No / Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation was used to produce a range of polymers terminated with an acridine group, which intercalates efficiently into dsDNA; the structure of the polymer determines the nature and strength of the interaction. Using a short 63 base pair dsDNA, discrete and well-defined DNA–polymer hybrid nanoparticles were formed, which were characterised by dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy. / University of Warwick, EPSRC, Swiss National Science Foundation

Hardware-in-a-loop (HIL) testing and simulation for components and control strategies can reduce both time and cost of development. HIL testing focuses on one component or control system rather than the entire vehicle. The rest of the system is simulated by computer systems which use real time data acquisition systems to read outputs and respond like the systems in the actual vehicle would respond. The hardware for the system is on a scaled-down level to save both time and money during testing. The system designed to simulate the REVLSE Equinox split parallel hybrid consists of five direct current (DC) permanent magnet motors. These motors are used in the system to test the controller software of the vehicle. Two of the motors act as power plants simulating the spark ignited Ethanol engine and the rear traction motor. These two motors are controlled by DC variable speed controllers. The other motors are used as generators to simulate the load from the belted alternator starter (BAS) and the road load on each axle. The motors on each axle are joined together mechanically using a belt and pulley system. The front and rear axle of the system are not connected to simulate the actual vehicle where the power plants are gear-reduced before they make contact with the road and therefore do not actually spin at the same speeds. The computer software and hardware used to run the HIL hybrid system is National Instruments LabView and CompactRIO. LabView provides an easy interface through which programs for the RIO can be written. The RIO gives the user the ability to measure the power into and out of different components in the system to measure the efficiency of the system. The ability to measure system efficiencies using different powertrain inputs and loading schemes is what makes the HIL system a valuable tool in control modeling for the Equinox. LabView and the RIO allow the user to optimize the control strategy with the two power plant inputs and the BAS to make sure the high voltage system stays charged and improve the overall efficiency of the vehicle without the actual vehicle. The HIL system allows other work to be done of the vehicle during the control development. During a constant axle speed test at 730 RPM with constant generator resistance, the front engine efficiency was 33.8%, the BAS efficiency was 53.0%, the rear load generator efficiency was 51.2% and the overall efficiency of the front axle was 24.0%. These results show that the system can simulate the powertrain of a hybrid vehicle and help create and validate a control scheme. / Master of Science

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) come in many sizes and degrees of hybridization. Mild hybrid systems, where a simple idle stop strategy is employed, eliminate fuel use for idling. Multiple motor hybrid systems with complex electrically continuously variable transmissions in passenger cars, SUVs and light duty trucks have large increases in fuel economy. The plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) takes the electrification of the automobile one step further than the HEV by increasing the battery energy capacity. The additional capacity of the battery is used to propel the vehicle without using onboard fuel energy. Commercial software of great complexity and limited availability is often used with sophisticated models to simulate powertrain operation. A simple method of evaluating technologies, component sizes, and alternative fuels is the goal of the model presented here. The objective of this paper is to define a PHEV model for use in the EcoCAR competition series. E85, gaseous hydrogen, and grid electricity are considered. The powertrain architecture selected is a series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (SPHEV). The energy for charge sustaining operation is converted from fuel in an auxiliary power unit (APU). Compressed hydrogen gas is converted to electricity via the use of a fuel cell system and boost converter. For E85, the APU is an engine coupled to a generator. The results of modeling the vehicle allow for the comparison of the new architecture to the stock vehicle. In combination with the GREET model developed by Argonne National Lab, the multiple energy sources are compared for well to wheel energy use, petroleum energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions. / Master of Science

No / This paper presents a new-designed compact power pack for a series hybrid vehicle. A new type of rotary induction machine with an outer rotor construction is designed to be coupled with the novel rotary internal combustion engine (ICE) with cylindrical crankcase in order to form the compact power unit. The starting and generation performance of the designed machine as well as the overall vehicle performance is analysed. Results show that the proposed power pack has the best performance in terms of fuel economy, emissions and battery charging compared to the existing power units in ADVISOR. Over a city cycle, fuel economy is increased by up to 47% with emissions reduced by up to 36% and over the highway cycle, fuel economy is increased by up to 69% with emissions reduced by up to 42%.

This study was used to investigate the differences in asynchronous, bisynchronous, and hybrid learning environments in student achievement in online schools. Utilizing quantitative data analysis, the research examines student growth data, chronic absenteeism, graduation rates, and ACT scores across these modalities. The research holds significant implications for educators, policymakers, and stakeholders in enhancing the quality of online education. The results may contribute to the ongoing dialogue surrounding effective pedagogical practices in the digital age by providing evidence-based insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each instructional mode. By addressing the challenges of the digital divide, the results may be used to inform the design of inclusive learning environments that cater to diverse student needs and circumstances. The hypothesis was that there would be observable differences among the various virtual learning modalities. The results revealed significant differences in the student growth index among the different learning environments. Specifically, students in bisynchronous learning models well succeeded those in hybrid models. The study found no significant differences in chronic absenteeism rates, graduation rates or ACT scores among the different learning modalities.

Lotería is a hybrid poetry collection that follows the life of the speaker as a queer, Hispanic transracial adoptee raised by a conservative Catholic family in Central Florida, focusing on their struggle to fit into the binaries assigned to and expected of them across religion, race, gender, and sexuality. This collection is separated into three sections, each expanding on the one before as the speaker journeys through life, exploring their identity and their connection with the world around them. In the first section, poems such as "(Non)Binary Star" and "Size 6 Woman Size 18 Daughter" sift through the speaker's conflict of being a queer, adopted child and feeling like an outsider in their own home, particularly in relation to their adopted mother, while also exploring the way religion was routinely used as a vehicle for shame and obedience. Poems like "Poet as Wolfdog" and "Wolfdog as Poet" in the second section explore the speaker's relationship with themself as they learn to push against the boundaries of the binaries they're familiar with and to become more comfortable in expressing their identity as an adoptee while leaning into more fantastical language and imagery. The final section steps outside of the home of the speaker and considers the relationship between them, their body, and the world at large, in poems like "The Cycle of Life in Skagaströnd," which turn the act of traveling into a spiritual experience. The use of hybrid forms such as numbered lists, dictionary definitions, and elongated prose throughout Lotería serve as tangible examples of the body and soul of the speaker as they navigate their existence between and across forms, roles, and binaries.

This dissertation provides a complete mathematical framework to compute the sensitivities with respect to system parameters for any second order hybrid Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) and rank 1 and 3 Differential Algebraic Equation (DAE) systems. The hybrid system is characterized by discontinuities in the velocity state variables due to an impulsive forces at the time of event. At the time of event, such system may also exhibit a change in the equations of motion or in the kinematic constraints. The analytical methodology that solves the sensitivities for hybrid systems is structured based on jumping conditions for both, the velocity state variables and the sensitivities matrix. The proposed analytical approach is then benchmarked against a known numerical method. The mathematical framework is extended to compute sensitivities of the states of the model and of the general cost functionals with respect to model parameters for both, unconstrained and constrained, hybrid mechanical systems. This dissertation emphasizes the penalty formulation for modeling constrained mechanical systems since this formalism has the advantage that it incorporates the kinematic constraints inside the equation of motion, thus easing the numerical integration, works well with redundant constraints, and avoids kinematic bifurcations. In addition, this dissertation provides a unified mathematical framework for performing the direct and the adjoint sensitivity analysis for general hybrid systems associated with general cost functions. The mathematical framework computes the jump sensitivity matrix of the direct sensitivities which is found by computing the Jacobian of the jump conditions with respect to sensitivities right before the event. The main idea is then to obtain the transpose of the jump sensitivity matrix to compute the jump conditions for the adjoint sensitivities. Finally, the methodology developed obtains the sensitivity matrix of cost functions with respect to parameters for general hybrid ODE systems. Such matrix is a key result for design analysis as it provides the parameters that affect the given cost functions the most. Such results could be applied to gradient based algorithms, control optimization, implicit time integration methods, deep learning, etc. / Ph. D. / A mechanical system is composed of many different parameters, like the length, weight and inertia of a body or the spring and damping constant of a suspension system. A variation of these constants can modify the motion a mechanical system. This dissertation provides a complete mathematical framework that aims at identifying the parameters that affect at most the motion of a mechanical system. Such system could be hybrid like the human body. Indeed, when walking the foot/ground impact causes an abrupt change of velocity of the foot, while the position of the foot remains the same. Such change makes the velocity of the human body to be discontinuous at such event, which makes the human body when walking a hybrid system. The same can be applied to a vehicle driving over a bump. The main result obtained from the mathematical framework is called the "sensitivity matrix". Such matrix is a key result for design analysis as it identifies the parameters that affect at most the motion of a mechanical system. Such results are very relevant and could be applied to different softwares with prebuilt gradient based algorithms, control optimization, implicit time integration methods, or deep learning, etc.

Elucidating and preserving biodiversity is an essential component of biological research, yet many natural processes impede our ability to define basic patterns of biodiversity. Hybridization is a common process in flowering plants, with a range of outcomes that influence our understanding of species ecology and evolution. In many systems, factors that facilitate or prevent successful hybridization are poorly understood. In this study, I investigate various potential mechanisms driving patterns of hybridization between Triodanis biflora and T. perfoliata. Previous research in this system has documented extensive hybridization, but some work has also alluded to the potential role of the breeding system in limiting gene flow. These patterns are particularly interesting given conflicting evidence about species delimitation of this group, with some considering T. biflora a subspecies of T. perfoliata. Here I employ a large-scale field study as well as previously collected genetic data and synthesize our overall knowledge of factors influencing patterns of hybridization in this system. Specifically, I demonstrate the first potential genetic signature for hybridization in this system, and confirm morphological differences between T. biflora, T. perfoliata, and putative hybrids across multiple hybrid zones. Across multiple field sites, I found no evidence for microhabitat (i.e., soil texture, light availability) or pollinator visitation rates for consistently limiting gene flow. Congruent with previous work, variation in the breeding system between T. biflora and T. perfoliata appears to play a major role in apparent asymmetrical patterns of hybridization across multiple hybrid zones. These species exhibit dimorphic cleistogamy, with T. biflora producing relatively fewer open flowers, and thus, less potential to contribute to hybrid gene flow. Overall, this research, combined with multiple previous studies, emphasizes the importance of natural history studies for elucidating these patterns. Despite considerable potential for gene flow between T. biflora and T. perfoliata, variation in the breeding system appears to effectively drive the magnitude, as well as overall patterns of hybridization in this study system.

Temperature is one of the most important parameters for the performance, safety, and aging of lithium-ion batteries and has been linked to all main barriers for widespread commercial success of electric vehicles. The aim of this thesis is to highlight the importance of temperature effects, as well as to provide engineering tools to study these. The mass transport phenomena of the electrolyte with LiPF6  in EC:DEC was fully characterized in between 10 and 40 °C and 0.5 and 1.5 M, and all mass transport properties were found to vary strongly with temperature. A superconcentrated electrolyte with LiTFSI in ACN was also fully characterized at 25 °C, and was found to have very different properties and interactions compared to LiPF6  in EC:DEC. The benefit of using the benchmarking method termed electrolyte masstransport resistivity (EMTR) compared to using only ionic conductivity was illustrated for several systems, including organic liquids, ionic liquids, solid polymers, gelled polymers, and electrolytes containing flame-retardant additives. TPP, a flame-retardant electrolyte additive, was evaluated using a HEV load cycle and was found to be unsuitable for high-power applications such as HEVs. A large-format commercial battery cell with a thermal management system was characterized using both experiments and a coupled electrochemical and thermal model during a PHEV load cycle. Different thermal management strategies were evaluated using the model, but were found to have only minor effects since the limitations lie in the heat transfer of the jellyroll. / Temperatur är en av de viktigaste parametrarna gällande ett litiumjonbatteris prestanda, säkerhet och åldring och har länkats till de främsta barriärerna för en storskalig kommersiell framgång för elbilar. Syftet med den här avhandlingen är att belysa vikten av temperatureffekter, samt att bidra med ingenjörsverktyg att studera dessa. Masstransporten för elektrolyten LiPF6  i EC:DEC karakteriserades fullständigt i temperaturintervallet 10 till 40 °C för LiPF6-koncentrationer på 0.5 till 1.5 M. Alla masstransport-egenskaper fanns variera kraftigt med temperaturen. Den superkoncentrerade elektrolyten med LiTFSI i ACN karakteriserades även den fullständigt vid 25 °C. Dess egenskaper och interaktioner fanns vara väldigt annorlunda jämfört med LiPF6  i EC:DEC. Fördelen med att använda utvärderingsmetoden elektrolytmasstransportresistivitet (EMTR) jämfört med att endast mäta konduktivitet illustrerades för flertalet system, däribland organiska vätskor, jonvätskor, fasta polymerer, gellade polymerer, och elektrolyter med flamskyddsadditiv. Flamskyddsadditivet TPP utvärderades med en hybridbils-lastcykel och fanns vara olämplig för högeffektsapplikationer, som hybridbilar. Ett kommersiellt storformatsbatteri med ett temperatur-kontrollsystem karakteriserades med b.de experiment och en kopplad termisk och elektrokemisk modell under en lastcykel utvecklad för plug-inhybridbilar. Olika strategier för kontroll av temperaturen utvärderades, men fanns bara ha liten inverkan på batteriets temperatur då begränsningarna för värmetransport ligger i elektrodrullen, och inte i batteriets metalliska ytterhölje. / <p>QC 20150522</p> / Swedish Hybrid Vehicle Center

Content 01. Prototypen im Design Anwendung im Designprozess Einordnung und Kategorisierung 02. Hybride Prototypen Beschreibung Potenziale Einordnung Fragestellungen 03. Aktuelle Projekte Interdisziplinäres Sommerprojekt 2015 VR Concept Cab Interfaceprototypen Agrar 04. Untersuchungen Anwendung Forschung