The author will use three case studies not only to expose the falsehood of the philosophy that poverty breeds deep spirituality, but also to demonstrate the disastrous effects of poverty to the human body. The dissertation will explore the reasons that caused some poor black ministers, more especially those of the Church of the Nazarene, not only to accept but also to preach positively about the philosophy that poverty breeds deep spirituality. (a) The first case study happened during my first year in the ministry, when the author had to use a bus in order to help my sick wife to hospital. We had to walk for about two hours a distance of almost 500 meters in order to reach the bus stop, because the stipends I received made it impossible for me to hire a transport to the nearest town. The bus driver knew the pathetic conditions faced by the black community, so he could not turn away a critically ill passenger. He opted to allow us into the bus and face whatever difficulties we may encounter along the way. The incident exposed the worse experiences of the poor people. (b ) The second study case involves Themba (Hope), the author’s son, whose anger was betrayed during a Sunday morning service when he refused to have a direct eye contact with the author who was preaching about the God who provides for all of our needs ( Genesis 22:14). His avoidance of a direct eye contact with his father was another way of demonstrating his anger (Carter and Minirth 1993:5). Themba (Hope) demonstrated his dissatisfaction about the pathetic situation of poverty at home during a visit of a missionary Tom Giggs (fictitious name) that he sat directly opposite Giggs in order to expose his pair of trousers that was torn at both knees. Giggs out of embarrassment gave the young man R200 in order to buy clothing. A few years later, Themba was on his to board a train, when unknown persons beat him so much that they left him lying on one of the streets on the city, Johannesburg thinking that he was dead. A Good Samaritan took him home, placed him on his bed then left. We took him to hospital, where doctors had no alternative but to refer him to the St. John’s hospital for the removal of his right eye. The hole where his eye was reminds the family of the beating that our son experienced. (c) The third study case concerns Thabile (Rejoice), the author’s only daughter who resorted to a false marriage as an escape mechanism to the hunger and the ridicule that was experienced in the family. The marriage ended in a divorce just only after three years. Then she died at a time when the animosity was beginning to be healed thus living a ten-year-old son Nkosinathi (Immanuel) behind The dissertation will demonstrate the falsehood of the philosophy that poverty breeds deep spirituality. To the thousands of poor people in our country South Africa, the Constitution with the Bill of Rights that protects our freedom and dignity have no meaning (Pieterse 2001: 1-2). The dissertation will highlight that poverty can never be a blessing (Mc Cauley 1993: 47). The poor people have little income with which to support their families. They eat food of a poor quality with a low nutritional value, resulting in under nourishment and malnutrition. Malnutrition contributes to a poor performance of children in school, and contributes to a lower labour output (De Beer (co – editor) Swanepoel 2000:10). The author supports the scriptural view of the permanence of marriage (Matthew 19:6). However, when the marriage had broken down, the couples needs all the pastoral care they can get as a therapy because Jesus’ mission was to heal the broken hearted (Luke. 4:18). The divorce challenged the author to equip myself on how to deal with those who are hurting, and help the congregants to render effective pastoral care to those in need. The tone of the dissertation is to encourage forgiveness and reconciliation, and to understand that anger and resentment are self-defeating. They hurt the bearer more than they hurt the person they were intended to harm (Warren 2002: 28). Finally, the discipline of philosophy will be engaged in order to help the clergy to avoid the conservative beliefs from their thinking and to apply their faith practically by enabling them to compare the ideas, materials and skills to challenge any problem including the suffering of the clergy and their families. (Obeng el at 2000:33). / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

In Southeast Asia, many impoverished Indonesian women migrate to Singapore to work as domestic workers in households. Though employers are required to provide domestic workers with food and housing, there have been numerous reports of employers withholding food. This thesis explores the ways in which Indonesian domestic workers navigate towards food security in the context of social relations in their employers’ homes in Singapore. I draw on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in 2016, where I interviewed Indonesian domestic workers and employers. Not only were the majority of domestic workers experiencing food insecurity, food was additionally symbolically used to denigrate them. Drawing on a concept I term markings, which denotes the process of demarcating social roles through symbols and boundaries, I argue that employers control food in order to produce markings that construct and reinforce relations of inequality in households. These relations around food emotionally and physically shape domestic workers in ways that allow them to know their positions in the household. Despite their subordination, domestic workers use strategies to contest and endure their unequal conditions in Singapore in ways that demonstrate their resilience. This research demonstrates the importance of protecting the food security of migrant women, and advocates for the fair treatment of domestic workers. / Graduate / 2018-12-05

I uppsatsen jämförs en kvinnlig och en manlig hjälte, utifrån ett genusperspektiv, isamtida actionfilm för att se hur de framställs. Syftet med denna uppsats är attundersöka om den kvinnliga hjälten verkligen utmanar stereotyperna. De filmernasom analyseras är The Hunger Games och The Maze Runner. Den metod somanvänds för att genomföra analysen är en karaktärsanalys utifrån karaktärsklockanskapad av Jens Eder. Resultaten av undersökningen visar tydliga tecken påstereotypiska drag hos den kvinnliga, men även den manliga hjältekaraktären. TheHunger Games är trots det ändå en film som är positiv till utvecklingen avkvinnliga hjältar.

This project examines food systems and hunger in relation to city planning, and results in a draft strategic plan to address the food security and nutritional needs of San Luis Obispo County’s most vulnerable residents. This Draft Plan is submitted to the Food Bank Coalition of San Luis Obispo County as part of the Hunger-Free Community Project. The Food Bank Coalition of San Luis Obispo County was the lead agency of a USDA Hunger-Free Communities planning grant awarded in 2011. With this grant, the Food Bank convened a group of stakeholders to form the San Luis Obispo County Food System Coalition, and worked with community partners to conduct three studies on existing food resources, food security, and nutritional need in San Luis Obispo County. The outcome of this project is a draft of the third component of the grant – the creation of a strategic plan to address hunger and improve nutrition in San Luis Obispo County. San Luis Obispo County is a rural region rich in agricultural production, but hunger is a growing problem in the County indicating deficiencies in the local food system. One in six residents do not know where their next meal will come from. A high cost of living coupled with many low-wage jobs leaves many residents with few financial resources from which to provide food and other basic necessities. This project reviewed current professional and academic literature on food systems, hunger, and planning; conducted a case study analysis on existing hunger plans; compiled a background report on the existing hunger situation and community needs in the County; and worked with the San Luis Obispo County Food System Coalition to create the Draft Hunger-Free Community Plan for San Luis Obispo County. The Draft Plan and Background Report are organized into five themes: Food Access, Nutrition & Hunger, Local Agriculture, Community Resources and the SLO County Food System Coalition. As this plan is only a draft, the next steps that need to be taken before final adoption of the plan are outlined. This plan is a community plan; it will require the work and support of many organizations and agencies to effectively end hunger in the County.

Breastfeeding is at its best when both the mother and infant benefit from the experience. Aim: To obtain data on the adequacy of the diet and nutrition knowledge of lactating women (0-6 months postpartum) living in a low socio-economic area in Nairobi. The findings could be used to plan future nutrition intervention programs. Research design: A cross-sectional survey in the quantitative and qualitative research paradigms. Health status indicators, socio-economic and cultural factors were additionally investigated as interactive factors that could influence the nutrient intake and nutrition knowledge of the lactating women. Setting: Mbagathi District Hospital, located at the edge of Kibera slum area in Nairobi. Sample: Lactating mothers (0-6 months postpartum), who were visiting the Maternal-Child Health Clinic to bring their children for immunisation, were recruited. Convenience sampling was used (N=120). Informed consent was obtained from the mothers in their home tongue. Methodology: Individual interviews in Swahili, using structured questionnaires (Socio biodemographic questionnaire, Hunger Scale, 24 Hour-recall, and Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire), and anthropometry (according to standard procedure) were done in the quantitative domain. Seven structured focus group discussions were employed in the qualitative domain. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used on the quantitative data, and Krueger‘s framework of analysis on the qualitative data. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria; Ref no EC 080922-039, and research permission was granted by the National Council for Science and Technology, Nairobi; Permit no NCST/5/002/R/355. Main findings: Majority of women (92%) had energy intakes between 5040 – 10080 kJ/day with the mean energy intake of 6975.5 kJ/day which was lower than the recommended 11340 kJ/day. Macronutrient intake was within the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges, whereas the micronutrients were consumed below the recommended dietary allowances (WHO). The mean adequacy ratio (excluding niacin) was 0.74. The highest frequency of consumption (100%) was from cereals, while the lowest were for vitamin A rich vegetables/fruits (6.6%) and dairy products (1.7%). Overall, the mean Food Variety Score (FVS) was 6.6 ( ± 2.0) and the Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was 4.3 ( ± 1.0). Hunger assessment revealed 43 households that were food secure, whereas 77 households were either hungry or at risk of hunger. Majority of women (93%) had good nutrition knowledge but the rationale for applying the knowledge was lacking for most of the nutrition concepts. Socio-economic status, cultural beliefs and practices, health status and nutrition knowledge were all identified as probable factors that influenced the dietary intake of the lactating women. Recommendation: There seems to be a need for well-designed nutrition intervention programs focusing on nutrient intake from culturally acceptable and affordable foods to increase dietary diversity and food variety of lactating women in this low socio-economic area. With a concurrent increase in nutrition knowledge such interventions would improve their nutritional status. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Food Science / unrestricted

Aim of this paper is to explain used forced feeding of hunger strikers at the U.S. Prison at Guantanamo, when this technique is prohibited in international law. I used the sociology of Michel Foucault, who devoted himself to the topic of imprisonment. His work is often used in the interpretation of what is happening at Guantanamo. With the help of these interpretations were generated two hypotheses. I tested compiled hypotheses in study of literature including news articles, research papers, reports of human rights organizations, legislation, interviews with former camp detainees or camp staff etc. We conclude that the prisoners at Guantanamo are not fed to be kept alive, but rather to be punished for a hunger strike protest. The conclusions highlight a new form of relationship between state and its citizens, which calls for more comprehensive analysis of current form of government, which we are not able to cover in this work.

The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze how the contemporary western society is reflected in the modern dystopian works' perspective. Key problems and aspects defining today's western society, e.g. consumerism and the role of science and technology, are specified in the introductory part of the thesis. The next part concerns with dystopian creation. Firstly there is focus on dystopian genre characteristics and its roots and typology. Secondly there is introduced a triad of classical dystopian works' representatives: Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, 1984 by George Orwell and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. Every work is shortly introduced with its synopsis in the beginning and key features of described visions of society follow afterwards. Then the thesis speaks about chosen modern dystopian works' representatives in detail: The Matrix by the Wachowskis, Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins and Divergent by Veronica Roth. After the synopsis summary of each there is an analysis of key features, a comparison with classical dystopias and a search for parallels in the contemporary western society. Questions how modern dystopias reflect modern society and how they correlate with classical dystopias and expert literature concerning contemporary social phenomena are answered in the conclusion of the thesis.

The incidence of food insecurity coupled with poor management of illnesses poses a public health challenge. Poor adherence to medication regimens is a contributor to poor health outcomes, especially among the socioeconomically disadvantaged. Food insecurity is a global health and nutrition problem that affects approximately 50 million people in the United States. The number of food-insecure households in the United States has increased by 12% since 1995, and so has the burden of management of illnesses. The cost of healthcare has risen from 5% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1960 to 20% of the GDP currently. This quantitative study used responses from questionnaires from a sample size of 130 to assess the impact that food insecurity has on the management of illnesses in families in Wayne County, Ohio. The social-ecological model was used as a theoretical framework to understand the various levels of influence of food insecurity on the management of illnesses. Results showed that people who were food insecure were 4 times more likely to skip medication (OR = 4.174; p = 0.0096), and people who used food assistance programs were more likely to skip medication (OR = 4.305; p = .0088; OR = .351; p = .0288). These results suggest that food insecurity is associated with the management of illness. To promote social change, solutions at the individual, healthcare, community, and policy levels are necessary to improve management of illness and prevent health complications. Providing communities with sustainable methods to empower them to supplement food and support consumption of balanced meals.

Magister Scientiae (Nutrition Management) - MSc(NM) / Micronutrient deficiencies are of public health concern in South Africa. These deficiencies affect pregnancy outcomes, growth, functional and cognitive development of children and, the health and productivity of women. As an intervention, the South African government implemented the National Food Fortification Programme (NFFP), which was mandated in 2003 and according to which, the staple foods consumed by most of the population e.g. maize meal and wheat flour (and thus bread) are fortified with a premix of thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin A, folate, vitamin B6, iron and zinc. There is limited data which looks at the contribution fortified staple food to the dietary intakes and measures of nutrient assessment among South African women of reproductive age (WRA).

Those who practice poor meal timing habits such as irregular day-to-day eating, eating late at night, and have a short overnight fast are more at risk for weight gain, reduced weight loss with weight loss attempts, and increased risk for developing and/or worsening health conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease and/or risk factors for said conditions. Recent studies have identified possible factors that influence meal timing, one of which is hunger. Hunger is defined as a physiologic need to eat, and can be triggered by a rise in the hormone ghrelin. Hunger in general, or greater hunger at certain times of day, may lead to poor meal timing and/or difficulty adhering to meal timing recommendations made in behavioral interventions. The goal of our study was to determine if the overall hunger level and time of onset of greatest hunger were associated with poor meal timing cross-sectionally and lower adherence to meal timing recommendations. The meal timing behaviors we examined were eating late at night, having a longer overnight fast, and an earlier ingestive period midpoint based on published evidence suggesting these are important for weight control. We hypothesized that a greater overall hunger level and later onset of greatest hunger would be inversely associated with poor meal timing cross-sectionally and a lower adherence to potential meal timing recommendations to be applied to future interventions. Our cross-sectional study was a secondary analysis of data from a previous study on diet and energy regulation in 116 healthy adults (mean BMI 24.3 kg/m2; SD 3.8, mean age 29.4 years; SD 11.9). Both continuous and categorical meal timing outcomes were examined. The continuous outcomes were eating late at night (defined as eating past 20:00 h), length of overnight fast (defined as the length of time between the last meal consumed before bedtime and first eating occasion after waking), and timing of the largest meal, which we measured using the midpoint of the ingestive period. Categorical outcomes, which had cutoff values determined based on evidence from published research, were: not eating after 20:00, achieving an overnight fast of ≥13 hours, and having the midpoint of the ingestive period before 15:00. Associations of hunger variables with continuous meal timing outcomes were examined in three separate models using analysis of covariance, with hunger variables as the independent variables and the meal timing patterns as the dependent variables. Associations of hunger variables with categorical (bivariate) outcomes had the same independent variables but were examined with logistic regression analysis. Covariates included in both continuous and categorical models were age, sex, race, physical activity level, weighted average bedtime on weekdays and weekends, dietary restraint score, dietary disinhibition score, sleep duration, and sleep quality. After inclusion of all covariates, a higher hunger score was associated with having an overnight fast lasting ≥13 hours (p=0.026), suggesting that participants were able to achieve a longer overnight fast despite being hungrier. There was no significant association between hunger variables and eating late at night or midpoint of ingestive period (p>0.05), although the p-value was marginally non-significant with eating late at night (p=0.080). Time of greatest hunger was not associated with any of the meal timing variables (p>0.05). As previous studies have shown that a longer overnight fast improves weight loss, a possible application of our findings, namely the length of overnight fast, is for individuals who aim to achieve an overnight fast of ≥13 hours to lose weight by consuming a greater proportion energy in the morning/afternoon as opposed to dinner/later at night.. This suggestion is based on previous studies showing eating a larger breakfast decreases feelings of hunger at night. Additionally, including more protein and fiber in the diet can increase satiety at any time of day. Future studies are needed to examine relationships between hunger score and a longer overnight fast, in larger, more diverse populations and with randomized controlled designs, as our study was cross-sectional and was unable to determine causality.