Thermal mass can be successfully implemented in the hot‐humid region of Austin, TX especially when well designed and with supplementary aids like nightcooling and day‐lighting. This study shows that in some situations thermal mass can be actually more beneficial at reducing electricity demands in hot‐humid regions than in the hot‐dry regions that are so emphasized in the literature. / text

El objetivo general de esta tesis fue producir información científico-tecnológica básica para la implementación de un sistema integrado de control de malezas, que permita reemplazar al sistema mecánico en las plantaciones de álamo (Populus spp.) del centro-norte de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Los trabajos se agruparon en tres líneas de investigación complementarias, en donde se abordaron grupos específicos de problemas. En la primera línea de trabajo se determinó la composición específica de la comunidad de malezas y la magnitud de su interferencia, se establecieron los niveles de control y fitotoxicidad que producen diferentes herbicidas, y se evaluaron en forma comparada los efectos sobre la supervivencia y el crecimiento del cultivo de distintos tratamientos integrados de control respecto del sistema actual. La segunda línea estudió la variación temporal de la interferencia en busca de la definición del período crítico para el control de malezas, y en la tercera línea de trabajo se evaluó el resultado económico potencial de la implementación de los cambios estudiados en el sistema de control, considerando diferentes escenarios económico-financieros, grados de incorporación de tecnología y de reemplazo de mano de obra. Las distintas líneas comprendieron experiencias en campo llevadas a cabo entre los años 1998 y 2004 en el Establecimiento Forestal "María Dolores", Partido de Alberti, Provincia de Buenos Aires (34° 50' Lat. Sur; 60° 30' Long. Oeste; 55 msnm). Los trabajos se efectuaron siguiendo una estrategia progresiva de experimentación: en una primera etapa se realizaron ensayos exploratorios y posteriormente los resultados iniciales obtenidos fueron evaluados en ensayos a escala de producción y parcelas demostrativas de 5 hectáreas de superficie.

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l'étude des milieux granulaires humides. On étudie principalement le cas de faibles teneurs en eau. L'influence du phénomène de capillarité sur la rétention d'eau et sur le comportement mécanique du milieu est analysée. A chaque état d'équilibre, la distribution d'eau dans le milieu granulaire est obtenue en appliquant une succion homogène dans un volume élémentaire représentatif. La méthode multi-échelles utilisée se nourrit d'expérimentations/modélisation à l'échelle des interactions entre les grains, et produit des simulations en éléments discrets du comportement macroscopique qui sont comparées aux résultats d'expérimentation. A l'échelle des interactions capillaires, une étude expérimentale du pont liquide pilotée en succion permet la validation d'un modèle basé sur l'approximation toroïdale du profil du pont liquide. A l'échelle macroscopique, les courbes de rétention d'eau simulées sont proches des courbes de rétention d'eau expérimentales réalisées sur des milieux modèles composés de billes de verre. Enfin, le comportement mécanique macroscopique est simulé. On note une fragilisation du matériau en fonction de la succion dans le domaines des faibles teneurs en eau qui s'explique par une diminution de la densité des ponts liquides. La prise en compte d'une rugosité des grains permet une meilleure description de la transition entre un état humide et un état sec. L'analyse des contraintes montre la pertinence du tenseur des contraintes associé aux interactions attractives dans l'étude de l'évolution de la contrainte à la rupture (compression simple) et de la compressibilité (compression oedométrique) en fonction de la succion. / This work deals with study of humid granular media. Weak water percent media are mainly studied. The influence of capillarity on water retention and mechanical behaviour is analyzed. At each state of equilibrium, water distribution is obtained by applying a homogeneous suction in the entire elementary representative volume. The multi-scale approach used, is based on experimental/modelling at the local scale (interaction between grains) and produce discrete elements simulation of the macroscopic behaviour which are compared to experimental results. At the scale of the interactions, an experimental study of the liquid bridge piloted by suction validates a model based on the toroidal approximation of the liquid bridge shape. At the macroscopic scale, simulated water retention curves are near of experimental water retention curves made on a model sample composed of glass beads. Then, the mechanical behaviour is simulated. We notice a loss of cohesi on in function of suction because of a reduction of the liquid bridge density. The introduction of a roughness allows a best representation of the transition between the non saturation state and the dry state. The analysis of the stress reveal the pertinence of the stress tensor associated with attractives interactions in the evolution of rupture stress (simple compression) and compressibility (oedometric compression) in function of suction.

abstract: Shallow earthquakes in the upper part of the overriding plate of subduction zones can be devastating due to their proximity to population centers despite the smaller rupture extents than commonly occur on subduction megathrusts that produce the largest earthquakes. Damaging effects can be greater in volcanic arcs like Java because ground shaking is amplified by surficial deposits of uncompacted volcaniclastic sediments. Identifying the upper-plate structures and their potential hazards is key for minimizing the dangers they pose. In particular, the knowledge of the regional stress field and deformation pattern in this region will help us to better understand how subduction and collision affects deformation in this part of the overriding plate. The majority of the upper plate deformation studies have been focused on the deformation in the main thrusts of the fore-arc region. Study of deformation within volcanic arc is limited despite the associated earthquake hazards. In this study, I use maps of active upper-plate structures, earthquake moment tensor data and stress orientation deduced from volcano morphology analysis to characterize the strain field of Java arc. In addition, I use sandbox analog modeling to evaluate the mechanical factors that may be important in controlling deformation. My field- and remotely-based mapping of active faults and folds, supplemented by results from my paleoseismic studies and physical models of the system, suggest that Java’s deformation is distributed over broad areas along small-scale structures. Java is segmented into three main zones based on their distinctive structural patterns and stress orientation. East Java is characterized by NW-SE normal and strike-slip faults, Central Java has E-W folds and thrust faults, and NE-SW strike-slip faults dominate West Java. The sandbox analog models indicate that the strain in response to collision is partitioned into thrusting and strike-slip faulting, with the dominance of margin-normal thrust faulting. My models test the effects of convergence obliquity, geometry, preexisting weaknesses, asperities, and lateral strength contrast. The result suggest that slight variations in convergence obliquity do not affect the deformation pattern significantly, while the margin shape, lateral strength contrast, and perturbation of deformation from asperities each have a greater impact on deformation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2016

Orientador: Lucila Chebel Labaki / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T14:17:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_AngelinaDiasLeao_D.pdf: 32413160 bytes, checksum: ec2ca71b106a4ab0c27023a5c4efbc30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A ocupação do solo urbano influencia na qualidade térmica dos ambientes que permeiam as edificações proporcionando a existência de microclimas diferenciados dentro de uma mesma cidade; por outro lado há uma necessidade crescente de se desenvolver novas estratégias de planejamento que utilizem dados fornecidos pela climatologia e permitam a continuidade do crescimento dessas áreas de forma que a população possa viver em um ambiente equilibrado. Nesse sentido, esta tese objetiva analisar a distribuição da temperatura do ar na área urbana de uma cidade de baixa latitude e clima quente e úmido, através da proposição de uma metodologia de medição em pontos fixos, correlacionando-a com os tipos de revestimento da superfície horizontal (cobertura e piso) existentes; tendo Natal/RN como área objeto de estudo. A metodologia sintetiza práticas correntes em estudos de campo, através da tomada de dados em 02 épocas do ano distintas (verão e inverno), hora a hora, durante 07 dias típicos, em 20 pontos fixos distribuídos na cidade, com equipamentos do tipo loggers aferindo temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Foi desenvolvida uma proteção para os equipamentos registradores para medição ao ar livre e utilizou-se de terrenos de torres de telefonia celular para as medições, pioneiramente. Também foram mapeados 0,31km2 quanto à ocupação do solo nos entornos dos pontos, com a ajuda do processamento digital de imagem de satélite. Analisaram-se estatisticamente dados dos períodos de verão e inverno separadamente e comparativamente, e os pontos de coleta semelhantes foram agrupados com relação ao comportamento térmico em 05 grupos. Além disso, foi proposto um indicador de composição de revestimento horizontal que, relacionado à temperatura do ar, gerou mapas temáticos confirmando que áreas urbanas com menor porcentagem de área permeável têm suas temperaturas mais elevadas. Verificou-se que a temperatura do ar não é homogênea na cidade; e que as diferenças microclimáticas são pequenas em valores absolutos (o que possivelmente se deve à influência da ventilação predominante Sudeste proveniente do mar), mas são significativas e devem ser consideradas. Concluiuse ainda que essas diferenças são decorrentes do período, turno e hora de medição e ainda das diversas configurações urbanas encontradas, incluindo os revestimentos das superfícies horizontais existentes na cidade (cobertura e piso), mas os resultados devem ser considerados ponto a ponto. A metodologia de medição em pontos fixos, desenvolvida e testada, pode ser aplicada em cidades localizadas em localidades de baixa latitude e clima quente e úmido, e sugere-se que a taxa de permeabilidade na cidade seja revista, considerando-se a ótica do bairro / Abstract: The occupation of the urban soil influences on the thermal quality of the cities that permeates the constructions providing microclimatic differences inside the same city; on the other hand there is a growing need to develop new planning strategies, so that data supplied by the climatology can be used and allow the continuity of the growth of those areas, so that the population can live in a balanced urban area. In that sense, this thesis aims to analyze the air temperature distribution in the urban area of low latitude cities with hot and humid climate, through the proposition of a measurement methodology in fixed points, correlating it with the types of existent horizontal surfaces pavements (covering and floor); the city of Natal/RN is the study object. The methodology synthesizes average practices in field studies, through hourly data measurement in 02 different seasons of the year (summer and winter), for 07 typical days, in 20 dispersed fixed points in the city, with loggers equipments collecting air temperature and relative humidity data. A protection was developed to equipments for outdoor recording and it was used cellular telephony towers basis for the measurements. Also 0,31km2 were mapped as for the occupation of the soil around the points, with digital processing of satellite image. Summer and winter collected data were statistically analyzed, separately and comparatively, and groups of similar points were organized regarding the thermal behavior in 05 groups. An indicator of composition of horizontal covering was proposed and related to the air temperature generated thematic maps, confirming that urban areas with higher temperatures have smaller percentage of permeable area. It was verified that the air temperature is not homogeneous in the city; that the microclimatic differences exist and are small in absolute values (what is possibly due to the influence of the Southeast predominant wind originating from the sea), but they should be considered. It was concluded that although those differences are consequence of the period, shift and hour of measurement and still of the several found urban configurations, including the coverings of the existent horizontal surfaces in the city (covering and floor), but that the results should be considered point to point. The measurement methodology in fixed points developed and tested can be applied in cities with low latitude and hot and humid climate, and in conclusion it is suggested that the permeability percentage in the city must be reviewed considering the particular occupation of neighborhoods / Doutorado / Arquitetura e Construção / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Este trabalho traz reflexões sobre atividades educativas ao ar livre, desenvolvidas em parques, áreas verdes e assemelhados. Procurou-se, inicialmente, situar tais práticas frente ao debate associado à educação ambiental; em seguida, após breve histórico sobre a utilização de atividades de campo em educação formal, construiu-se, a partir de escolas públicas de municípios da região de Campinas - SP, um quadro atual de tais atividades. Com esse objetivo, foi aberta uma frente de obtenção de dados que incluiu consulta aos planos de gestão das escolas, aplicação de questionários e realização de entrevistas. O quadro obtido revela, quantitativamente, que aquela modalidade de trabalho pedagógico é pouco empregada e atinge apenas uma minoria de alunos. Destacam-se, entre as dificuldades explicitadas, as relacionadas com os custos envolvidos na organização das atividades e com o baixo poder aquisitivo dos alunos. Perseguir alternativas pragmáticas, como a disponibilização de locais próximos às escolas e que admitam o livre acesso, parece um desafio necessário, como também é a geração de instâncias coletivas capazes de articular a plena utilização de tais espaços. Entre os locais preferidos pelas escolas destacam-se os zoológicos, instituições que se caracterizam pela manutenção de animais em cativeiro. Tal preferência remete tanto à reflexão sobre o papel educativo desses locais quanto à possibilidade de melhor considerar a fauna em liberdade, em detrimento da cativa, enquanto uma opção às atividades educativas ao ar livre. A escolha de locais onde grupos conspícuos da fauna sejam mais perceptíveis seria muito conveniente para atividades direcionadas a crianças e jovens estudantes do ensino básico. Dessa forma, o conhecimento da dinâmica que envolve a utilização educativa de um ambiente úmido local, considerado por sua avifauna conspícua, foi outra dimensão conferida ao presente trabalho. Formada a partir da represa de Americana ou reservatório de Salto Grande, não obstante ser alvo de consenso sobre diferentes níveis de degradação ambiental, a avifauna que freqüenta o local fez com que fosse denominada \"Minipantanal de Paulínia\" - SP. Quanto às atividades educativas nele desenvolvidas, percebeu-se que apresentam limitações de diferentes ordens, tanto qualitativas quanto quantitativas. Procurou-se deixar uma contribuição concreta sobre o conhecimento desse ambiente e da sua dinâmica, especialmente sobre sua avifauna, pois, embora sendo o elemento positivo mais destacado pelos visitantes e educadores que atuam no local, o conhecimento demonstrado sobre ele foi muito restrito. Um levantamento de campo permitiu identificar a ocorrência de 144 espécies de aves, bem como detectar o potencial relativo de oportunidades de contatos com as mesmas. / This work brings reflexions about and development of educational activities in parks, green areas and similars. First of all, in it, the goal is to set educational practices activities outdoors towards the discussions associated to environmental education. Follow it, after a brief historical about the use of outdoors activities with formal education, it was created an updated program of these activities in public schools of cities from Campinas metropolitan area - SP. For it, it was opened a data comission, which included: consulting to management plans of the school, applying questionnaires and making interviews. The obtained program reveals that this kind of pedagogical work is less applied, reaching just a minority of students and occurring in a punctual way. Among the difficulties showed above, those related to expenses involved in the organization of activities and low (poor) financial conditions of the students are emphasized. Persuading pragmatic alternatives like close places available, that allows free access, seems like a necessary challenge, as it\'s the creation of instant groups able to articulate and get a better structure for using such spaces. Among the schools\' favorite places, there are zoos, institutions that take care of animals in bondages. Such preference refers to the possibility of considering better the fauna in freedom, in captive detriment, while an option to educational activities outdoors. To activities with children and teenagers fromelementary school, it would be then, convenient choosing places where visible groups from fauna can be more perceptive. This way, to know the dynamic which involves a local humid environment, which shelters the very visible birds and keeps educational activities, was another dimension conferred to this work. The referred humid area forms from the dam of Americana or Salto Grande\'s reservatory, whose consensus points it like environmentally damaged. Meantime, the presence of the birds gave them the title of mini rainforest of Paulinia - SP. Looking from the educational prism, it was tried to understand what is developed there, such as leaving a concrete contribution about the knowledge of this environment specially about the birds. Although it is the most emphasized positive element by the visitors, it is not well-known. So it was made, an area survey, that allowed to identify the occurrence of 144 species. About the educational activities, it was realized that they show limitations of different orders, as qualitative as quantitative.

The subject of this diploma thesis is to apply the knowledge of thermodynamics when designing parameters of the train air conditioning unit. In the first part, the issue of air conditioning technology, basic types of cooling circuits and description of individual components are outlined. Furthermore, there is an overview of groups of refrigerants and their labelling. In the second part, a calculation of the heat load of the train unit for the limit design conditions of summer and winter operation, including the application of humid air theory are to be found. There is a basic procedure for designing the main components of compressor cooling, which is almost exclusively used in train applications, outlined. The last part contains the procedure for calculating the gains/losses in the distribution channels of the real air conditioning unit M7 and the evaluation of the results. In the appendix, there is an SW in MS Excel program, which can be indicatively used to calculate the total gains/losses of the distribution channels on any air-conditioning unit before the air enters into the train unit.

This master‘s thesis deals with the problematic of flue gas produced by a gas microturbine which is used as a drying media for general drying. Flue gas needs to be cooled to specific temperatures. The computing part of this work includes solving the microturbine and the mixer. Further part contains bilance solution of a general dryer for resolving the output parameters of wet flue gas. In the last part, the problematic of drying in a laundry facility is described, along with using the flue gas for drying at the specific clothes dryer Primus T24 G.

L'objectif de notre travail est de développer un composite acier/polymère épais qui vise à apporter l'allègement de structure. Ce produit doit valider tous les tests classiques de l'automobile, notamment l'emboutissage, la mise en peinture, la tenue entre -40 ºC et 80 ºC, l'antigravillonage et la corrosion. Il est donc primordial d'avoir une adhésion suffisante pour permettre au composite de supporter les contraintes générées lors de la mise en oeuvre et les phénomènes de vieillissement en milieux hostiles. Dans notre cas, le polymère utilisé est un bicouche de 300 μm d'épaisseur. Il est constitué d'une couche adhésive de polypropylène greffé anhydride maléique et d'une couche de renfort de polypropylène. L'acier utilisé est un acier galvanisé DP 500 d'épaisseur 0.5 mm traitée chimiquement par une solution à base d'acide hexafluorotitanique. Afin d'optimiser les systèmes, on a étudié l'influence du traitement de surface (composition, nature, etc) sur l'adhésion avant et après vieillissement humide. L'objectif est de maitriser les paramètres prépondérants sur les niveaux d'adhérence, le mode de rupture et les mécanismes de délamination / The aim of this work is to develop a thick steel / polymer composite for weight savings in automotive industry. Formability, dent and corrosion resistance, damping behaviour, impact resistance (-30°C; + 80°C) could be offered by such materials. A key challenge when developing steel/polymer composite is to ensure a high steel/polymer adhesion level to face material processing (e.g. cutting, forming, ED-paint process) and ageing. The material described in this paper is a two-layer composite consisting of a rigid polymer layer of typically 0.3 mm and one thin Zn coated steel skin of 0.5mm. The metal is treated with a hexafluorotitanic acid based conversion coating (standard solution) and the polymer is a two-layer film displaying: - an adhesive layer (40 μm) of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene - an reinforced polypropylene copolymer layer (260 μm) The influence of the conversion coating (nature, composition) and the ageing behavior in humid environment in order to optimize the steel/polymer multi-material have been studied in this work

The study relates international knowledge of climatically responsive and energy-efficient design to work done in South Africa. It also explores the relevance of design devices from international regions to the climates of this country. The research approach explores existing analyses of the main climate regions and the effects of climate factors on human comfort in each, in order to derive appropriate design solutions for the climate of South Africa. In South Africa obstacles exist in the face of energy efficiency. The cheapness of electricity to the consumer and the virtual non-existence of appropriate legislation appear to be two of the most significant obstacles. Design and subsequent construction of suburban residences is carried out with little regard for climatic context. Water is shown to be a particularly scarce and unevenly distributed commodity, which the affluent have greater access to and consume in greater quantities. However, it is demonstrated that the South African climate is virtually ideal for several climate-responsive energy-efficiency techniques. Especially due to the high solar radiation levels there is potential for various active and passive solar design techniques and technologies. The impact of atmospheric temperature and humidity, wind, radiation and precipitation on human comfort is investigated. Humidity and wind are demonstrated to be very influential on human comfort, whereas radiation and wind are the most easily manipulated through design. Furthermore, the specific topography and location of a site can influence the microclimate and solar access of an area to a significant degree. The South African climate is predominantly either hot semi-arid or temperate. Most of the western interior is hot arid whereas the eastern interior and highveld is predominantly temperate, with temperatures increasing to the north and decreasing to the south. The only cool region of the country is found in the highlands of the Drakensberg, with a significant portion of the eastern coast being hot humid. Methodologies and guidelines for both layout, or macro design, and detailed design of residential suburbs are explored. The manipulation of solar radiation, sunlight and wind, as well as the management of rainwater and used household water is explored. It is shown that designing suburbs to create access to solar radiation forms the basis of solar design, with solar access control, material and surface treatment largely determining the success of individual designs. Wind manipulation is achieved mainly through planting design, influencing mostly heat loss and gain ratios into buildings. Effective household water management can substantially reduce its consumption. Further research is needed in all aspects of climate-responsive design, especially classification of the South African climate and development of design techniques adapted to this context. / Dissertation (M (Landscape Architecture))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Architecture / unrestricted