The project addresses in the theoretical part of the hydraulics of solar systems and her components, which are used to design a solar system on apartment house. Solar systém addresses praparation hot water in two variants of the solution. In the first alternative solution is used low flow and 15 l/hod.m2 support stratification. In the second variant is used higher flow 20 l/hod.m2 without support stratification. In the experimental part is solved by the data analysis of the same apartment building, where the solar system are already installed and operated. Some data from the measurement was taken into account and used in the design and calculation of both options.

Simulation tools have progressed largely and in modern times they are commonly usedby engineers to design and simulate machines or part of machines before building and deploying them in the field. The field of Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) is gaining significant interest among companies as they strive to enhance product safety and reliability simul-taneously reducing testing costs and accelerated development speed. This study presents the Real Time simulation improvements effectuated to the Steer and Brake by wire system on an underground face drill rig. These improvements in the model are validated with a comparison between simulated environment and real test data from the machine using a cosimulation between Matlab&Simulink with AMESim. At the end, this improved model is prepared to be compatible with an Hardware-in-the-loop application that requires an adequate computational time.

This research presents two approaches to determining the effects of natural variability and model uncertainty on the extents of computed floodplain boundaries. The first approach represents the floodplain boundary as a spatial map of flood probabilities -- with values between 0 and 100%. Instead of representing the floodplain boundary at a certain recurrence interval as a single line, this approach creates a spatial map that shows the probability of flooding at each point in the floodplain. This flood probability map is a useful tool for visualizing the uncertainty of a floodplain boundary. However, engineers are still required to determine a single line showing the boundary of a floodplain for flood insurance and other floodplain studies. The second approach to determining the effects of uncertainty on a floodplain boundary computes the annual exceedance probability (AEP) at each point on the floodplain. This spatial map of AEP values represents the flood inundation probability for any point on the floodplain in any given year. One can determine the floodplain boundary at any recurrence interval from this AEP map. These floodplain boundaries include natural variability and model uncertainty inherent in the modeling process. The boundary at any recurrence interval from the AEP map gives a single, definite boundary that considers uncertainty. This research performed case studies using data from Leith Creek in North Carolina and the Virgin River in southern Utah. These case studies compared a flood probability map for a certain recurrence interval with an AEP map and demonstrated the consistency of the results from these two methods. Engineers and planners can use floodplain probability maps for viewing the uncertainty of a floodplain boundary at a certain recurrence interval. They can also use AEP maps for determining a single boundary for a certain recurrence interval that considers all the natural variability and model uncertainty inherent in the modeling process.

This thesis studied the performance of the thermal hydraulic software TRACE applied on an intermediate sized break (IB) happening on the cold leg in a pressurized water reactor (PWR), causing a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA). The same accident has previously been simulated in the PKL Test Facility, which is a scaled version of a PWR and is used to simulate transients stemming from different accidents. The thesis was performed as a semi-blind study: firstly, the accident was simulated without any knowledge of the PKL results. When a final blind model was chosen, the PKL results were revealed, and the TRACE model was improved. Before the simulations of the IB-LOCA took place, the new internal parts in the upper parts of the reactor pressure vessel in PKL had to be modelled, and the steady state had to be tuned to attain the correct initial conditions. The simulations were performed by using the software SNAP together with TRACE, providing a graphical interface. TRACE achieved steady state with satisfying results regarding water levels, pressure losses and mass flows. The temperatures in TRACE deviated from the PKL temperatures but an explanation is uncertainties in PKL. To verify TRACE’s core output power, the calculation of the power was done by using mass flow rate and specific entropy and comparing to the heaters’ specified power. This resulted in lower output power meaning that the coolant was not heated enough. This indicated non-physical energy losses in the TRACE model and should be further investigated.The blind transient simulation, modelled with default choked flow and no offtake model, resulted in TRACE overestimating the break mass flow and the peak cladding temperatures, compared to the PKL reference solution. This resulted in the pressure decreasing too quickly and too early activation of the safety system. The modified simulations showed that it is important that the offtake model, which accounts for different flow regimes, is activated. Default choked flow multipliers were the multipliers that performed the best. However, none of the transient simulations could be completed due to fatal errors and memory problems, but some conclusions could be drawn from the observed trends. This concluded in the offtake model being most important due to stratified flow occurring.

During the past years an increased focus on the development of autonomous solutions has resulted in driverless vehicles being used in numerous industries. Volvo Construction Equipment is currently developing the TA15, an autonomous hauler part of a larger transport solution. The transition to autonomous haulers have further increased the need for improved system condition monitoring in the strive for increased operational time. A method aiming to identify and isolate faults in the hydraulic steering system on the TA15 was therefore investigated in this thesis. Using fault tree analysis, five faults considered to be of importance regarding steering performance were selected. Two different methods for detecting the faults were compared to each other, data-driven and model based. Out of the two, data-driven was selected as the method of choice due to high modularity and relative simplicity regarding implementation. The data-driven approach consisted of Feed-Forward and Long Short Term Memory networks where the suitable inputs were decided to be a combination of pressure and position signals. Utilizing a simulation model of the steering system validated against the TA15, the selected faults were induced in the simulated system with various severity. Training the networks to classify and estimate fault severity in the simulated model resulted in satisfactory results using both networks. It was however concluded that in contrary to the Feed-Forward network, the LSTM network could achieve good performance using less amount of sensors. Although the diagnostic method showed promising result on a simulation model, test on the real TA15 needs to be performed in order to properly evaluate the method. The advantage of using a data-driven approach was specially noticeable when comparisons were made to the model based approach. The data-driven approach relies on labeling data rather than complete system knowledge. Meaning that the method developed therefore could be applied on practically any hydraulic system in construction equipment by changing the training data.

Due to the importance of a correct tree placement and the wear that occurs to equalizer bars inharvester heads, Komatsu Forest AB in Umeå was interested if the bar could be replaced with ahydraulic system. According to Komatsu, the problems were that the equalizer bars that are responsible forsynchronizing the delimbing knives and feeding mechanism add weight, take up space and have atendency to break before their life expectancy. Some harvester heads do not possess equalizer barsbut this complicates tree length and diameter measurements, risks increasing wear to parts of theharvester head not designed to be in contact with the trees and makes cutting the tree correctlymore difficult during certain actions. Thus, Komatsu saw a potential opportunity to increase thefeeding mechanisms performance and life span through a hydraulic solution. In this thesis, a literature study investigating practiced solutions to similar systems as well asa previous study by Komatsu in the subject are included. Furthermore, the product design process,implementation and verification of the solution are covered. The resulting solution included two Parker A2N0029D2H Series 3000 accumulators and fourParker DSH083NV valves, coupled in parallel pairs to create two arrangements of the final conceptsystem, “Half Control Remastered”; “regenerative coupling force distributor” and “shut off valveflow divider”. During the testing both the Regen and shut off function, mounted on a Komatsu C164harvester head, were observed to help during tree picking, grasping and feeding, but both functions,unfortunately, had disadvantages. The Regen function was unstable since hydraulic flow occurredfrom one cylinder to the other, and the Shut off function was imprecise because it became “choppy”with increased accuracy. While testing the system arranged with the Shut off function in the forest,it assisted during slow feeding as well as feeding while simultaneously forcing rotation, where theharvester head tended to drop trees. However, the system did little to no difference as soon thedelimbing knives were deployed. The results that are revealed in this thesis are difficult to evaluate, since Scandinavian forestharvester drivers do not challenge the harvester head in a way for the hydraulic equalizer barsystem to assist to its full potential. To conclude, the system shows promise to meet Komatsu’sperformance requirements but further testing and development is necessary for it to become refinedenough to implement in their mass produced harvester heads.

<p>Supercritical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR) is a Generation-IV nuclear reactor design that operates on a direct energy conversion cycle above the thermodynamic critical point of water (374⁰C and 22.1 MPa), and offers higher thermal efficiency and considerable design simplification. As an essential step in the design of SCWR safety systems, the accident behaviour of the reactor is evaluated to ensure that the safety systems can achieve safe shutdown for all the design basis accidents. Unfortunately, the computational tools and computer codes that are currently employed for safety analysis have little application in the supercritical region, and faces significant challenges in simulating the transitions from subcritical to supercritical conditions.</p> <p>This thesis examines the predictive capabilities of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code STAR-CCM+ by evaluating critical flow (or choked flow) due to accidental release of coolant from supercritical fluid systems. The biggest challenge of this research is that the current version of STAR-CCM+ does not support supercritical simulations because the steam tables included in the package are only limited to the subcritical subset of the thermodynamic fluid properties.</p> <p>The research was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, the CFD code STAR-CCM+ was customized to simulate supercritical conditions by, (i) Generating updated steam tables to include subcritical and supercritical fluid properties and using more pressure and temperature points in the pseudo critical region (22 – 25 MPa, 645 -660 K) to handle the rapid changes in the fluid properties, and (ii) Implementing a multi-dimensional steam table interpolation scheme to access the fluid property data at any thermodynamic state during the simulation. In the second stage, the customized CFD code was extensively evaluated by simulating several accidental release scenarios from supercritical conditions using rounded-edge and sharp-edge nozzles and the model results were validated with experimental data. To overcome the solution stability (or convergence) issues encountered during the supercritical simulations, a fine tuning procedure was proposed that guaranteed convergence for all the case studies considered in this thesis.</p> <p>The simulation results revealed that the CFD model produced results that were in good agreement with experimental data and only about 10% prediction error was noticed for most cases considered in the thesis. Considering the sensitivity of the CFD model for upstream temperatures and pressures, these results appear to be quite reasonable. From the computational experience gained in this research , we believe that the CFD code STAR-CCM+ is a very useful tool to perform thermal hydraulic simulations for supercritical systems. However, an appropriate customization and extensive validation of the code is required before it can be exclusively used for safety analysis.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Hersteller mobiler Arbeitsmaschinen sind im Zuge des angestrebten CO2-Ausstiegs zunehmendem Druck ausgesetzt, die Energieeffizienz ihrer Maschinen zu verbessern. Insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der Elektrifizierung der Antriebssysteme als Alternative zu konventionellen fossil betriebenen Verbrennungsmotoren gewinnt die Energieeffizienz wesentlich an Bedeutung. Wurden Ventilsysteme mit getrennten Steuerkanten (gSk) aufgrund der tendenziell höheren Kosten bisher oft verworfen, so lohnt sich ihr Einsatz in Zeiten teurer Energie und hoher Preise für elektrische Akkukapazität jetzt zunehmend. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurde bereits sehr viel Forschungsarbeit auf dem Gebiet der gSk geleistet. Viele publizierte Ansätze zur Bewegungssteuerung, also der Steuerung von Druck und Volumenstrom, in diesen Mehrgrößensystemen zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Komplexität der Algorithmen und/oder die Notwendigkeit hoch leistungsfähiger Ventiltechnik aus. Aus der Nutzung regenerativer Betriebsmodi zur Energieeinsparung resultiert in vielen Fällen die Notwendigkeit einer Umschaltung zwischen den Modi in der laufenden Bewegung. Vergleiche der jeweils vorgeschlagenen Lösungen erfolgen meistens nur mit einer konventionellen Referenz, nicht aber untereinander, sodass dem Entwickler verborgen bleibt, welcher Lösungsansatz für die Probleme Bewegungssteuerung und Modusumschaltung in der betrachteten Anwendung am besten geeignet ist. Zudem wird bei der Entwicklung energiesparender Betriebsstrategien, also der situationsabhängigen Wahl von Solldrücken und Betriebsmodi, in der vorliegenden Literatur kaum auf die Auswirkungen der vorgeschlagenen Lösungen auf das Bedienverhalten der Maschine eingegangen. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll diese Lücken schließen. Es werden verschiedene Steuerungs- und Regelungsansätze für Druck und Volumenstrom eines gSk-Systems vorgestellt, die sich durch einfache Gleichungen und eine Parametrierung nahezu ausschließlich mit leicht verfügbaren Konstruktionsdaten, sowie Unempfindlichkeit gegenüber Parameterschwankungen im Betrieb der Maschine auszeichnen. Teilweise kommen dabei Druckwaagen oder Druckregelventile als hydraulische Regler zum Einsatz. Die Algorithmen werden mittels der linearen Systemtheorie auf Stabilität untersucht und - soweit notwendig - Prüf- und Einstellverfahren hergeleitet. Die Arbeit stellt heraus, welche nachteiligen Auswirkungen eine energieoptimale Betriebsstrategie auf das Bedienverhalten hat und schlägt als Lösung einen energetischen Kompromiss bei ungestörter Bedienbarkeit vor. Ein Wechsel zwischen verschiedenen Betriebsmodi in der laufenden Bewegung ist mit einer stetigen Umschaltung mit einem Kurzschlussventil, einer stetigen Umschaltung mit einem Rückschlagventil, sowie einer störungsfreien diskreten Umschaltung mit einer Druckwaage realisierbar. Diese drei und die aus der Literatur bekannte diskrete Umschaltung ohne weiter Maßnahmen werden miteinander verglichen. Die aus den theoretischen Vorüberlegungen favorisierten Lösungsansätze für die vorgenannten Themengebiete Bewegungssteuerung, Betriebsstrategie und Modusumschaltung werden an einem Baggerarm-Laborprüfstand mit verschiedenen Ventilsystemen in realitätsnahmen Szenarien validiert, wobei der Schwerpunkt der Versuche auf der Analyse des Bedienverhaltens und der Komponentenanforderungen liegt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es unter Beachtung und Umgehung einiger in der Arbeit identifizierter Fallstricke möglich ist, mit mobiltypischer Hardware und einfachen Algorithmen ein gut bedienbares und energieeffizientes gSk-System aufzubauen. Weiterhin bilden die erreichten Ergebnisse die Basis für anforderungsabhängige Empfehlungen bestimmter Ansätze für die jeweiligen Detailfragen Bewegungssteuerung, Modusumschaltung und Betriebsstrategie. Damit ist dem Ingenieur ein Leitfaden zur anwendungsabhängigen Entwicklung eines gSk-Ventilsystems gegeben.

The deficient market for technically smart solutions regarding brake caliperspresents an opportunity that GETECH AB intends to explore. The task wasassigned to the students to investigate how a brake caliper adapted for the rearaxle of cars can be integrated with an electrically driven parking brake and ahydraulic handbrake adapted for motorsport. The work began with a market survey to understand what is currently offeredand what is missing. Intensive brainstorming sessions and discussions werethen initiated to create multiple concepts with solutions to the problem.Subsequently, requirements and data were gathered to be translated into aspecification. This specification became the basis for the selection criteriaused in the Pugh matrix to rank the various concepts, ultimately resulting in awinning concept that would be further developed. The winning concept underwent several iterations to contribute to functionaland design improvements, ultimately resulting in the final version. To ensurethat the final version would meet the required strength standards, multiplestrength analyses and calculations were performed to guarantee functionalityand safety. The simulations showed that the brake caliper's strengththeoretically meets the functional requirements set by Swedish inspection and the Transport Agency regarding performance. Once the concept, modeling, and strength checks were completed,manufacturing began. Detailed CAM preparations with clearly reviewed toolselections and tool paths were created, along with favorable fixtures tofacilitate clamping possibilities. All of this was to ensure a manufacturingprocess that delivers a quality result from a three-axis CNC milling machine. When the brake caliper was fully manufactured, it was assembled withstandard components. The caliper was then installed on a demonstrator whereits functions could be visualized and demonstrated. The result was a rearmulti-piston brake caliper with three braking functions in a single compactmodule. The brake caliper was made from an aluminum alloy and consisted ofa total of 53 components, four of which were manufactured in the CNCmachine. / Den bristfälliga marknaden på tekniskt smarta lösningar gällande bromsok ären möjlighet som GETECH AB har som avsikt att studera. Uppdraget tilldelades till studenterna för att utreda hur ett bromsok anpassat för bilars bakre axel kan integreras med en elektriskt driven parkeringsbroms och hydraulisk handbroms anpassad för motorsport. Arbetet inleddes med att undersöka marknaden för att skapa en förståelse för vad som erbjuds idag och vad som saknas. Därefter startades intensivabrainstorm sessioner och diskussioner för att skapa flertalet olika koncept med lösningar på problemet. Sedan samlades önskemål och data in för att översättas och föras in i en kravspecifikation. Kravspecifikationen blevgrunden till de urvalskriterier som sedan användes i Pugh-matrisen för att rangordna de olika koncepten som slutligen skulle resultera i ett vinnande koncept vilket skulle vidareutvecklas. Det vinnande konceptet genomgick flera iterationer för att bidra med funktion och designförbättringar för att till slut resultera i den slutliga versionen. För att konstatera att den slutliga versionen skulle uppnå de hållfasthetskrav som ställs utfördes flertalet hållfasthetsanalyser och beräkningar för att säkerställa funktion och säkerhet. Simuleringarna visade att bromsokets hållfasthet teoretiskt klarar de funktionskrav som svensk besiktning och Transportstyrelsen har gällande prestanda. När koncept, modellering och hållfasthetskontroller var utförda påbörjades tillverkning. Utförliga CAM beredningar med tydligt genomgångnaverktygsval och verktygsvägar skapades. Även gynnsamma fixturer för underlättandet av uppspänningsmöjligheter. Allt detta för att säkerställa en tillverkningsprocess som ger ett kvalitativt resultat från en tre-axlig CNC fräs. När bromsoket var färdigtillverkat monterades det ihop tillsammans med standardkomponenter. Därefter installerades oket på en demonstrator där bromsokets funktioner kunde visualiseras och demonstreras. Resultatet blev ett bakre flerkolvigt bromsok med tre bromsfunktioner i en enda kompakt modul. Bromsoket tillverkades ur en aluminiumlegering och bestod av totalt53 komponenter varav fyra var tillverkade i CNC-maskinen.

Excessive fluid-borne noise in hydraulic systems is a problem the fluid power industry has long struggled to address. Traditional noise control devices such as Helmholtz resonators, tuning coils, and Herschel-Quincke tubes are generally too large for fluid power systems unless the speed of sound in the device can be reduced. A compliant lining can achieve this effect, but compliance (and lossy compliance) has had little attention in noise control in general, and in fluid power in particular. One means to achieve compliance in these devices, especially at elevated pressures, is through a liner made of syntactic foam, which in this case is a urethane host matrix with embedded hollow, polymer microspheres. The material properties at elevated pressure are unknown by the liner manufacturer, but are known to be pressure- and temperature-dependent. Therefore, the effect of hydrostatic pressures from 2.1-21 MPa and temperatures from 20-45 C on the liner properties, thus the device performance, are studied. For a Helmholtz resonator, a theoretical model is fit to experimentally-measured transmission loss of the device using a least-squares routine, which solves the inverse problem for the complex bulk modulus of the liner. These material properties are used to compare a predictive model of a tuning coil to experimental data, and in a parameter study of a Herschel-Quincke tube. The compliance of the liner is found to lower the effective sound speed by an order of magnitude and decrease the volume of the cavity of a Helmholtz resonator by up to two orders of magnitude. This work is expected to result is more compact noise control devices for fluid power systems.