Der Reaktordynamikcodes DYN3D wurde in der neu entwickelten Mehrgruppen-Version DYN3D-MG für die Anwendung auf wassergekühlte Reaktoren alternativ zu industriellen DWR und SWR ertüch-tigt. Es wurde die Anwendbarkeit für den graphitmoderierten Druckröhrenreaktor EGP-6 (KKW Bilibi-no), eine Konzeptstudie eines fortgeschrittenen Siedewasserreaktors mit schnellem Neutronenspekt-rum (RMWR) und das Reaktorkonzept RUTA-70 zur Wärmeversorgung nachgewiesen. Beim RUTA-Reaktor geht es vor allem um die Modellierung des Naturumlaufs des Kühlmittels bei niedrigen Sys-temdrücken. Zur Validierung wurden Experimente zu flashing-induzierten Naturumlaufinstabilitäten an der Versuchsanlage CIRCUS der TU Delft mit RELAP5 nachgerechnet. Für die Anwendung von DYN3D auf die alternativen Reaktorkonzepte wurden Modellerweiterungen und Anpassungen vorgenommen, u.a. Modifikationen in den Wärmeleitungs- und -übergangsmodellen. Vergleichsrechnungen mit dem stationären russischen Feingitter-Diffusionscode ACADEM ergänzen die Verifikationsdatenbasis von DYN3D-MG. Zur Validierung wurden zwei reak-tordynamische Experimente am Reaktor EGP-6 nachgerechnet. Für Reaktoren EGP-6, RMWR und RUTA wurden verschiedene Transienten mit Ausfahren von Re-gelstäben mit und ohne Reaktorschnellabschaltung gerechnet. Weiterhin wurden Analysen für den ATWS-Störfall \"Abschalten aller Hauptkühlmittelpumpen bei Vollleistung\" für den RUTA-Reaktor mit den gekoppelten Programmkomplexen DYN3D/ATHLET und DYN3D/RELAP5 durchgeführt. Der Reaktor geht in einen sicheren Zustand mit reduzierter Leistung bei Naturumlauf des Kühlmittels über. Die Ergebnisse von Analysen zum unkontrollierten Ausfahren einer Regelgruppe für den RMWR lassen dagegen eine belastbare Schlussfolgerung bezüglich der Beherrschbarkeit des Aus-fahrens einer Regelgruppe nicht zu. Abschließend wurde der Nutzen der Programmertüchtigung von DYN3D für die Anwendung auf GenIV -Konzepte und LWR mit hohem Konversionsfaktor bewertet.

Thesis (M.S.); Submitted to Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (US); 12 Dec 2003. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "IS-T 2608" Maria Ambert Sanchez. 12/12/2003. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

En tant qu’acteurs moléculaires impliqués dans le transport d’eau au travers des membranes biologiques, les aquaporines (AQP) jouent un rôle et sont régulées en réponse à des stress. Ils sont soumis à d’intenses recherches, en particulier chez le riz. En utilisant une approche de génomique fonctionnelle, nous avons généré 5 lignées transgéniques de riz dans le fond génétique Nipponbare, en sur-exprimant des AQP uniques fusionnées à un marqueur fluorescent ; parmi celles-là, figurent trois AQP de la membrane plasmique (OsPIP1;1, OsPIP2;4, OsPIP2;5) fusionnées à la GFP et deux AQP de la membrane tonoplastique (OsTIP1;1 and OsTIP2;2) fusionnées à la mCherry. Leurs localisations subcellulaires en condition contrôle ont été observées. Chez le riz, les isoformes OsPIP présentaient un marquage homogène typique de la membrane plasmique, tandis que les isoformes OsTIP ont été trouvées avec un marquage des invaginations intracellulaires qui entourent le noyau, typique du tonoplaste. Le comportement des AQP de la membrane plasmique a été testé en conditions de stress salin et osmotique. Les stress abiotiques ont provoqué une relocalisation des AQP et le stress salin a augmenté l’endocytose de l’isoforme OsPIP2;5 dans les cellules de la racine. Par ailleurs, la sur-expression de tels transgènes ne semblait pas affecter la morphologie des plantes et ne conférait pas un effet bénéfique sur la production de graines, aussi bien en condition contrôle que stressée. Enfin, nous nous sommes focalisés sur la contribution des AQP dans la racine de riz en relation avec la morphologie racinaire. Nous avons trouvé que les AQP contribuaient à un pourcentage relativement important dans le transport de l’eau dans la racine entière (44-58%) et que cette contribution semblait plus importante dans les racines primaires que latérales. / As molecular players involved into the water transport through biological membranes, aquaporins (AQPs) have a role and are regulated in stress response. They were deeply investigated in plants and particularly in rice. Using functional genetic approach, we generated 5 transgenic rice lines based on Nipponbare cultivar, by overexpressing a single AQP in fusion with a fluorescent marker; among them, 3 plasma membrane AQPs (OsPIP1;1, OsPIP2;4, OsPIP2;5) fused with GFP and 2 tonoplast AQPs (OsTIP1;1 and OsTIP2;2) fused with mCherry. Their subcellular localizations in resting condition were investigated. In rice, OsPIP isoforms showed typical homogeneous labelling of the plasma membrane, whereas OsTIP isoforms were observed localized in the tonoplast with a typical labelling of intracellular invaginations that skirted the nucleus. The behaviors of plasma membrane AQPs were tested in salt and drought stress-mimicked-conditions. Abiotic stresses triggered a re-localization of plasma membrane AQPs and salt stress enhanced endocytosis process of OsPIP2;5 in rice root cells. Overexpressing such transgenes did not seem to affect the plant morphology and showed no beneficial effects for grain yield in both non-stress and stress conditions. We took more focus on the contribution of AQPs in rice root water transport in link with root morphology. AQPs contributed a relative high percentage of water transport in whole root system (44-58%) and seemed to contribute more in primary roots rather than in lateral roots.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12431.pdf: 23287148 bytes, checksum: ca5f3b291fb81099ce731e9a131ce645 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - POLI/USP

Submitted by GUILHERME HENRIQUE FIOROT null (ghfiorot@aluno.feis.unesp.br) on 2016-08-31T16:48:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GHFiorot-tese-unesp.pdf: 21279930 bytes, checksum: f08d052fded3d144bcad4b9a9f1c007f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-01T17:08:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fiorot_gh_dr_ilha.pdf: 21279930 bytes, checksum: f08d052fded3d144bcad4b9a9f1c007f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-01T17:08:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fiorot_gh_dr_ilha.pdf: 21279930 bytes, checksum: f08d052fded3d144bcad4b9a9f1c007f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Dentro da temática de riscos naturais, mais precisamente no contexto das corridas de lama, esta tese surge da necessidade que existe na literatura em melhor se conhecer as características temporais destes eventos. A chuva, fonte da vazão liquida, conduz aos escoamentos superficiais, responsáveis pela redução da coesão do material sedimentar do solo (areia e argila) e seu consequente transporte. Em locais de topografia íngreme, de montante a jusante, a vazão sólida do escoamento principal pode, eventualmente, evoluir devido às contribuições laterais de pequenos escoamentos, alterando não só as propriedades reológicas do fluido e dinâmicas do escoamento, como se manter até que o transporte sólido atinja elevada concentração na composição do fluido. Na primeira parte desta tese, um experimento de superfície livre foi projetado para reproduzir escoamentos superficiais sobre um fundo móvel, com o objetivo de estudar propriedades não-permanentes do transporte de sedimentos. Um sistema de medição foi projetado e construído com o intuito de medir quase instantaneamente a vazão sólida e suas correlações com as propriedades hidráulicas do escoamento. Este aparato é também utilizado para observar a influência de instabilidades de superfície livre sobre o transporte. Um conjunto de resultados é apresentado e analisado e mostra que a presença de ondas pode, em média, reduzir a quantidade total de sedimentos transportada. Na segunda parte desta tese, a dinâmica de escoamentos com elevada concentração de sedimentos é estudada. Neste trabalho, executa-se a aplicação de um modelo de primeira ordem de roll waves para fluidos de reologia Herschel-Bulkley para simular um evento natural registrado na literatura. Os resultados apresentados mostram que roll waves poderiam, de fato, ser identificadas no evento e que a amplitude média observada poderia ter sido estimada com 8% de incerteza. Assim, um modelo mais complexo para a solução do perfil de velocidade é proposto, adicionando a porosidade do solo ao problema. Resultados do modelo são comparados com simulações numéricas. Uma análise paramétrica é efetuada e o caso de estudo é novamente avaliado. Como conclusão geral do trabalho, a presença de fenômenos não-estacionários durante a evolução escoamento superficial - corrida de lama afeta a dinâmica global do sistema acoplado hidráulica-transporte de sedimentos, quando comparado ao caso permanente e uniforme. Assim, a verificação de que tais fenômenos podem aparecer deve constituir parte de projetos engenharia, especialmente quando estes, em situações de catástrofes, envolvem danos a infraestruturas civis e quase sempre perdas de vidas, como é o caso das corridas de lama. / This thesis was motivated by the need to better understand time-dependent features related to mudflow evolution on natural sloped channels. Basically, the research is focused on events that are confined in channels formed due to the topography. The rain, source of the liquid discharge, generates the runoff flow which is responsible for wetting the soil surface, promoting reduction of soil cohesiveness and erosion of small particles such as clay and sand. From this point, the sediment transport can increase as small water flows merge and form greater streams. The scenario keeps its evolution until it reaches high concentration of particles in the fluid mixture. In the first part, to study the non-permanent feature of sediment transport, an open-channel experiment was designed for simulating runoff flow over a mobile bed. A measurement system was designed and constructed to instantaneously inspect the solid discharge of particles and the flow friction at the bed. This apparatus is further used to explore the influence of free-surface waves on the sediment transport. Hydraulic properties of flows are qualitatively and quantitatively studied and data are used to correlate characteristics of flow and sediment transport. A set of experimental runs is presented and explored. Analysis of results shows that for fixed flow conditions, waves induce an overall smaller quantity of transported sediment. In a second part, the dynamics of high concentrated flows is addressed and this thesis attempts to apply a first-order roll-wave model for Herschel-Bulkley laminar fluid flow to a registered natural event. Results presented point out that roll waves could have occurred during this already published case-study event. Simulations could predict wave heights within 8% on uncertainty with respect to the mean amplitude of measured waves. Finally a new theoretical solution for the velocity profile is proposed taking into account the porosity of the bed. Results are then compared with numerical simulation performed in FLUENT. A parametric analysis is employed and the case-study is once again evaluated. As general conclusion, the non-permanent phenomena that can appear during the evolution of a mudflow event affect the overall dynamics of the coupled system (hydraulic-sediment transport) in comparison to the steady and uniform case. Verifying that such phenomena could appear should indeed be an important part in hydraulic engineering projects, especially when dealing with lives, which is the case of mudflows. / CNPq: 201557/2012-6

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5430085 bytes, checksum: 2ce42198a2dd4ca16f3d08b584e0513c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this research was to develop a nonlinear controller, using the technique of fuzzy intelligent control, apply to networks pressurized water distribution sectored, automated and distributed pumping system in order to minimize energy consumption. The methodology used was based on the performance of several tests using an instrumented experimental network, where the control system can be tested and evaluated. The experimental system has pressure transducers and flow, variable speed driven, proportional control valves and water distribution lines, with different topologies that allow you to simulate dynamically different situations operational supply network, depending on the variation of demand water over time. The supervisory system built acquires the necessary data, provided by the network monitoring tools. The controller module of the supervisory system processes data in real time, tuning the instruments to carefully control the experimental network. We performed numerous tests with different operating conditions in order to extract rules and various combinations of control, to optimize the balance of pressures on the network and reduce energy consumption. The results obtained proved that it is more economical to operate the network with the two sets of pumping, for all ranges of consumption studied. Besides the economic aspect, which indicated an energy saving of around 12.17%, the controller gave better performance to achieve and balance the pressures of the network with the pumping action of two acting simultaneously. / O objetivo nesta pesquisa foi desenvolver um controlador não-linear, utilizando a técnica de controle inteligente fuzzy, aplicável a redes pressurizadas de distribuição de água setorizadas, automatizadas e com sistema de bombeamento distribuído, visando minimizar o consumo de energia elétrica. A metodologia empregada foi baseada na realização de diversos ensaios utilizando uma rede experimental instrumentalizada, onde o sistema de controle pode ser testado e avaliado. O sistema experimental possui transdutores de pressão e de vazão, conversores de frequência, válvulas com controle proporcional e ramais de distribuição de água, com topologias diferentes que permitem simular, dinamicamente, diversas situações operacionais da rede de abastecimento, em função da variação da demanda de água ao longo do tempo. O sistema supervisório construído adquire os dados necessários, fornecidos pelos instrumentos de monitoramento da rede. O módulo controlador do sistema supervisório processa os dados, em tempo real, sintonizando de forma criteriosa os instrumentos de controle da rede experimental. Foram realizados inúmeros ensaios com diferentes condições operacionais, visando extrair regras e combinações diversas de controle, para otimizar o equilíbrio das pressões na rede e reduzir o consumo energético. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que é mais econômico operar a rede com os dois conjuntos de bombeamento, para todas as faixas de consumo estudadas. Além do aspecto econômico, que indicou uma economia de energia da ordem de 12,17%, o controlador proporcionou um melhor desempenho para atingir e equilibrar as pressões da rede com a ação dos dois bombeamentos atuando simultaneamente.

The hydraulic testing rig is a machine that is used to test the hydraulic valves.The present testing rigs are used according to only some particular specification, but in ourproject we have developed a process and implemented the idea for building a UniversalHydraulic Testing Rig which can be able to test any kind of valves with simple adjustments.The hydraulic valves are mainly designed to carry out the flow of the hydraulic fluid with thedesired pressures. But it is observed that there are many pressure losses in the flow whichleads to the unreached flow pressures as expected. In a pre-project to this work a patentedhydraulic valve designed to improve the flow pressure of the hydraulic fluid. The main targetof the design of the valve is to decrease pressure losses and give maximum output from theother end of the valve. The Hydraulic Testing Rig is designed with the help of design softwareand flow simulation process helps to know about the pressure flow from inlet to outlet ofthe valve. After the testing of the design, the valve is tested on the new universal hydraulictest rig developed in this project. With the future use of the hydraulic valve test rig, thesimilarities and variations are observed from both the simulations done and test results canbe compared to optimize the valve design further. With the combination of hydraulic test rigand redesign hydraulic valve we will provide and experimental test rig possibility to bringthe better and maximum design that could be attained reducing the energy losses in hydraulicvalve designs.

Ce travail porte sur la construction d'un modèle réduit en hydraulique fluviale avec une méthode de décomposition en polynôme du chaos. Ce modèle réduit remplace le modèle direct afin de réduire le coût de calcul lié aux méthodes ensemblistes en quantification d'incertitudes et assimilation de données. Le contexte de l'étude est la prévision des crues et la gestion de la ressource en eau. Ce manuscrit est composé de cinq parties, chacune divisée en chapitres. La première partie présente un état de l'art des travaux en quantification des incertitudes et en assimilation de données dans le domaine de l'hydraulique ainsi que les objectifs de la thèse. On présente le cadre de la prévision des crues, ses enjeux et les outils dont on dispose pour prévoir la dynamique des rivières. On présente notamment la future mission SWOT qui a pour but de mesurer les hauteurs d'eau dans les rivières avec un couverture globale à haute résolution. On précise notamment l'apport de ces mesures et leur complémentarité avec les mesures in-situ. La deuxième partie présente les équations de Saint-Venant, qui décrivent les écoulements dans les rivières, ainsi qu'une discrétisation numérique de ces équations, telle qu'implémentée dans le logiciel Mascaret-1D. Le dernier chapitre de cette partie propose des simplifications des équations de Saint-Venant. La troisième partie de ce manuscrit présente les méthodes de quantification et de réduction des incertitudes. On présente notamment le contexte probabiliste de la quantification d'incertitudes et d'analyse de sensibilité. On propose ensuite de réduire la dimension d'un problème stochastique quand on traite de champs aléatoires. Les méthodes de décomposition en polynômes du chaos sont ensuite présentées. Cette partie dédiée à la méthodologie s'achève par un chapitre consacré à l'assimilation de données ensemblistes et à l'utilisation des modèles réduits dans ce cadre. La quatrième partie de ce manuscrit est dédiée aux résultats. On commence par identifier les sources d'incertitudes en hydraulique que l'on s'attache à quantifier et réduire par la suite. Un article en cours de révision détaille la validation d'un modèle réduit pour les équations de Saint-Venant en régime stationnaire lorsque l'incertitude est majoritairement portée par les coefficients de frottement et le débit à l'amont. On montre que les moments statistiques, la densité de probabilité et la matrice de covariances spatiales pour la hauteur d'eau sont efficacement et précisément estimés à l'aide du modèle réduit dont la construction ne nécessite que quelques dizaines d'intégrations du modèle direct. On met à profit l'utilisation du modèle réduit pour réduire le coût de calcul du filtre de Kalman d'Ensemble dans le cadre d'un exercice d'assimilation de données synthétiques de type SWOT. On s'intéresse précisément à la représentation spatiale de la donnée telle que vue par SWOT: couverture globale du réseau, moyennage spatial entre les pixels observés. On montre notamment qu'à budget de calcul donné les résultats de l'analyse d'assimilation de données qui repose sur l'utilisation du modèle réduit sont meilleurs que ceux obtenus avec le filtre classique. On s'intéresse enfin à la construction du modèle réduit en régime instationnaire. On suppose ici que l'incertitude est liée aux coefficients de frottement. Il s'agit à présent de juger de la nécessité du recalcul des coefficients polynomiaux au fil du temps et des cycles d'assimilation de données. Pour ce travail seul des données in-situ ont été considérées. On suppose dans un deuxième temps que l'incertitude est portée par le débit en amont du réseau, qui est un vecteur temporel. On procède à une décomposition de type Karhunen-Loève pour réduire la taille de l'espace incertain aux trois premiers modes. Nous sommes ainsi en mesure de mener à bien un exercice d'assimilation de données. Pour finir, les conclusions et les perspectives de ce travail sont présentées en cinquième partie. / This work deals with the formulation of a surrogate model for the shallow water equations in fluvial hydraulics with a chaos polynomial expansion. This reduced model is used instead of the direct model to reduce the computational cost of the ensemble methods in uncertainty quantification and data assimilation. The context of the study is the flood forecasting and the management of water resources. This manuscript is composed of five parts, each divided into chapters. The first part presents a state of art of uncertainty quantification and data assimilation in the field of hydraulics as well as the objectives of this thesis. We present the framework of flood forecasting, its stakes and the tools available (numerical and observation) to predict the dynamics of rivers. In particular, we present the SWOT2 mission, which aims to measure the height of water in rivers with global coverage at high resolution. We highlight particularty their contribution and their complementarity with the in-situ measurements. The second part presents the shallow water equations, which describe the flows in the rivers. We are particularly interested in a 1D representation of the equations.We formulate a numerical discretization of these equations, as implemented in the Mascaret software. The last chapter of this part proposes some simplifications of the shallow-water equations. The third part of this manuscript presents the uncertainty quantification and reduced order methods. We present particularly the probabilistic context which makes it possible to define well-defined problem of uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis. It is then proposed to reduce the size of a stochastic problem when dealing with random fields in the context of geophysical models. The methods of chaos polynomial expansion are then presented ; we present in particular the different strategies for the computation of the polynomial coefficients. This section devoted to methodology concludes with a chapter devoted to Ensemble based data assimilation (specially the Ensemble Kalman filter) and the use of surrogate models in this framework. The fourth part of this manuscript is dedicated to the results. The first step is to identify the sources of uncertainty in hydraulics that should be quantified and subsequently reduced. An article, in the review state, details the method and the validation of a polynomial surrogate model for shallow water equations in steady state when the uncertainty is mainly carried by the friction coefficients and upstream inflow. The study is conducted on the river Garonne. It is shown that the statistical moments, the probability density and the spatial covariance matrice for the water height are efficiently and precisely estimated using the reduced model whose construction requires only a few tens of integrations of the direct model. The use of the surrogate model is used to reduce the computational cost of the Ensemble Kalman filter in the context of a synthetic SWOT like data assimilation exercise. The aim is to reconstruct the spatialized friction coefficients and the upstream inflow. We are interested precisely in the spatial representation of the data as seen by SWOT : global coverage of the network, spatial averaging between the observed pixels. We show in particular that at the given calculation budget (2500 simulations of the direct model) the results of the data assimilation analysis based on the use of the polynomial surrogate model are better than those obtained with the classical Ensemble Kalman filter. We are then interested in the construction of the reduced model in unsteady conditions. It is assumed initially that the uncertainty is carried with the friction coefficients. It is now necessary to judge the need for the recalculation of polynomial coefficients over time and data assimilation cycles. For this work only ponctual and in-situ data were considered. It is assumed in a second step that the uncertainty is carried by the upstr