This thesis focuses on the concept, design, and simulation of the Reconfigurable Multi-Source Inverter for EV applications and its effectiveness when combined with a HESS. The current trends in the automotive market, including different vehicle types, and the adoption of electrified vehicles by the public are discussed. The benefits and logistics of different vehicle architectures are analyzed and compared. Hybrid vehicles will be essential in helping transition society from conventional internal combustion engine vehicles to purely electric vehicles. The individual components of these electrified vehicles are reviewed, and common topologies are discussed with the benefits of each system compared. The batteries required for these electric vehicles are costly and require many individual cells in order to operate efficiently. Many hybrids vehicles make use of expensive power electronics, such as DC/DC converters to help boost the operating voltage of the battery pack without adding additional cells. A Reconfigurable Multi-Source Inverter in introduced and its switching structure is explained in depth. Its’ ability to make use of multiple DC sources to create four different voltage levels is outlined and possible modulation techniques are presented. This thesis aims to introduce a novel Reconfigurable Multi-Source Inverter using a Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) scheme and is further investigated through simulations and with plans for experimental validation on an R-L load. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / One of the main factors affecting the cost of electrified vehicles is the expense of building a high voltage battery pack. Motor’s used in electric vehicle applications typically operate at higher voltages and therefore require large battery pack or costly power electronics to step the voltage of the pack up to a suitable operating level. A Reconfigurable Multi-Source Inverter uses a combination of two sources to create different voltage levels. This novel inverter can be used to maximize the voltage of smaller packs to help reduce the overall cost of vehicle electrification.

In recent years government, academia and industry have been pursuing fuel cell technology as an alternative to current power generating technologies. The automotive industry has targeted fuel cell technology as a potential alternative to internal combustion engines. The goal of this research is to understand and quantify the impact and effects of low temperature operation has on the performance and efficiency of vehicle fuel cell systems through modeling. More specifically, this work addresses issues of the initial thermal transient known to the automotive community as "cold-start" effects. Cold-start effects play a significant role in power limitations in a fuel cell vehicle, and may require hybridization (batteries) to supplement available power. A fuel cell system model developed as part of this work allows users to define the basic thermal fluid relationships in a fuel cell system. The model can be used as a stand-alone version or as part of a complex fuel cell vehicle model. Fuel cells are being considered for transportation primarily because they have the ability to increase vehicle energy efficiency and significantly reduce or eliminate tailpipe emissions. A proton exchange membrane fuel cell is an electrochemical device for which the operational characteristics depend heavily upon temperature. Thus, it is important to know how the thermal design of the system affects the performance of a fuel cell, which governs the efficiency and performance of the system. This work revealed that the impact on efficiency of a cold-start yielded a 5 % increase in fuel use over a regulated drive cycle for the converted sport utility vehicle. The performance of the fuel cell vehicle also suffered due to operation at low temperatures. Operation of the fuel cell at 20 C yielded only 50% of the available power to the vehicle system. / Master of Science

Increasing debates over a gasoline independent future and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has led to a surge in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) being developed around the world. Due to the limited all-electric range of PHEVs, a daytime PHEV charging infrastructure will be required for most PHEVs’ daily usage. This dissertation, for the first time, presents a mixed integer mathematical programming model to solve the PHEV charging infrastructure planning (PCIP) problem. Our case study, based on the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) campus, produced encouraging results, indicates the viability of the modeling approach and substantiates the importance of considering both employee convenience and appropriate grid connections in the PCIP problem. Unfortunately, the classical optimization methods do not scale up well to larger practical problems. In order to effectively and efficiently attack larger PCIP problems, we develop a new MASTS based TS algorithm, PCIP-TS to solve the PCIP. The results from computational experiments for the ORNL campus problem establish the dominant supremacy of the PCIP-TS method both in terms of solution quality and computational time. Additional experiments with simulated data representative of a problem that might be faced by a small city show that PCIP-TS outperforms CPLEX based optimization. Once the charging infrastructure is in place, the immediate problem is to judiciously manage this system on a daily basis. This thesis formally develops a mixed integer linear program to solve the daily the energy management problem (DEM) faced by an organization and presented results of a case study performed for ORNL campus. The results from our case study, based on the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) campus, are encouraging and substantiate the importance of controlled PHEV fleet charging and realizing V2G capabilities as opposed to uncontrolled charging methods. Although optimal solutions are obtained, the solver requires practically unacceptable computational times for larger problems. Hence, we develop a new MASTS based TS algorithm, DEM-TS, for the DEM models. Results for ORNL campus data set prove the dominant computational efficiency of the DEM-TS. For the simulated extended sized problems that resemble the complexity of a problem faced by a small city, the results prove that DEM-T not only achieves optimality, but also produces sets of multiple alternate optimal solutions. These could be very helpful in practical settings when alternate solutions are necessary because some solutions may not be deployable due to unforeseen circumstances. / text

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Die anspruchsvollen Zielsetzungen zum CO2-Ausstoß von Kraftfahrzeugen verlangen immer stärker nach hocheffizienten Fahrzeugkonzepten und werden zukünftig zu deutlich höheren Elektrifizierungsanteilen der Antriebe führen. Die große Herausforderung liegt dabei in der Lösung des Zielkonfliktes zwischen voll elektrischem Fahren und erstfahrzeugtauglicher Reichweite. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes zur Konzeption von Hybridfahrzeugen hat die BMW Forschung ein Konzeptfahrzeug entwickelt, das im urbanen Bereich emissionsfrei betrieben werden kann und dennoch alltagstauglich für spontane längere Fahrten nutzbar ist (Abbildung 1). Die für dieses Projekt abgeleiteten Ziele waren ein Verbrauch von < 2,5 l im Ladungserhaltungsbetrieb, eine E-Reichweite von 100 km, eine BMW-adäquate Beschleunigung von < 8 sec von 0 auf 100 km/h, eine erstfahrzeugtaugliche Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 180 km/h, ein Raumangebot auf Niveau heutiger viersitziger Coupés im Kompaktsegment und eine Gesamtreichweite von 1.000 km (Eiletz 2015a). Im Rahmen des Beitrags werden sowohl Prozess und Vorgehensweise bei der Gestaltung des Hocheffizienz-Konzeptfahrzeugs als auch die Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojektes dargelegt.

Cette thèse analyse les challenges auxquels sont confrontés les composants électriques pour les systèmes de traction hybrides. L’analyse de ces composants et de leurs interactions en tant qu’entité indépendante est un sujet de recherche important afin de dimensionner de manière optimale le système au lieu de combiner des composants optimaux. Les véhicules hybrides sont un domaine de recherche qui suscite un grand intérêt parce qu’il s’agit d’une solution efficace à court terme afin de préparer la transition énergétique vers les véhicules à zéro émission. Malgré les avantages de cette solution, c’est un sujet de recherche complexe car les composants électriques doivent être intégrés dans un système de propulsion conventionnel. Ainsi le but de ce travail de recherche est axé sur la détermination de méthodes appropriées pour étudier les composants électriques et les contributions apportées par cette thèse visent à répondre à la problématique suivante : déterminer le niveau suffisant de détails pour modéliser les systèmes électriques pour les systèmes de traction pour véhicules hybrides afin d’identifier le dimensionnement idéal des composants pour différents systèmes pendant la phase de développement. Afin de résoudre cette problématique, ce rapport est divisé en quatre parties au sein de six chapitres. D’abord l’état de l’art des véhicules hybrides, des composants électriques ainsi que des méthodes d’optimisation associées sont présentés (chapitre 1). Ensuite, pour chaque composant (chapitre 2 à 4), des méthodes de modélisation appropriées sont déterminées afin de les modéliser mais aussi afin d’évaluer leur intégration dans le système de propulsion. Puis, une solution pour l’étude du système globale est déterminée à partir de l’analyse de travaux précédents (chapitre 5). Finalement, une approche d’optimisation est développée et permet d’analyser différents systèmes ainsi que l’influence de différents paramètres sur le dimensionnement (chapitre 6). Grâce à l’analyse du développement actuel et des travaux précédents sur le sujet ainsi qu’au développement d’outils de simulation, cette thèse étudie et analyse les relations entre le niveau de tension et de courant, et les performances du système dans différents cas. Les résultats permettent de déterminer l’influence de ces paramètres sur les composants ainsi que l’impact de l’environnement industriel sur les résultats. En tenant compte du cadre législatif actuel, les résultats convergent globalement tous dans la même direction : une réduction du niveau de tension, respectivement une augmentation du courant, entraine une amélioration du système global par rapport aux méthodes de dimensionnent actuelles. Ces observations sont liées à l’architecture, au cycle d’évaluation et à l’environnement considérés mais les méthodes et l’approche développée ont posé les bases pour étendre les connaissances dans le domaine de l’optimisation des véhicules hybrides. En plus de l’optimisation générale, des cas particuliers sont analysés afin de montrer la modularité des méthodes et l’influence de paramètres supplémentaires (système 48V ou convertisseur Boost). Afin de conclure, cette thèse a mis en place les bases pour l’étude des composants électriques pour les véhicules hybrides. De part un environnement fluctuant et les nombreuses technologies possibles, ce sujet suscite encore un grand intérêt et les points suivants peuvent être encore étudiés de manière plus détaillée : * Application des méthodes pour d’autres systèmes de propulsion (autre architectures hybrides, véhicule à pile à combustible ou tout électrique), * Étude de nouvelles technologies comme le carbure de silicium pour l’électronique de puissance, la machine à reluctance variable ou le sulfure de lithium pour les batteries, * Analyse d’autre cycle d’évaluation ainsi que leur cadre législatif, * Mise en place de structures additionnelles pour l’électronique de puissance, * Validations supplémentaires avec d’autres composants / This work analyses the challenges faced by the electric components for traction purpose in hybrid drivetrains. It investigates the components and their interactions as an independent entity in order to refine the scope of investigation and to find the best combinations of components instead of the best components combinations. Hybrid vehicle is currently a topic of high interest because it stands for a suitable short-term solution towards zero emission vehicle. Despite its advantages, it is a challenging topic because the components need to be integrated in a conventional drivetrain architecture. Therefore, the focus of this work is set on the determination of the right methods to investigate only the electric components for traction purpose. The aim and the contributions of this work lies thereby in the resolution of the following statement: Determine the sufficient level of details in modeling electric components at the system level and develop models and tools to perform dynamic simulations of these components and their interactions in a global system analysis to identify ideal designs of various drivetrain electric components during the design process. To address these challenges, this work is divided in four main parts within six chapters. First the current status of the hybrid vehicle, the electric components and the associated optimization methods and simulation are presented (first chapter). Then for each component, the right modeling approach is defined in order to investigate the electrical, mechanical and thermal behavior of the components as well as methods to evaluate their integration in the drivetrain (second to fourth chapter). After this, a suitable method is defined to evaluate the global system and to investigate the interactions between the components based on the review of relevant previous works (chapter five). Finally, the last chapter presents the optimization approach considered in this work and the results by analyzing different system and cases (chapter six). Thanks to the analysis of the current status, previous works and the development of the simulations tools, this work investigates the relationships between the voltage, the current and the power in different cases. The results enable, under the considered assumptions of the work, to determine the influence of these parameters on the components and of the industrial environment on the optimization results. Considering the current legislative frame, all the results converge toward the same observation referred to the reference systems: a reduction of the voltage and an increase of the current leads to an improvement of the integration and the performance of the system. These observations are linked with the considered architecture, driving cycle and development environment but the developed methods and approaches have set the basis to extend the knowledge for the optimization of the electric system for traction purpose. Beside the main optimization, special cases are investigated to show the influence of additional parameters (increase of the power, 48V-system, machine technology, boost-converter…) In order to conclude, this work have set the basis for further investigations about the electric components for traction purpose in more electrified vehicle. Due to the constantly changing environment, the new technologies and the various legislative frame, this topic remains of high interest and the following challenges still need to be deeper investigated: * Application of the methods for other drivetrain architecture (series hybrid, power-split hybrid, fuel-cell vehicle, full electric vehicle), * Investigation of new technologies such as silicon-carbide for the power electronics, lithium–sulfur battery or switch reluctance machine, * Investigation of other driving cycle, legislative frame, * Integration of additional power electronics structure, * Further validation of the modeling approaches with additional components

Purpose/aim This study is about environmental protection and energy conservation in the China vehicle market. Based on that, we focus on and comparison of combustion vehicles with hybrid vehicles.Design/method/approach Data was collected through questionnaire. The analysis includes a description of the sample and chi-square tests. We analyze two different particular engines (combustion engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles) and our single environment. We compare these two engine vehicles, and analyze the trends of the market. We use scientific data and existing theories to analyze the vehicles, including “lifecycle costs” “CO2 emissions”, “Greenhouse gas”, “Consumers perception”, “Full Costing”, “PPC (Production Possibilities Curve)”, “Supply Demand Curve”, and “Green Taxes”.Findings We conclude that hybrid engine vehicles are environmentally friendly and energy conserving, but they have higher lifecycle costs. The analysis also shows that different ages, education levels and regions affect the customers’ preferences for these two kinds of vehicles.Originality/value Our original idea is the problems of hybrid vehicles and how to support and popularize hybrid vehicles depends on the exact national conditions and policies implemented. However, consumers might not be able to accept the “environmental protection and energy conservation” concept immediately, because it’s difficult to change the consumption concept of a generation or culture. Therefore, the government should carry out policies that are suitable for their local region to update the consumption concepts of the consumers and promote the new energy vehicles. Thus, the goal of environmental protection and energy conservation can be reached.

Environmental and economic reasons have lead automotive companies towards the direction of EVs and HEVs. Stricter emission legislations along with the consumer needs for more cost-efficient and environmental friendly vehicles have increased immensely the amount of hybrid and electric vehicles available in the market. It is essential though for Li-ion batteries, the main propulsion force of EVs and HEVs, to be able to read the battery characteristics in a high accuracy manner, predict life expectancy and behaviour and act accordingly. The following thesis constitutes a concept study of a battery diagnostics method. The method is based on the notion of a pseudo-random binary signal used as the current input and from its voltage response, the impedance is used for the estimation of parameters such as the state of charge and more. The feasibility of the PRBS method at a battery cell has been examined through various tests, both in an experimental manner at the lab but also in a simulation manner. The method is compared for validation against the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method which is being used as a reference. For both the experimental and the simulation examinations, the PRBS method has been validated and proven to work. No matter the change in the parameters of the system, the method behaves in a similar manner as in the reference EIS method. The level of detail in the research and the performed experiments is what makes the significance of the results of high importance. The method in all ways has been proven to work in the concept study and based on the findings, if implemented on an EV’s or HEV’s electric drive line and the same functionality is observed, be used as a diagnostics method of the battery of the vehicle.

Στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας ήταν η μελέτη και η υλοποίηση στρατηγικής διαχείρισης ενέργειας για τη βελτιωμένη οικονομική λειτουργία υβριδικού οχήματος με χρήση ψηφιακού μικροελεγκτή. Η προτεινόμενη στρατηγική, η οποία βασίζει τη λειτουργία της στην αρχή της ασαφούς λογικής αναπτύχθηκε και αρχικά δοκιμάστηκε, χρησιμοποιώντας το πρόγραμμα Matlab/Simulink. Για την επιβεβαίωση της ορθής λειτουργίας του συνολικού συστήματος αποτελούμενου από το ηλεκτρικό κινητήριο σύστημα, τη μηχανή εσωτερικής καύσης και το σύστημα διαχείρισης της ενέργειας, δημιουργήθηκε ένα μαθηματικό μοντέλο ενός υβριδικού οχήματος παράλληλης διάταξης, επίσης στο περιβάλλον Simulink,στο οποίο η διαχείριση της ενέργειας γίνεται μέσω του ανεπτυχθέντος ασαφούς ελεγκτή. Στόχος ήταν να ελεγχθεί η συμπεριφορά του ελεγκτή αυτού. Τέλος, κατασκευάστηκε το κύκλωμα υλοποίησης του ασαφούς ελεγκτή, χρησιμοποιώντας τον ψηφιακό μικροελεγκτή dsPIC30f4011 της εταιρίας Microchip. Για την υλοποίηση της λειτουργίας του ελεγκτή, αναπτύχθηκε ο αντίστοιχος κώδικας σε γλώσσα C, η λειτουργία του οποίου επιβεβαιώθηκε πειραματικά. / The objective of this master thesis was the study and the implementation of an energy management strategy, aiming for improved economic operation of hybrid vehicle using a digital microcontroller. The proposed strategy, based on the principles of fuzzy logic, was developed and initially tested using the environment Matlab/Simulink. To ascertain the correct operation of the system constituted by the electric motive system, the internal combustion machine and the energy management system, a mathematic model of hybrid vehicle of parallel provision was also created in Simulink. The energy management is implemented by the fuzzy controller. The main objective was to test the behavior of this controller. Finally, the electronic circuit of the fuzzy controller was manufactured. The digital microcontroller dsPIC30f4011 (Microchip company) was used. For the implementation of the operation of the controller, the corresponding code was developed in C language, the operation of which was experimentally confirmed.

Un des enjeux actuels de la réduction des émissions polluantes pour les véhicules automobiles concerne l'utilisation de moyens de propulsion hybride (électrique+thermique). Les problématiques principales, pour l'automatique, sont alors d'optimiser l'efficacité énergétique globale du véhicule, mais aussi d'améliorer les performances du véhicule hybride. Nous envisageons ici de développer des méthodes de commande robuste dans cet objectif, tout en prenant en compte les contraintes liées à la mise en oeuvre pratique. / In the recent years, growing public concern has been given both on the energy problem and on the environment problem resulted from dramatically increased vehicles equipped with Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). Subsequently, intensive contributions have been made by the automotive industries and research institutes on vehicles that depend less on the fossil fuels, and introduce less pollutant emissions. This has led to the emergence of environment-friendly and energy-saving vehicles such as the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) that is usually equipped with one or more additional electric motors and the associated power battery compared with the Conventional vehicles (CVs) propelled solely by the ICE. The key point of an HEV is to design a proper Energy Management Strategy (EMS) that decides how to split the demanded power between the engine and the motor (battery). As the most important and expensive part of an HEV, it is important to take into account battery states, such as battery State of Charge (SOC) and battery ageing, aiming at maintain the optimality of the achieved EMS, as well as prolonging the battery life. In this dissertation, an HEV of parallel structure, which is equipped with a Lithiumion battery is considered. This dissertation is focused on accounting for battery related items, i.e. battery SOC and SOH indicated by battery parameters, in the EMS developments leading to a kind of fault tolerant EMS. Some brief introduction on the control methods and realization approaches involved in this work is presented first, followed by two big parts: the first part is focused on the battery modeling and estimation, while the second part is concerned by the vehicle modeling and few kinds of EMS development methods.