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This thesis examines the relationship between French female Catholicism during the 17th century and representations of Huron women’s spirituality in Relations des Jésuites. I argue that the nuances of French dévote culture highlight the elevated status of women in Huron indigenous society. These portraits of Huron women by the Jesuits inspired French women to breach the cloister and become missionaries, resulting in newfound religious freedoms for dévotes achieved through imperialistic efforts against the Huron nation.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of disability in North American and has major economic consequences for society. People with knee OA experience the worst quality of life, among musculoskeletal conditions, with function and mobility being influenced by symptoms such as pain and stiffness. However, the impact of OA symptoms varies due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors, leading many researchers to employ biopsychosocial and other population health frameworks to study the disease. These population health approaches have not been adopted when studying knee OA outcomes in bioarchaeology, where a limited biological lens prevails due to the sole reliance on skeletal remains. The purpose of this research was to explore methods for identifying the impairment potential of knee OA in archaeological populations using a clinical sample and population health approaches. Clinical studies have the advantage of assessing not only the biological implications of knee OA but also the functional outcomes. By creating a knee OA grading system applicable for both MRI and dry bone femora samples (Clinical Archaeological Osteoarthritis Score) a link between clinical and archaeological populations was proposed. Using this link to infer functional deficits onto archaeological populations using population health frameworks, a theoretical analysis was performed with two populations; the 17th century Huron and the 19th century Inuit from the Igloolik region of Nunavut. The results demonstrated the increased impairment potential of knee OA in the Inuit population versus the Huron population, produced by contrasting factors captured by the determinants of health, including social and physical environments.

Alors que les sociétés européennes entrent dans une phase industrielle de leur histoire, au XIXe siècle, elles entraînent avec elles, dans leur course aux changements, les populations colonisées ou annexées dans les territoires du Nouveau Monde. C'est donc sur fond de développement des industries que la couronne britannique envisage les importants bouleversements qui marquent la politique autochtone des années 1830, visant la réduction des coûts des réserves ainsi que leur intégration, à moyen terme, dans le reste de la société. Confrontées à cette transformation de leur place politique et économique, certaines communautés parmi les plus influencées par les Européens, plus précisément les Abénakis de Saint-François et les Hurons de Lorette, voient leur rapport au monde du travail et au pouvoir diplomatique se modifier. Le monde de l'écrit qui, quoiqu'il ait pu être jusqu'ici utilisé plus ou moins directement, devient, à compter du tournant des années 1830, un univers à apprivoiser et à se réapproprier pour préserver une certaine influence sur la scène politique à l'interne comme dans les relations extérieures. Ainsi, émergent des individus aux visions différentes et aux volontés plus ou moins révolutionnaires, qui cherchent à entraîner leur communauté avec eux dans des changements qu'ils auront eux-mêmes choisis et qu'ils seront à même de diriger grâce à leur savoir écrit, instrument de pouvoir sans égal au sein d'une population majoritairement européenne. La présente étude s'appuie donc, en grande partie, sur un important corpus de sources tirées de la correspondance ou des journaux de ces individus. Il est d'ailleurs particulièrement intéressant de remarquer quels chemins ces personnages ont choisi d'emprunter pour guider leur peuple au travers des changements inéluctables qui s'opéraient autour d'eux. Grâce à leurs traces, il est possible de remarquer deux grandes tendances qui différencient l'histoire de chacun des deux villages examinés dans cette thèse. Si celui des Abénakis bénéficie, dans une certaine mesure, d'une concurrence religieuse qui permet l'émergence d'une plus large classe d'alphabétisés dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, il devient très vite évident que les premiers lettrés de Lorette ont plutôt choisi une vision plus conservatrice de l'utilisation de ce nouveau savoir écrit. Créant une véritable élite dynastique, les Hurons engendrent donc une société à deux vitesses où les éduqués s'embourgeoisent tandis que les masses demeurent ignorantes. Ce phénomène qui s'observait également chez les Abénakis avant l'arrivée du protestantisme à Saint-François ne s'avère plus dans la seconde moitié du siècle. Dans le dernier tiers du XIXe, la situation à Lorette et dans le village abénakis est éloquente de ce phénomène puisque l'écriture n'est plus utilisée, dans son apprentissage fondamental, comme un outil de pouvoir mais bien comme un instrument maîtrisé et peaufiné pour l'élite huronne et comme un outil pratique pour les Abénakis. Les élites des deux communautés n'occupent d'ailleurs pas le même rang social à la fin de notre période, démontrant comment chacune ont suivi des chemins très différents dans leur façon d'aborder la question de l'alphabétisation des masses. Ces dernières, dont l'opinion sur la question est difficilement perceptible à travers les traces laissées par leurs guides, semblent avoir mieux apprivoisé l'écriture à Saint-François car elles s'en servent comme d'un outil pour contrôler leurs dirigeants à la fin de la période. Elles s'appuient sur des écrits et usent de l'écrit notarié pour protester lorsqu'elles estiment que leurs chefs ne font plus leur devoir. Bien entendu, ces actions ne sont jamais indépendantes des intérêts personnels de chacun et des conflits de pouvoir. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Écriture, Alphabétisation, Éducation, Élites, Abénakis, Hurons, Religions, Protestantisme, Catholicisme, Enjeux, Pouvoir, Influence, Dynastie, Démocratisation, 19e siècle.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of disability in North American and has major economic consequences for society. People with knee OA experience the worst quality of life, among musculoskeletal conditions, with function and mobility being influenced by symptoms such as pain and stiffness. However, the impact of OA symptoms varies due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors, leading many researchers to employ biopsychosocial and other population health frameworks to study the disease. These population health approaches have not been adopted when studying knee OA outcomes in bioarchaeology, where a limited biological lens prevails due to the sole reliance on skeletal remains. The purpose of this research was to explore methods for identifying the impairment potential of knee OA in archaeological populations using a clinical sample and population health approaches. Clinical studies have the advantage of assessing not only the biological implications of knee OA but also the functional outcomes. By creating a knee OA grading system applicable for both MRI and dry bone femora samples (Clinical Archaeological Osteoarthritis Score) a link between clinical and archaeological populations was proposed. Using this link to infer functional deficits onto archaeological populations using population health frameworks, a theoretical analysis was performed with two populations; the 17th century Huron and the 19th century Inuit from the Igloolik region of Nunavut. The results demonstrated the increased impairment potential of knee OA in the Inuit population versus the Huron population, produced by contrasting factors captured by the determinants of health, including social and physical environments.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of disability in North American and has major economic consequences for society. People with knee OA experience the worst quality of life, among musculoskeletal conditions, with function and mobility being influenced by symptoms such as pain and stiffness. However, the impact of OA symptoms varies due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors, leading many researchers to employ biopsychosocial and other population health frameworks to study the disease. These population health approaches have not been adopted when studying knee OA outcomes in bioarchaeology, where a limited biological lens prevails due to the sole reliance on skeletal remains. The purpose of this research was to explore methods for identifying the impairment potential of knee OA in archaeological populations using a clinical sample and population health approaches. Clinical studies have the advantage of assessing not only the biological implications of knee OA but also the functional outcomes. By creating a knee OA grading system applicable for both MRI and dry bone femora samples (Clinical Archaeological Osteoarthritis Score) a link between clinical and archaeological populations was proposed. Using this link to infer functional deficits onto archaeological populations using population health frameworks, a theoretical analysis was performed with two populations; the 17th century Huron and the 19th century Inuit from the Igloolik region of Nunavut. The results demonstrated the increased impairment potential of knee OA in the Inuit population versus the Huron population, produced by contrasting factors captured by the determinants of health, including social and physical environments.

<p> The Ontario shoreline of Lake Huron is one of the most populated areas, with reference to recreational purposes, in Ontario. However, with the rising water levels of the Great Lakes during 1972 and again in 1973, serious problems of beach erosion have resulted, particularly in the area of Grand Bend and Port Franks. This loss of sand has threatened cottages built on the dunes in addition to destroying breakwalls, steps, and boat launching ramps along the beach. It was with the idea of learning more about the beach, and possibly suggesting some methods of beach protection, that the research for this thesis was initiated. During the course of study, the author also became interested in the Ausable River and the associated flooding and erosion problems, with reference to past, present, and future attempts to solve or at least alleviate these difficulties. Thus, one section of the thesis is concerned with the Ausable River alone. </p> <p> The beach studied is actually the culmination of a series of raised beaches, formed during higher post-glacial lake stages. These raised beaches formed a bar separating the now non-existent Ausable Bay from Lake Huron, forming a lagoon eastward of the beach. This bar extends from Grand Bend, in a southwest direction, and culminates at Kettle Point. However, for the purposes of this thesis, that section between Grand Bend and Port Franks received the greatest amount of concentrated study. Over the years, the lagoon, formed by the growth of the bar has silted up, and is now drained for agricultural purposes. </p> <p> The modern beach was observed during the summer of 1972. This involved, profiling of a portion of the shore and offshore topography, procuring beach samples for later analysis, the use of sequential air photographs for observing changes over time, and the analysis of wind and wave data, along with many conversations with local residents and personal observations. </p> <p> The subsequent study of the above factors revealed several major conclusions regarding the beach. First, that it has good natural protection against erosion due to the abundance of sand s tored by the dunes. Second, the beach appears to be in an equilibrium state, however as lake levels fluctuate, so must the beach level, thus destroying the equilibrium for a period of time. With the lowering of the water level, the beach will become wider, exposing sand to the onshore winds, which will in turn rebuild the dunes with the blowing sand. Finally, because of the prximity of man-made structures to the beach, on the unstable dunes, some method of stabilizing the beach is necessary. That suggested is a groin system, designed and constructed by the local authorities. This would help prevent erosion and would eliminate the often vain and possibly dangerous, (to the natural environment), attempts by individuals to halt erosion. </p> <p> This is by no means a complete study of the area and its problems. Further consideration should be given to proposals which have been presented to the local conservation authority, and which were designed to alleviate some of these problems, particularly at Port Franks. The suggestions made here should also be given further thought. In addition to these practical problems, the actual growth of the original bar would provide an interesting subject for study. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

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