratado. Diante do exposto, com este trabalho foi possível desenvolver um modelo de pele humana reconstruída composta totalmente de células permanentes semelhante aos modelos validados e reconhecidos na literatura. Contudo, é necessária a realização de estudos de validação complementares que comprovem sua efetividade para ensaios de citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade de substâncias com potencial terapêutico ou cosmético.
45

Potencial enzimático da microbiota da pele humana e sua ação sobre insumos de fragrâncias / Enzymatic potential of the human skin microbiota and its effect on fragrance ingredients

Silva, Carla Porto da, 1976- 21 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Anita Jocelyne Marsaioli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T09:30:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_CarlaPortoda_D.pdf: 8471917 bytes, checksum: 298adab03875869cd5d11c7dac0a7b90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Estima-se que o corpo humano que contém cerca de 10 trilhões de células seja portador de aproximadamente 100 trilhões de micro-organismos. Fatores ambientais como temperatura, umidade e exposição à luz, além de fatores do hospedeiro, como gênero, genótipo, status imune e uso de cosméticos, podem afetar a composição e a distribuição microbiana da pele. Inúmeras pesquisas indicam que a microbiota desempenha um papel importante no sistema imune da pele. Contudo, pouco é conhecido sobre os conjuntos de espécies presentes em amostras cutâneas bem como suas atividades enzimáticas. Esta tese visou realizar o estudo do potencial enzimático da microbiota da pele humana, vinculando este potencial às principais reações de degradação de formulações de cosméticos, mais especificamente, insumos de fragrâncias. O recrutamento dos voluntários levou em conta parâmetros como idade, sexo e fototipo de pele. As principais atividades enzimáticas das microbiotas coletadas foram avaliadas através de técnicas de triagem de alto desempenho, a fim de detectar proteases, lipases, amilases, esterases, epóxido hidrolases e mono-oxigenases, num total de 2.160 experimentos. Através dos resultados obtidos das triagens enzimáticas, algumas amostras foram selecionadas para a realização de ensaios de degradação de insumos de fragrâncias através de ensaios de multibiorreação. Todos os resultados obtidos foram avaliados com intuito de relacionar o tipo da microbiota coletada com reações de degradação de componentes de fragrância, levando em conta as diferenças intrínsecas de cada voluntário. Além disso, observou-se uma grande diversidade fúngica, ainda pouco descrita na literatura, onde diversos representantes foram isolados e identificados. Os dados obtidos demonstraram que os tipos de pele devem ser levados em consideração nas formulações de uso tópico a fim de atingir alvos específicos, tendo em vista que a pele humana não é um ambiente estéril, mas sim um microbioma complexo. Desta forma, o potencial de biotransformação de insumos cosméticos pela microbiota da pele é um fator relevante e poderá auxiliar na busca de produtos mais eficazes, seguros e versáteis / Abstract: The human body contains about 10 trillion cells and carries approximately 100 trillion microorganisms¿ cells. Environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity and light exposure and host factors such as gender, genotype, immune status and use of cosmetics, can affect the composition and distribution of skin microbes. Numerous studies indicate that skin microbiota plays an important role in the human skin immune system. However, little is known about the species present in skin samples and their enzymatic activities. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to evaluate the enzymatic potential of the human skin microbiota, establishing a link between this potential and the main fragrance degradation of cosmetic formulations, more specifically, fragrance ingredients. The recruitment of volunteers (55) took into account some parameters such as age, gender and skin phototype. The main enzymatic activities of the collected microbiota were assessed by high throughput screening techniques in order to detect protease, lipase, amylase, esterase, epoxide hydrolase and monooxygenase, in a total of 2160 experiments. These enzymatic profiles were applied in the selection of microorganisms to probe the biodegradability of fragrance ingredients using the multibioreaction protocol. The results linking microbiota type and degradation reactions of fragrance ingredients took into consideration the intrinsic differences between volunteers. In addition, a great fungal diversity, still poorly described in the literature, was observed and several representative entities of this diversity were isolated and identified. The obtained data showed that skin types must be considered in topical formulations to achieve specific biological targets and , taking into consideration that the human skin is not a sterile environment, but rather consists of a complex microbiome. Consequently the biotransformation susceptibility of cosmetic ingredients to human skin microbiota is a relevant factor to consider in formulations / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências
46

[en] REAL TIME SKIN RENDERING FOR GAMES / [pt] RENDERIZAÇÃO DE PELE HUMANA EM TEMPO REAL PARA JOGOS

GUILHERME SCHIRMER DE SOUZA 07 January 2011 (has links)
[pt] A renderização de pele humana é um tópico de pesquisa fundamental para a indústria de entretenimento digital. Obter resultados realistas é bastante desafiador, ainda mais quando o objetivo do uso se destina a aplicações em tempo real. Nessa dissertação são estudadas e implementadas duas técnicas para simular o comportamento da luz através da pele humana. Ambas são baseadas em modelos físicos e empíricos e utilizam o espaço da textura na GPU para reproduzir a iluminação difusa e espalhamento transluminoso (subsurface scattering) em tempo real. Essa dissertação compara estas duas técnicas e dá orientações para a implementação de um módulo de renderização de pele humana em motores de jogos 3D. / [en] Skin rendering is a fundamental research topic for the digital entertainment industry. Realistic results are very challenge to obtain, especially for real time applications. In this dissertation, two skin rendering techniques are studied and developed to simulate light behavior through human skin. Both techniques are based on physic and empiric models and use texture space in GPU to reproduce diffuse illumination and subsurface scattering in real time. This dissertation compares these two techniques and gives guidelines for the implementation of a skin rendering module in 3D game engines.
47

A [K]ink in the Armor: How the Intersection of Gender and Racial Prototypicality Affect Perceptions of Black Women Aspiring to be Managers

Merriweather, Tarani Joy January 2020 (has links)
Intersectional analyses have made clear that Black women as a group fare far worse in employment outcomes than their race and gender counterparts. However, there is little research that examines differences among Black women. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how Black women are perceived intra-intersectionally, or within the intersection of race and gender. Black women are not monolithic and it is important to illuminate how they are perceived differently from one another. This dissertation explores the effects of differences in skin tone and hair texture among Black women seeking a management position. It was hypothesized that Black women with lighter skin and/or straight hair would be characterized more positively than Black women with darker skin and/or kinky hair; this hypothesis was not supported. However, for negative characteristics, the hypothesis that Black women with darker skin would be characterized more negatively than Black women with lighter skin was confirmed. Further, it was found that hair texture significantly interacts with skin tone such that darker-skinned Black women with kinky hair were characterized more negatively than light-skinned women with kinky hair. There were no significant differences found between the skin tone and hair texture of Black women on salary offers, but there was a marginally significant skin tone effect for perceptions of success in that lighter-skinned Black women are perceived to be more successful than darker-skinned Black women. This study sheds light on the need to look at the intersection of both skin tone and hair texture in order to fully understand how negative stereotypes apply to Black women.
48

Permeation studies of Niacinamide and its effect on human skin

Fsahaye, Andebrhan January 2023 (has links)
Background: Niacinamide (NIA) is one of the most commonly used cosmetic ingredients. It belongs to the vitamin-B3 family and has extensive dermatological therapeutic benefits. NIA has been proven to be a useful skincare product in serving as anti-acne agent, preventing skin hyperpigmentation, removal of wrinkles from the face etc.  Aim: To investigate permeability patterns of NIA, its effect on electrical impedance of the skin membrane and the role it plays in maintaining the hydration of stratum corneum (SC). For this, permeation, chromatography, sorption isotherm and X-ray studies were performed. Results: NIA permeation was observed to correlate with pH and it permeated more when delivered in PBS at pH 7.4 as compared to its permeation in citrate buffer at pH 5. Moreover, skin resistance also increased by Ca. 47% in relation to NIA permeation at pH-5 while it decreased by an average of 45% at pH 7.4. In addition, vapor sorption analysis showed that NIA increased the hydration of SC at 95%RH as compared to buffer controls. This was also supported by X-ray data where NIA treated SC samples were shown to have larger interchain spacing in their keratin filaments in comparison to SC in buffer controls. This increase is usually associated with an increase in the water content of SC and thus NIA might have similar beneficial effects as water and can even be more advantageous as it doesn’t evaporate in dehydrated states unlike water. Moreover, artificial skin model has also been tested in parallel, and it was significantly more permeable to NIA than the human skin. Hence some modifications are necessary before it can be used to replace human/porcine skin. Conclusion: The study showed that pH influences NIA permeation and resistance of skin membrane. Additionally, NIA play beneficial roles by increasing water content of SC at high relative humidity (RH%).
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Mechanisms of epigenetic regulation in epidermal keratinocytes during skin development. Role of p63 transcription factor in the establishment of lineage-specific gene expression programs in keratinocytes via regulation of nuclear envelope-associated genes and Polycomb chromatin remodelling factors.

Rapisarda, Valentina January 2014 (has links)
During tissues development multipotent progenitor cells establish tissue-specific gene expression programmes, leading to differentiation into specialized cell types. It has been previously shown that the transcription factor p63, a master regulator of skin development, controls the expression of adhesion molecules and essential cytoskeleton components. It has also been shown that p63 plays an important role in establishing distinct three-dimensional conformations in the Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC) locus (Fessing et al., 2011). Here we show that in p63-null mice about 32% of keratinocytes showed altered nuclear morphology. Alterations in the nuclear shape were accompanied by decreased expression of nuclear lamins (Lamin A/C and Lamin B1), proteins of the LINC complex (Sun-1, nesprin-2/3) and Plectin. Plectin links components of the nuclear envelope (nesprin-3) with cytoskeleton and ChIP-qPCR assay with adult epidermal keratinocytes showed p63 binding to the consensus binding sequences on Plectin 1c, Sun-1 and Nesprin-3 promoters. As a possible consequence of the altered expression of nuclear lamins and nuclear envelope-associated proteins, changes in heterochromatin distribution as well as decrease of the expression of several polycomb proteins (Ezh2, Ring1B, Cbx4) has been observed in p63-null keratinocytes. Moreover, recent data in our lab have showed that p63 directly regulates Cbx4, a component of the polycomb PRC1 complex. Here we show that mice lacking Cbx4 displayed a skin phenotype, which partially resembles the one observed in p63-null mice with reduced epidermal thickness and keratinocyte proliferation. All together these data demonstrate that p63-regulated gene expression program in epidermal keratinocytes includes not only genes encoding adhesion molecules, cytoskeleton proteins (cytokeratins) and chromatin remodelling factors (Satb1, Brg1), but also polycomb proteins and components of the nuclear envelope, suggesting the existence of a functional link between cytoskeleton, nuclear architecture and three dimensional nuclear organization. Other proteins important for proper epidermal development and stratification, are cytokeratins. Here, we show that keratin genes play an essential role in spatial organization of other lineage-specific genes in keratinocytes during epidermal development. In fact, ablation of keratin type II locus from chromosome 15 in epidermal keratinocytes led to changes in the genomic organization with increased distance between the Loricrin gene located on chromosome 3 as well as between Satb1 gene located on chromosome 17 and keratin type II locus, resulting in a more peripheral localization of these genes in the nucleus. As a possible consequence of their peripheral localization, reduced expression of Loricrin and Satb1 has also been observed in keratins type II-deficient mice. These findings together with recent circularized chromosome conformation capture (4C) data, strongly suggest that keratin 5, Loricrin and Satb1 are part of the same interactome, which is required for the proper expression of these genes and proper epidermal development and epidermal barrier formation. Taken together these data suggest that higher order chromatin remodelling and spatial organization of genes in the nucleus are important for the establishment of lineage-specific differentiation programs in epidermal progenitor cells. These data provide an important background for further analyses of nuclear architecture in the alterations of epidermal differentiation, seen in pathological conditions, such as psoriasis and epithelial skin cancers.
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PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION OF CATECHOL IN RAT AND HUMAN SKIN

Jung, Connie Tom January 2000 (has links)
No description available.

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