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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Toxicity Evaluation of Gallium- and Indium-Related Chemicals by Using Freshwater Amphipod (Hyalella azteca) and Human Cultured Cells / 淡水性ヨコエビおよびヒト培養細胞を用いたガリウムとインジウム化合物の毒性評価

TAN, SHIH WEI 23 March 2022 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23867号 / 工博第4954号 / 新制||工||1774(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 清水 芳久, 教授 米田 稔, 准教授 松田 知成 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM
12

Comparação metodológica de testes de toxicidade com Hyalella azteca (Crustacea, Amphipoda) e avaliação da qualidade do sedimento em reservatórios do rio Tietê (SP) / Methodological comparison of toxicity tests with Hyalella azteca (Crustacea, Amphipoda) and sediment quality evaluation of Tietê river (SP) reservoirs

Nascimento, Ana Paula Cristiano do 11 July 2003 (has links)
O presente trabalho fez parte do Projeto QualiSed, uma cooperação entre UFSCar, Unicamp e Cetesb, o qual realizou um levantamento das bases técnico-científicas para a derivação de critérios de qualidade de sedimentos (CQS) para proteção da fauna aquática dos ecossistemas. Nos últimos anos tem havido um grande interesse no desenvolvimento, aperfeiçoamento e aplicação de metodologias para avaliar o grau de contaminação de sedimentos. Estes, apesar de fornecerem habitat para muitos organismos aquáticos, também constituem, um importante depósito para muitos dos mais persistentes químicos que são introduzidos no ambiente. Visando comparar diferentes metodologias que foram desenvolvidas nos últimos anos para avaliar a toxicidade de contaminantes associados a sedimentos de água doce, subsidiando o estabelecimento de protocolos dos procedimentos de testes considerados mais adequados e analisando a qualidade do sedimento de alguns reservatórios do Estado de São Paulo, foram realizados testes de toxicidade aguda, utilizando-se o anfípodo Hyalella azteca como organismo-teste. Foram testados os sedimentos dos reservatórios Billings, Rasgão, Barra Bonita, Bariri e Promissão, além do sedimento do reservatório Pedro Beicht, que foi considerado sedimento controle. Conclui-se que, por meio dos resultados dos testes de toxicidade aguda, que o procedimento sugerido por BORGMANN & NORWOOD (1999) é simples e fácil de ser implantado, enquanto que o teste proposto pela USEPA (1994) é muito trabalhoso, pois exige calibração e monitoramento diário, apresentando um custo inicial bem mais elevado. Em relação à qualidade do sedimento dos reservatórios testados, o reservatório Billings não apresentou toxicidade aguda para nenhuma das amostras testadas, embora os resultados das análises químicas tenham evidenciado a presença de níveis elevados de metais pesados e de contaminantes orgânicos. Verificou-se toxicidade aguda nos reservatórios de Rasgão e Barra Bonita em todas as amostras testadas, e no reservatório de Bariri nas amostras coletadas em junho/2000, diferindo do reservatório de Promissão, o qual não apresentou toxicidade em nenhuma das amostras testadas. Entretanto, o reservatório não está livre de contaminação, já que foram encontrados níveis elevados de arsênio, níquel e cromo. / The present work was part of QualiSed Project, a cooperation among UFSCar, Unicamp and Cetesb, which conducted a survey of technical and scientific bases for derivation of sediment quality criteria (CQS) for protection of ecosystem aquatic fauna. In the last years, there has been a great concern in development, improvement and application of methodologies to evaluate the degree of contamination of sediments, which, although provide habitat to many aquatic organisms, constitute an important deposit for many of the most persistent chemicals added to the environment. Aiming to compare different methodologies to evaluate toxicity of contaminants associated with fresh water sediments, in order to subsidize the establishment of test procedure protocols considered more suitable and to analyse the quality of sediments of some reservoirs of the State of São Paulo, tests on acute toxicity were performed, by using the amphipod Hyalella azteca as test-organism. Sediments of Billings, Rasgão, Barra Bonita, Bariri and Promissão reservoirs were tested, in addition to sediments of Pedro Beicht reservoir which was considered the control sediment. The results of acute toxicity tests showed that the procedure suggested by BORGMANN & NORWOOD (1999) is simple and easy to implement, while the test proposed by USEPA (1994) is quite laborius, since it requires calibration and daily monitoring, presenting a more elevated initial cost. In relation to the quality of sediment ofreservoirs tested, Billings reservoir did not present acute toxicity to any samples tested, while chemical analysis results evidenced the presence of high levels of heavy metals and organic contaminants. Acute toxicity was found in Rasgão and Barra Bonita reservoirs in all samples tested, and at Bariri reservoir in samples collected in June/2000, differing from Promissão reservoir, which did not present toxicity in any samples tested. However, the reservoir is not free of contamination, since high levels of arsenic, nickel and chrome were found.
13

Comparação metodológica de testes de toxicidade com Hyalella azteca (Crustacea, Amphipoda) e avaliação da qualidade do sedimento em reservatórios do rio Tietê (SP) / Methodological comparison of toxicity tests with Hyalella azteca (Crustacea, Amphipoda) and sediment quality evaluation of Tietê river (SP) reservoirs

Ana Paula Cristiano do Nascimento 11 July 2003 (has links)
O presente trabalho fez parte do Projeto QualiSed, uma cooperação entre UFSCar, Unicamp e Cetesb, o qual realizou um levantamento das bases técnico-científicas para a derivação de critérios de qualidade de sedimentos (CQS) para proteção da fauna aquática dos ecossistemas. Nos últimos anos tem havido um grande interesse no desenvolvimento, aperfeiçoamento e aplicação de metodologias para avaliar o grau de contaminação de sedimentos. Estes, apesar de fornecerem habitat para muitos organismos aquáticos, também constituem, um importante depósito para muitos dos mais persistentes químicos que são introduzidos no ambiente. Visando comparar diferentes metodologias que foram desenvolvidas nos últimos anos para avaliar a toxicidade de contaminantes associados a sedimentos de água doce, subsidiando o estabelecimento de protocolos dos procedimentos de testes considerados mais adequados e analisando a qualidade do sedimento de alguns reservatórios do Estado de São Paulo, foram realizados testes de toxicidade aguda, utilizando-se o anfípodo Hyalella azteca como organismo-teste. Foram testados os sedimentos dos reservatórios Billings, Rasgão, Barra Bonita, Bariri e Promissão, além do sedimento do reservatório Pedro Beicht, que foi considerado sedimento controle. Conclui-se que, por meio dos resultados dos testes de toxicidade aguda, que o procedimento sugerido por BORGMANN & NORWOOD (1999) é simples e fácil de ser implantado, enquanto que o teste proposto pela USEPA (1994) é muito trabalhoso, pois exige calibração e monitoramento diário, apresentando um custo inicial bem mais elevado. Em relação à qualidade do sedimento dos reservatórios testados, o reservatório Billings não apresentou toxicidade aguda para nenhuma das amostras testadas, embora os resultados das análises químicas tenham evidenciado a presença de níveis elevados de metais pesados e de contaminantes orgânicos. Verificou-se toxicidade aguda nos reservatórios de Rasgão e Barra Bonita em todas as amostras testadas, e no reservatório de Bariri nas amostras coletadas em junho/2000, diferindo do reservatório de Promissão, o qual não apresentou toxicidade em nenhuma das amostras testadas. Entretanto, o reservatório não está livre de contaminação, já que foram encontrados níveis elevados de arsênio, níquel e cromo. / The present work was part of QualiSed Project, a cooperation among UFSCar, Unicamp and Cetesb, which conducted a survey of technical and scientific bases for derivation of sediment quality criteria (CQS) for protection of ecosystem aquatic fauna. In the last years, there has been a great concern in development, improvement and application of methodologies to evaluate the degree of contamination of sediments, which, although provide habitat to many aquatic organisms, constitute an important deposit for many of the most persistent chemicals added to the environment. Aiming to compare different methodologies to evaluate toxicity of contaminants associated with fresh water sediments, in order to subsidize the establishment of test procedure protocols considered more suitable and to analyse the quality of sediments of some reservoirs of the State of São Paulo, tests on acute toxicity were performed, by using the amphipod Hyalella azteca as test-organism. Sediments of Billings, Rasgão, Barra Bonita, Bariri and Promissão reservoirs were tested, in addition to sediments of Pedro Beicht reservoir which was considered the control sediment. The results of acute toxicity tests showed that the procedure suggested by BORGMANN & NORWOOD (1999) is simple and easy to implement, while the test proposed by USEPA (1994) is quite laborius, since it requires calibration and daily monitoring, presenting a more elevated initial cost. In relation to the quality of sediment ofreservoirs tested, Billings reservoir did not present acute toxicity to any samples tested, while chemical analysis results evidenced the presence of high levels of heavy metals and organic contaminants. Acute toxicity was found in Rasgão and Barra Bonita reservoirs in all samples tested, and at Bariri reservoir in samples collected in June/2000, differing from Promissão reservoir, which did not present toxicity in any samples tested. However, the reservoir is not free of contamination, since high levels of arsenic, nickel and chrome were found.
14

Some Effects of a Grazer, Hyalella azteca on Ecosystem Level Properties in Aquatic Microcosms

Werner, Martin D. 01 May 1979 (has links)
A study to determine some ecosystem level effects of an aquatic invertebrate grazer, Hyalella azteca, was performed in aquatic ix microcosms. Impact of the grazer was assessed in three general areas: 1) inorganic nutrient levels of the microcosm water column, 2) productivity and respiration of the biotic community, and 3) plant community composition in the microcosms. The grazing amphipod caused inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen (except ammonia) levels to be elevated in the microcosms. The increase was due, at least partially, to excretion of nutrients into the water by the amphipod. The presence of H. azteca did not significantly alter levels of gross productivity for the whole system nor for the sediment surface. Productivity to respiration ratios were significantly reduced by the grazing amphipod, indicating the amphipod was inhibiting plant biomass accumulation even though gross productivity was not affected. Systems exposed to amphipod grazing had a twenty-five percent lower plant biomass than controls at the termination of the experiment. Gross productivity to plant biomass ratios were significantly higher in grazed systems, indicating a more actively growing plant community was being maintained by the grazer's activities. Plant community composition was significantly altered by the amphipod. Chara biomass was higher in grazed systems, while filamentous algae, blue-green algal colonies and periphyton had significantly higher biomasses in the control systems. The phosphorus distribution within the grazed microcosms was significantly different from that found in the controls. More phosphorus was incorporated into filamentous algae, blue-green algal colonies and the overall plant compartment in the control, while Chara and the water column contained more phosphorus in the grazed microcosms. The amphipod also caused the percent content of phosphorus to be higher in certain plant categories.
15

Amphipod fauna of a mesotrophic lake – the distribution of the invasive amphipod, Echinogammarus ischnus / Märlkräftsfaunan i en mesotrof sjö – spridningen av den invaderande märlkräftan, Echinogammarus ischnus

Wallquist, Elin January 2007 (has links)
<p>Abstract</p><p>In Oneida Lake, New York, USA, three species of amphipods are present: Hyalella azteca is native, Gammarus fasciatus is invasive and was first observed sometime before 1940 and Echinogammarus ischnus was introduced in 2001 in shallow water. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal abundance of amphipods in Oneida Lake. In the Great Lakes, the invasive E. ischnus has outcompeted G. fasciatus and this was also expected to be occur in Oneida Lake. Quantitative field sampling of transects that extended from the shore to deeper water (3.8 m) at six sites around Oneida Lake showed that the abundance of all amphipod species had a positive correlation to the abundance of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Echinogammarus ischnus were observed at low densities (mean, 18 no./m2) in shallow water (<0.6 m) areas with cobbles covered with zebra mussels, whereas just a few individuals were found in deep water. At all depths, G. fasciatus were found at high densities (mean 950 no./m2), and H. azteca were present at low densities (mean 77 no./m2). The main factor limiting E. ischnus and its coexistence with G. fasciatus is the lack of favourable habitat i.e. too few cobble areas and too much Cladophora spp. and other macrophyte species growing in the lake. In addition, exposure of shallow water habitats every fall and winter as a consequence of water level manipulations produces unfavorable habitat for E. ischnus.</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>I sjön Oneida Lake, New York, USA, finns tre arter av märlkräftor (Amphipoda): Hyalella azteca är naturligt förekommande i sjön, Gammarus fasciatus hittades för första gången någon gång före år 1940 och Echinogammarus ischnus hittades för första gången 2001 på grunt vatten. Syftet med studien var att undersöka märlkräftornas utbredning och abundans över tid i Oneida Lake. I de Stora sjöarna (the Great Lakes) i Nordamerika har den invaderande E. ischnus konkurrerat ut G. fasciatus och samma sak förväntades att finna i Oneida Lake. I fält togs kvantitativa stickprover i transekter från strandlinjen och ut till djupt vatten (3,8 m), dessa visade att samtliga märlkräftsarter hade en positiv abundans korrelation med zebra musslor (Dreissena polymorpha). E. ischnus hittades i låga densiteter (medel 18 st/m2) på stenar täckta med zebra musslor på grunt vatten (<0,6 m) och endast ett fåtal individer hittades på djupt vatten. I Oneida Lake på alla djup hittades G. fasciatus i höga densiteter (medel 950 st/m2) medan H. azteca endast fanns i låga densiteter (medel 77 st/m2). Största anledningen till E. ischnus begränsning till samexistens med G. fasciatus är avsaknaden av gynnade habitat i sjön, det vill säga för få områden med stenar, samt att det växer för mycket alger (Cladophora spp.) och andra växter i sjön vilket missgynnar E. ischnus. Även vattennivåreglering under höst och vinter är ogynnsam för E. ischnus, då habitat på grunt vatten blir exponerande.</p>
16

Amphipod fauna of a mesotrophic lake – the distribution of the invasive amphipod, Echinogammarus ischnus / Märlkräftsfaunan i en mesotrof sjö – spridningen av den invaderande märlkräftan, Echinogammarus ischnus

Wallquist, Elin January 2007 (has links)
Abstract In Oneida Lake, New York, USA, three species of amphipods are present: Hyalella azteca is native, Gammarus fasciatus is invasive and was first observed sometime before 1940 and Echinogammarus ischnus was introduced in 2001 in shallow water. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal abundance of amphipods in Oneida Lake. In the Great Lakes, the invasive E. ischnus has outcompeted G. fasciatus and this was also expected to be occur in Oneida Lake. Quantitative field sampling of transects that extended from the shore to deeper water (3.8 m) at six sites around Oneida Lake showed that the abundance of all amphipod species had a positive correlation to the abundance of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Echinogammarus ischnus were observed at low densities (mean, 18 no./m2) in shallow water (&lt;0.6 m) areas with cobbles covered with zebra mussels, whereas just a few individuals were found in deep water. At all depths, G. fasciatus were found at high densities (mean 950 no./m2), and H. azteca were present at low densities (mean 77 no./m2). The main factor limiting E. ischnus and its coexistence with G. fasciatus is the lack of favourable habitat i.e. too few cobble areas and too much Cladophora spp. and other macrophyte species growing in the lake. In addition, exposure of shallow water habitats every fall and winter as a consequence of water level manipulations produces unfavorable habitat for E. ischnus. / Sammanfattning I sjön Oneida Lake, New York, USA, finns tre arter av märlkräftor (Amphipoda): Hyalella azteca är naturligt förekommande i sjön, Gammarus fasciatus hittades för första gången någon gång före år 1940 och Echinogammarus ischnus hittades för första gången 2001 på grunt vatten. Syftet med studien var att undersöka märlkräftornas utbredning och abundans över tid i Oneida Lake. I de Stora sjöarna (the Great Lakes) i Nordamerika har den invaderande E. ischnus konkurrerat ut G. fasciatus och samma sak förväntades att finna i Oneida Lake. I fält togs kvantitativa stickprover i transekter från strandlinjen och ut till djupt vatten (3,8 m), dessa visade att samtliga märlkräftsarter hade en positiv abundans korrelation med zebra musslor (Dreissena polymorpha). E. ischnus hittades i låga densiteter (medel 18 st/m2) på stenar täckta med zebra musslor på grunt vatten (&lt;0,6 m) och endast ett fåtal individer hittades på djupt vatten. I Oneida Lake på alla djup hittades G. fasciatus i höga densiteter (medel 950 st/m2) medan H. azteca endast fanns i låga densiteter (medel 77 st/m2). Största anledningen till E. ischnus begränsning till samexistens med G. fasciatus är avsaknaden av gynnade habitat i sjön, det vill säga för få områden med stenar, samt att det växer för mycket alger (Cladophora spp.) och andra växter i sjön vilket missgynnar E. ischnus. Även vattennivåreglering under höst och vinter är ogynnsam för E. ischnus, då habitat på grunt vatten blir exponerande.
17

The coexistence of ecologically similar species

Smith, Geneviève Kathleen 17 February 2014 (has links)
The biological diversity on planet Earth is astounding. Understanding the origins of this diversity, and how it is maintained, are the twin goals of ecology and evolutionary biology. An early and oft-repeated insight in this investigation is that that similar organisms cannot coexist indefinitely. Theory predicts that individuals and species will compete for limited resources and whichever has even a slight advantage will drive all others extinct in a process known as ‘competitive exclusion’. By diversifying, species avoid competition, thereby ‘stabilizing’ their coexistence. Yet natural systems often display levels of diversity that are surprisingly high, given this theory and investigations of how the similarity of coexisting species is maintained have received much less attention. Using a combination of field studies and experiments I demonstrate that highly similar species of freshwater amphipods may compete for resources without resulting in competitive exclusion. These findings suggest that there exist a range of interactions among Hyalella amphipods, ranging from strong stabilizing effects due to ecological trade-offs, to weakly stabilizing effects, to a total lack of stabilizing effects among various pairs of species in this system. These findings demonstrate how the relative strength of stabilizing forces may vary among coexisting species. Although much effort has been dedicated to enumerating and classifying the ways in which ecological and evolutionary forces promote diversity among species, there has been far less attention paid to mechanisms such as convergent evolution, habitat filtering, competition for non-substitutable resources, and non-ecological speciation, among others. I surveyed current theory that may explain the high levels of similarity among species often found in natural systems. I describe how several ecological and evolutionary mechanisms may operate to promote the coexistence of similar species and present results from new theoretical combinations of mechanisms to demonstrate how they may further act in concert with one another. / text
18

Avalia??o f?sico-qu?mica e ecotoxicol?gica de ?gua e sedimento na regi?o do baixo curso do Rio Doce, Zona Norte do Natal/RN / Physico-chemical and ecotoxicological assessment of water and sediment in the lower course of the River Doce, North of Natal/RN

Moura, Wanessa Kaline de Ara?jo 22 January 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-04-17T23:51:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WanessaKalineDeAraujoMoura_TESE.pdf: 2835389 bytes, checksum: 2e690065461ca562c7c35cca77b810e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-21T00:20:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 WanessaKalineDeAraujoMoura_TESE.pdf: 2835389 bytes, checksum: 2e690065461ca562c7c35cca77b810e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-21T00:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WanessaKalineDeAraujoMoura_TESE.pdf: 2835389 bytes, checksum: 2e690065461ca562c7c35cca77b810e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / O trabalho de pesquisa objeto deste projeto foi desenvolvido na regi?o do baixo curso do rio Doce no munic?pio de Natal, nos bairros de Lagoa Azul, Paju?ara e Redinha, ao longo do Rio Doce, limite com o munic?pio de Extremoz, Rio Grande do Norte. A regi?o da plan?cie fluvial do Rio Doce localiza-se em Zona de Prote??o Ambiental (ZPA-9). Esta ZPA ? uma das que ainda n?o est?o regulamentadas e nela s?o observados diversos problemas ambientais decorrentes do uso e ocupa??o do solo, caracterizando um flagrante desrespeito ? legisla??o ambiental e cuja prote??o ? dificultada devido ? inexist?ncia de mecanismos legais espec?ficos. Este trabalho tem por objetivos implantar e estabelecer a manuten??o do cultivo da esp?cie Hyalella azteca (Crustacea, Amphipoda) no Laborat?rio de Ecotoxicologia - ECOTOX (UFRN) para avalia??o ecotoxicol?gica de sedimento; avaliar a qualidade da ?gua e do sedimento, utilizando os clad?ceros Ceriodaphnia dubia, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii e Hyalella azteca respectivamente, da regi?o do baixo curso do Rio Doce por meio de ensaios ecotoxicol?gicos e an?lises f?sicas e qu?micas de forma a avaliar a interfer?ncia das a??es humanas ao longo do rio. Foram realizadas visitas ? ?rea no per?odo de 2012 a 2014. Os locais de amostragem foram denominados LE, R2, R3, R4 e R5. A avalia??o da qualidade da ?gua e dos sedimentos do baixo curso do rio Doce, trecho localizado entre a Lagoa de Extremoz e a Redinha, por meio de an?lises f?sicas e qu?micas, e de ensaios ecotoxicol?gicos, na ?gua e no sedimento, nos anos de 2012, 2013 e 2014, embasou o conhecimento e respondeu as quest?es de pesquisa: nos testes ecotoxicol?gicos realizados em ?gua e sedimentos h? uma resposta mensur?vel da biota no ambiente aqu?tico, pois a altera??o encontrada nos par?metros f?sicos e qu?micos medidos em ?gua e os resultados negativos encontrados em pelo menos 50% dos testes de toxicidade cr?nica realizados mensalmente no per?odo de um ano evidenciaram o comprometimento da qualidade da ?gua do rio Doce pelo menos em parte do ano, destacando que as diversas atividades desenvolvidas no entorno da drenagem podem estar contribuindo para as varia??es observadas. / The object of this research project was developed on the lower course of the river Doce in the city of Natal, in the districts of Lagoa Azul, Paju?ara and Redinha, along the river Doce, limit with the municipality of Extremoz, Rio Grande do Norte. The region of the Doce river plain is located in the area of environmental protection (ZPA-9). This is one of the ZPA which are not yet regulated and are observed several environmental problems arising from the use and occupation of land, featuring a blatant disregard to environmental legislation and whose protection is hampered due to the lack of specific legal mechanisms. This work aims to deploy and establish the maintenance of cultivation of Hyalella azteca species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the laboratory of Ecotoxicology-ECOTOX (UFRN) for ecotoxicological assessment of sediment; assess the quality of the water and the sediment using the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia dubia, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Hyalella azteca respectively, the lower course of the Rio Doce for ecotoxicological tests and physical and chemical analyses in order to evaluate the interference of human actions along the river. The visits were carried out in the period from 2012 to 2014. Sampling sites were named LE, R2, R3, R4 and R5. The evaluation of the quality of the water and sediments of the lower course of the Doce river, excerpt located between the lagoon of Extremoz and Redinha, through physical and chemical analyses, and ecotoxicological tests, in water and sediment, in the years 2012, 2013 and 2014, served the knowledge and answered the questions of research: ecotoxicological tests carried out in water and sediments there is a measurable response of biota in aquatic environment because the change found in physical and chemical parameters measured in water and the negative results found in at least 50 of chronic toxicity tests conducted on a monthly basis within one year showed the commitment of the Doce river water quality at least part of the year, noting that the various activities carried out in the vicinity of drainage may be contributing to the observed variations.
19

The effects of salinity and temperature on toxicity of permethrin to pyrethroid-resistant and Wild-type Hyalella azteca

Kent, Logan 01 September 2021 (has links)
Global climate change promotes warming temperatures and altered salinities that pose threats to aquatic ecosystems and species, such as Hyalella azteca. Moreover, these threats to aquatic ecosystems are exacerbated by agricultural, urban, and industrial pesticide runoff. In the state of California in 2012, pyrethroid insecticides were the seventh most applied group by licensed professional applicators for pest control and landscape maintenance. Some species, specifically H. azteca have developed non-target resistance to pyrethroids in California. It is imperative to understand whether the bioenergetic cost of resistance makes H. azteca more susceptible to warming and salinity effects in the presence of contaminants. This research presents an assessment on how multiple stressors can affect the toxicity of permethrin (pyrethroid insecticide) on one Wild-type and two pyrethroid- resistant species of H. azteca, belonging to different clades. A series of 96-h acute toxicity tests exposing animals to a concentration range of permethrin were performed with compounding stress from temperatures (18, 23 and 28 °C) and salinities (0.2, 1.0, and 6.0 practical salinity units [PSU]). Findings indicate resistant H. azteca cultured in pyrethroid-free settings have maintained resistance to permethrin over time, whereas the wild-type population did not develop any resistance over the course of experimentation. For resistant H. azteca, changes in salinity and temperature both increased and decreased survival of H. azteca exposed to permethrin. Between the two resistant clades, not only was survival affected, but the average slope of the dose-response curve was significantly different (p < 0.05); clade D was more susceptible to pyrethroids when coping with warming and higher salinity than clade C., Differential susceptibility potentially indicates that distinct resistance mutations confer a difference in the potency and mode of toxic action. The results provide insight to how changes posed by climate change, coupled with pyrethroid pesticides could be detrimental to this species, and conversely, how in some scenarios, changes to temperature and salinity might actually benefit the survival of H. azteca. These findings further indicate the importance of considering global climate change effects into risk assessments of emerging and legacy use contaminants.
20

Potential Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles to Microbial Communities and Macroinvertebrates

Kusi, Joseph 01 August 2020 (has links)
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most common nanomaterials incorporated in commercial products due to their antimicrobial activity. Recently, AgNPs were detected in surface waters suggesting the potential for bioavailability in the aquatic receptor organisms. This dissertation research attempts to understand the potential toxicity of AgNPs on water quality indicators, focusing on the microbial community and amphipods. This study evaluated whether: (1) the antimicrobial properties of AgNPs pose potential risks to microbial communities in pathogen impaired streams; (2) AgNPs can cause a shift in functional diversity and metabolic fingerprinting of microbial communities; (3) survival and growth of Hyalella azteca (amphipods) could be affected by AgNPs; and (4) surface coating agents influence AgNP toxicity in H. azteca. Microbial community responses to AgNPs were assessed using standard plate count, microbial enzyme assays, and carbon substrate utilization with Biolog EcoPlates™. Ten-day and 28-d toxicity tests were conducted in a static system to assess AgNP effects on H. azteca. AgNPs caused a 69% decrease in microbial concentration and a 77% decrease in β-glucosidase activity at 0.32 mg Ag kg-1 dry sediment. The substrate utilization pattern of the microbial community was altered by AgNPs at 0.33 mg Ag kg-1 dry sediment. Ten-day LC50s for the survival of H. azteca were 3.3, 9.2, and 230.0 µg Ag L-1 for AgNO3, citrate-AgNP, and PVP-AgNP, respectively, whereas the 28-d LC50s were 3.0, 3.5, and 66.0 µg Ag L-1 for AgNO3, citrate-AgNP, and PVP-AgNP, respectively. The EC20s for growth (calculated as biomass) for the 10-d test were 1.6, 4.7, and 188.1 µg Ag L-1 for AgNO3, citrate-AgNP, and PVP-AgNPs; while the 28-d EC20s for AgNO3, citrate-AgNP and PVP-AgNP were 3.2, 0.5, and < 50 µg Ag L-1. The NOECS for dry weight were 4 and 1, and 100 µg Ag L-1, while those for biomass were 2, 0.5, and < 50 µg Ag L-1 for AgNO3, citrate-AgNP, and PVP-AgNP, respectively. The overall toxicity followed the trend: AgNO3 > citrate-AgNP > PVP-AgNP. The studies suggest that AgNPs pose potential risks to microbial communities and epibenthic macroinvertebrates used as bioindicators of water quality to protect public health and ecosystem health.

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