• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 238
  • 60
  • 26
  • 23
  • 18
  • 13
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 6
  • 4
  • Tagged with
  • 536
  • 110
  • 73
  • 70
  • 69
  • 61
  • 59
  • 52
  • 47
  • 47
  • 47
  • 43
  • 36
  • 32
  • 32
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
431

Comparison of spool radial grooves influence between water and oil hydraulics

Majdic, Franc 27 April 2016 (has links) (PDF)
In this paper numerical flow calculations with respect to the annular gaps with added radial grooves normaly used on the spools of directional control valves were carried out. The impact of various annular gap geometries and radial grooves during variable pressure conditions, and while using different hydraulic fluids, on the flows through annular gaps were investigated for different flow regimes. Samples with different geometries and numbers of radial groves on the spool of the directional control valve were also made for the purpose of carrying out flow measurements. The two different hydraulic fluids that were used in the numerical simulations and for the flow measurements were a hydraulic mineral oil and tap water. The results of the numerical calculations for the different models of the radial grooves with axially symmetric geometries show their impact on the internal leakage with respect to three different regimes of flow. The results of the numerical calculations based on the use of a hydraulic oil show a trend that was established by the experimental investigation.
432

Electric Hydrostatic Actuation - modular building blocks for industrial applications

Helbig, Achim, Boes, Christoph 02 May 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Electro Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA) are emerging as a viable option for industrial machine builders as the design combines the best of both electro-mechanical and electro-hydraulic technologies. The EHA is a highly integrated, compact alternative to traditional hydraulic solutions. Automation engineers moving toward electro-mechanical actuation in pursuit of energy efficiency and environmental cleanliness, will find an EHA an attractive option for high force density actuators. This paper will address the factors to consider when assessing an industrial machine’s application suitability for this latest innovation in actuation. It describes principal base circuits, a concept for EHA building blocks and a realized pilot application as well as challenges on actuator and components level.
433

Investigation of the sudden air release up the airshaft of the Berg river dam bottom outlet structure during emergency gate closure using numerical modelling methods / Thesis

Pulle, Doreen 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The design of the Berg River Dam bottom outlet structure with multitude draw offs was based on various hydraulic model tests on a 1:40 model that was used for original design and a 1 in 20 physical model which was used to produce the final design. These tests indicated no foreseeable malfunction and showed that the 1.8 m² air vent would provide sufficient air flow to minimize the negative pressures that would develop behind the emergency gate during its closure or opening. However, during the first trial commissioning of the dam outlet structure, air was unexpectedly expelled through the air vent at a velocity so high that the recta-grids covering the shaft were blown to a height of over 3m while the gate was closing at a rate of approximately 0.0035 m/s. The air flow velocity up the air vent was approximately 45m/s and occurred when the gate was approximately 78% closed. A brief report on the test indicated that the source of air may have been a vortex formation in the vertical intake tower upstream of the emergency gate entraining air which was drawn through the gate and released up the air vent. The purpose of this research was to utilize 3-dimensional numerical modelling employing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to carry out numerical simulations to investigate the above mentioned malfunction and thereby establishing whether the given hypotheses for the malfunction were valid. For purposes of validating the CFD modelling, a 1:14.066 physical model was constructed at the University of Stellenbosch hydraulics laboratory. The 3-dimensional CFD model was used to investigate the said incident, using steady state simulations that were run for various openings of the emergency gate. The intenetion was to establish whether there was an emergency gate opening which would reproduce the air release phenomenon. The results obtained from the numerical model showed a similar trend to those of the physical model although there were differences in values. Neither model, showed a sudden release of air through the vent. It was concluded that the unsteady air-water flow out of the air vent may have been caused by the variation of the discharge with time causing unbalanced negative pressures in the outlet structure. Therefore, it was recommended that further CFD transient simulations should be undertaken incorporating a moving emergency gate. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwerp van die bodemuitlaat van die Bergrivierdam met multivlakuitlate is gebaseer op verskeie hidrouliese modeltoetse op a 1:40 fisiese model wat vir die oorspronklike ontwerp gebruik is, asook „n 1 tot 20 fisisiese model wat gebruik is om die finale ontwerp te lewer in 2003. Hierdie toetse het geen beduidende afwykings aangedui nie en het bewys dat die 1.8mª lugskag voldoende lugvloei sal toevoer om die negatiewe drukking wat stroomaf van die noodsluis ontstaan gedurende die sluitingsproses, sal minimaliseer. Gedurende die inlywingtoets in die veld in 2008 van die noodsluis, is lug onverwags teen 'n hoë snelheid deur die lugskag opwaarts uitgelaat, wat die rooster wat die skag beskerm teen 'n hoogte van oor 3m geblaas het terwyl die sluis teen 'n tempo van ongeveer 0.0035 m/s toegemaak het. Die lugvloeisnelheid in die lugskag was ongeveer 45m/s en het plaasgevind toe die sluis ongeveer 78% toe was. 'n Kort verslag oor die veldtoets dui aan dat die bron van die lug dalk werwelvorming in die vertikale inlaattoring stroomop van die noodsluis was, met lug wat deur die sluis getrek was en opwaarts in die lugskag vrygelaat is. Die doel van die navorsing was om drie-dimensionele numeriese modellering met rekenaar vloeidinamika (RVD) te benut om numeriese similasies uit te voer om die bogenoemde abnormale werking van die lugskag te ondersoek en daarmee vas te stel of die gegewe aannames van krag is. Vir die doel om die RVD modellering te verifieer is 'n 1:14.066 fisiese model gebou by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch se waterlaboratorium. Die 3-dimensionele RVD model is gebruik om die genoemde probleem te ondersoek, deur stasionêre simulasies wat vir verskillende openinge van die noodsluis geloop is te gebruik. Die doel was om vas te stel of daar 'n spesifieke noodsluisopening is wat die vrylating van die lug veroorsaak het. Die uitslag verkry deur die numeriese model het dieselfde windrigting soos die van die fisiese model gewys, alhoewel daar verskille in die waardes was. Nie een van die modelle het .n skielike vrystelling van lug deur die lugskag gewys nie. 'n Afleiding is gemaak dat die nie stasionêre lug-water vloei uit die lugskag moontlik veroorsaak was deur die verandering van die vloei met tyd veroorsaak deur ongebalanseerde negatiewe druk in die uitlaatstruktuur. Daarom is daar voorgestel dat verdere RVD nie stasionêre simulasies gedoen word met 'n bewegende noodsluis.
434

Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of a materials test reactor / Mogomotsi Ignatius Modukanele

Modukanele, Mogomotsi Ignatius January 2013 (has links)
This study was based on the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of a generic 10 MW Materials Test Reactor (MTR). In this study an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis methodology called code scaling applicability and uncertainty (CSAU) was implemented. Although this methodology follows 14 steps, only the following were carried out: scenario specification, nuclear power plant (NPP) selection, phenomena identification and ranking table (PIRT), selection of frozen code, provision of code documentation, determination of code applicability, determination of code and experiment accuracy, NPP sensitivity analysis calculations, combination of biases and uncertainties, and total uncertainty to calculate specific scenario in a specific NPP. The thermal hydraulic code Flownex®1 was used to model only the reactor core to investigate the effects of the input parameters on the selected output parameters of the hot channel in the core. These output parameters were mass flow rate, temperature of the coolant, outlet pressure, centreline temperature of the fuel and surface temperature of the cladding. The PIRT process was used in conjunction with the sensitivity analysis results in order to select the relevant input parameters that significantly influenced the selected output parameters. The input parameters that have the largest effect on the selected output parameters were found to be the coolant flow channel width between the plates in the hot channel, the width of the fuel plates itself in the hot channel, the heat generation in the fuel plate of the hot channel, the global mass flow rate, the global coolant inlet temperature, the coolant flow channel width between the plates in the cold channel, and the width of the fuel plates in the cold channel. The uncertainty of input parameters was then propagated in Flownex using the Monte Carlo based uncertainty analysis function. From these results, the corresponding probability density function (PDF) of each selected output parameter was constructed. These functions were found to follow a normal distribution. / MIng (Nuclear Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
435

Hydraulstyrning med konfiguration över Bluetooth / Controlling a hydraulic pump with configuration over Bluetooth

Olofsson, Petter, Utterström, Jimmy January 2016 (has links)
Denna rapport omfattar konstruktionen av ett fristående drivkort med tillhörande mobilapplikation för styrning och konfiguration av ett hydraulsystem. Projektets syfte var att på beställaren Bosch Rexroth ABs begäran undersöka om pump control module (PCM) - en del ur det existerande Spider 3 styrsystemet - kunde användas som en fristående modul. Hårdvara med en Bluetoothmodul skapades och kopplades mot PCM för att möjliggöra kommunikation via Bluetooth. En mobilapplikation utvecklades i Android studio för att tillåta konfiguration från en mobil enhet. Mjukvaran i PCM modifierades för att kommunicera med Bluetooth-hårdvaran över CAN och även för att tillåta analog styrning av pumpen via en strömstyrd ingång. De grundläggande kraven för systemet uppfylldes och en fungerande prototyp kunde uppvisas vid projektets slut. Prototypen visade stor potential men saknade dock viss funktionalitet som vore önskvärd hos en kommersiell produkt. / This report encompasses the development of a standalone drive card with an accompanying mobile application for control and configuration of a hydraulic system. The purpose of the project was to - according to an inquiry from the client Bosch Rexroth - investigate whether the pump control module (PCM) from the existing Spider 3 control system could be used as a standalone module. Hardware including a Bluetooth module was assembled and connected to the PCM to allow communication over Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). A mobile application where developed in Android Studio to allow configuration from a mobile device. The software of the PCM were modified to communicate with the Bluetooth hardware over CAN and also for allowing analog control of the hydraulic pump through a current controlled input.The basic demands for the system were met and a working prototype could be demonstrated at the end of the project. The prototype did show large potential but was lacking some functionality which would be desirable for a commercial product.
436

Análise de um coeficiente geométrico para estimativa de perdas de carga em linhas laterais de irrigação por gotejamento / Analysis of a geometrical coefficient to estimate the head losses in lateral lines of drip irrigation

Alves, Paulo Roberto Vieira 30 November 2000 (has links)
Os projetos hidráulicos para sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento, geralmente, desprezam as perdas de carga localizadas devido ao ressalto resultante da conexão dos gotejadores nas linhas laterais, ou então, estabelecem coeficientes médios ou taxas percentuais para o cálculo destas perdas. No entanto, essas perdas localizadas podem ser bastante significativas, variando com a vazão e a relação modelo do gotejador com diâmetro da tubulação instalada. Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa experimental para determinar uma relação matemática que permita estimar as perdas de carga localizadas para cada conjunto gotejador - tubo. Esta relação matemática associa os coeficientes de resistência de carga cinética, em diferentes vazões, com índices geométricos de obstrução para quatro seções, circulares e levemente ovais, de diferentes tubos de polietileno e, quatro modelos de gotejadores, todos comercializados na região de Ribeirão Preto. Abordaram-se ainda aspectos do uso da equação de Blasius para cálculo das perdas de carga distribuída e a influência da variação da viscosidade no escoamento. / The hydraulic projects to drip irrigation systems, usually disregard the localized head losses because of the destach of the drip\'s connection in the lateral lines, or establish average coefficients or percentual rates to calculate these losses. However, these localized losses can be rather significant, varying according to the flow and the drip\'s model connection with the diameter of the installed tubing. This dissertation presents the results of an experimental research to determine a mathematical relation that allows us to estirnate the localized head losses to each drip group - tube. This mathematical relation associates the resistance of kinetic head, in different flows, with geometrical contents of obstruction to four sections, circular and slightly oval, from different polietilene tubes, and four models of drips, commercialized in Ribeirão Preto\'s region. It\'s also discussed the aspects of the usage of Blasius equation to calculate the losses of distributed head and the influence of viscosity variation during the drain.
437

3D modelling of ship resistance in restricted waterways and application to an inland eco-driving prototype / Modélisation 3D de la résistance à l’avancement en milieu confiné et application à un éco-pilote fluvial

Linde, Florian 19 October 2017 (has links)
Les travaux de cette thèse ont pour but de développer un prototype d’éco-pilote, nommé EcoNav, permettant d’optimiser la vitesse d’un bateau afin de réduire sa consommation de carburant. EcoNav est composé de plusieurs modules dont : un modèle hydraulique 2D simulant l’écoulement hydrodynamique (vitesse du courant et hauteur d’eau) le long du trajet du bateau; - un modèle de résistance à l’avancement servant à alimenter un modèle de prédiction de la consommation de carburant; - un algorithme d’optimisation permettant de trouver le profil optimal de vitesse. Afin de pouvoir estimer la consommation de carburant, un modèle numérique de la résistance à l’avancement en milieu confiné a été développé durant la première partie de cette thèse. Ce modèle numérique 3D simule l’écoulement du fluide autour du bateau et permet de calculer les forces agissant sur sa coque. La résolution des équations RANS est couplée avec un algorithme de quasi-Newton afin de trouver la position d’équilibre du bateau et calculer son enfoncement. Cette méthode est validée en comparant les résultats numériques avec des résultats expérimentaux issus d’essais en bassin de traction. L’influence de l’enfoncement sur la résistance à l’avancement et la précision de la méthode est étudiée en comparant les résultats numériques obtenus avec et sans enfoncement. La précision des modèles empiriques de prédiction de la résistance à l’avancement est également comparée à celle du modèle numérique. Enfin, le modèle numérique est utilisé afin de déterminer si le confinement en largeur ou en profondeur ont une influence identique sur l’augmentation de résistance à l’avancement. Les résultats de cette étude permettent d’établir si le confinement de la voie d’eau peut être caractérisé à l’aide d’un paramètre unique (coefficient de blocage par exemple) ou bien deux paramètres permettant de distinguer le confinement latéral et vertical. Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, les méthodes numériques utilisées pour le modèle d’éco-pilote sont décrites et comparées afin de sélectionner celles qui sont le plus adaptées à chaque module. EcoNav est ensuite utilisé afin de modéliser un cas réel : celui du bateau automoteur Oural navigant sur la Seine entre Chatou et Poses (153 km). La consommation optimisée est comparée à la consommation non optimisée, calculée à partir des vitesses AIS observées sur le tronçon étudié. L’influence de la trajectoire du bateau et de son temps de parcours sur sa consommation sont également étudiés. Les résultats de ces investigations ont montré qu’optimiser la vitesse du bateau permet d’obtenir une réduction de la consommation de carburant de l’ordre de 8 % et qu’optimiser la trajectoire du bateau ainsi que prendre en compte des informations en temps réel (disponibilité des écluses, trafic sur le fleuve) peuvent permettre de réaliser des économies de carburant supplémentaires. / An eco-driving prototype, named EcoNav, is developed with the aim of optimizing a vessel speed in order to reduce fuel consumption for a given itinerary. EcoNav is organized in several modules : - a 2D hydraulic model simulating the flow conditions (current speed and water depth) along the itinerary; - a ship resistance model calculating the thrust necessary to counteract the hydrodynamic forces ; - a fuel consumption model calculating the fuel consumption corresponding to the thrust input; - a non linear optimization algorithm calculating the optimal speed profile. In order to evaluate the fuel consumption of an inland vessel, a ship resistance numerical model is developed in the first part of this PhD. This 3D numerical model simulates the flow around an inland self-propelled vessel and evaluates the hydrodynamic forces acting on the hull. A RANS solver is coupled with a quasi-Newton approach to find the equilibrium position and calculate ship sinkage. This method is validated by comparing the results of numerical simulations to towing tank tests. The numerical results with and without sinkage are also compared to study the influence of sinkage on ship resistance and on the accuracy of the method. Additionally, some empirical models are investigated and compared with the accuracy of the numerical method. Finally, the numerical model is used to determine if channel with and water depth restriction contribute to the same amount of ship resistance increase for the same level of restriction. The results of that investigation give insight to whether channel restriction can be characterized by a unique parameter (for instance the blockage ratio) or two parameters to distinguish water depth and channel with effects. In the second part of this PhD, the numerical methods used in the speed optimization model are described and validated. The speed optimization model is then used to simulate a real case: the itinerary of the self-propelled ship Oural on river Seine, between Chatou and Poses (153 km). The optimized fuel consumption is compared with the non-optimized fuel consumption, based on AIS speed profile retrieved on this itinerary. The effects of the ship trajectory and travel duration on fuel consumption are also investigated. The results of those investigations showed that optimizing the ship speed lead to an average fuel saving of 8 % and that using an optimal track and including real time information such as lock availability and river traffic can lead to additional fuel savings.
438

Transport sédimentaire sur rugosités immobiles : de l'hydrodynamique locale à la morphodynamique / Transport of sediment over coarse roughness elements : from local hydrodynamics to morphodynamics

Raus, David 19 June 2018 (has links)
Cette étude, en partenariat avec l'AFB (Agence Française pour la Biodiversité), a pour objectif de comprendre le devenir des sédiments qui ont été bloqués dans des barrages hydrauliques. Lors des « chasses » (lâchers massifs d’eau) réalisées pour assurer la continuité écologique des cours d'eau avec retenues, une certaine quantité de sédiments est relarguée en aval de la retenue, cessédiments sont ensuite transportés sur un fond de rugosités immobiles à différentes échelles(gravier, galets, rochers). L'objectif de cette thèse est donc d'étudier comment la présence de grains grossiers et immobiles peut avoir un effet sur les différentes échelles du transport de sédiment. Au travers de trois études expérimentales en canaux hydrauliques à surface libre, dans lesquelles les grains grossiers immobiles sont modélisés par une canopée d'hémisphères régulièrement espacés, différents impacts de la présence des rugosités immobiles sont mis en exergue. Une étude préliminaire a tout d'abord pour objectif de comprendre comment l'apparition d'une rugosité isolée dans du sédiment a pour effet de modifier les conditions d’hydrodynamique locale à l’amont de cette rugosité, en particulier par la mise en place d'un système de tourbillon(tourbillon en fer à cheval) pouvant accentuer le taux d'érosion locale. Ce tourbillon, très documenté pour des rugosités à géométrie simple, demeure très peu étudié dans le cas d'obstacle aux parois courbées de type grains de rivière. Cette étude montre alors que les dimensions et l'intensité du tourbillon en fer à cheval sont plus faibles dans le cas d'un obstacle aux parois inclinées et courbées que dans le cas d'un obstacle aux parois normales au fond, cephénomène étant expliqué par la facilité du fluide à contourner et l'obstacle, et donc la diminution du gradient de pression adverse à l'amont de l'obstacle, responsable du décollement de la couche limite incidente et de la formation du tourbillon en fer à cheval. Dans une seconde étude,l'hydrodynamique locale proche de sédiment placé dans un patch d'hémisphères est mesuré, pour différents niveaux de découvrement du patch et pour du sédiment collé au fond du canal. Il apparaît qu'en fonction du découvrement ($P = k/R$ avec $k$ la hauteur découverte d'une rugosité et $R$ sa hauteur totale), de forte variations locales de contrainte et de niveaux de turbulence au fond se mettent en place, le sédiment étant soumis à des sur-contraintesimportantes à l'arrière des rugosités pour $P = 20\%$, mais protégés pour des découvrements plus importants. Une analyse par quadrants montre alors que ce phénomène peut être expliqué par la capacité des événements turbulents instantanés de forte intensité à pénétrer entre les hémisphères pour atteindre le sédiment. Une troisième étude dans un canal aux dimensions plus importantes consiste à analyser la déstabilisation d’un lit sédimentaire initialement plat être couvrant totalement une canopée d’hémisphères immobiles. En début de la déstabilisation du lit,des dunes se forment et croissent, jusqu'à ce que leur volume devienne limité par l'apport initial de sédiment. Des zones érodées apparaissent alors entre ces dunes, dans lesquelles on observe du sédiment protégé entre les hémisphères immobiles. Il apparaît alors que cette protection est dépendante de la dimension des zones érodées. Sur les temps longs et après évacuation des dunes en aval du canal, l'effet de protection des hémisphères immobiles sur le sédiment est mis en avant, avec en particulier l'obtention d'une forte dépendance du taux d'érosion des grains en fonction du niveau de découvrement des hémisphères, un ralentissement soudain de l'érosionétant obtenu pour $P \sim 50 %. Ce changement de régime est expliqué en lien avec les résultats de l’étude précédente sur les groupes d’hémisphères. / This study is part of a project with the AFB (French Agency for Biodiversity), that aims to have abetter understanding of the remobilization of the sediment previously trapped in dams. After dambreaks, an amount of sediment is deposited downstream of the dam, this sediment being then setin motion on a bed of multi-scale immobile grains (gravels, rocks, boulders). The aim of this thesiswork is to study how coarse immobile grains can have an effect on the different scales of sedimenttransport. Thanks to three experimental studies in laboratory flumes, in which immobile coarsegrains are represented by a canopy of hemispheres, several effects of the roughness elements onsediment transport are emphasised. A preliminary study first aims to understand how theprotrusion of an isolated hemisphere impacts the local hydrodynamics upstream of thishemisphere, specifically through the horseshoe vortex developping near the roughness elementwall that can increases local grain entrainment rate. The horseshoe vortex, although deeplydocumented for simple roughness elements (cube, cylinder), remains poorly studied for roughnesselements with tilted or curved front wall like river coarse grains. This study shows that thedimensions and intensity of the horseshoe vortex are weaker for an obstacle with tilted wall thanfor an obstacle with bottom normal wall. This phenomenon is explained by the weaker adversepressure gradient developping upstream of the titlted wall, responsible for the boundary layerseparation and the horseshoe vortex formation. In a second study, the local hydrodynamics near aglued sediment bed placed in a patch of hemispherical roughness elements is studied, for severalprotrusion levels $P$ of the hemispheres (where $P = k/R$, with $k$ the height of the hemisphereprotruding over the sediment, and $R$ the total height of the hemisphere). It is shown that,depending on the protrusion of the hemispheres, strong local modifications of the near bedhydrodynamics can develop. For P = 20 %, zones of enhanced shear stress appear downstreamof the roughness elements, while for P \ge 20 %, this enhanced shear stress zones vanishes andthe sediment bed is sheltered. A quadrant analysis then shows that this phenomenon is explainedby the abality of intense instantaneous events to reach the sediment bed. A third experimentalstudy aims to analyze the erosion of a flat sediment bed initially uniformely covering a canopy ofstaggered hemispheres. In the beginning of the experiment, dunes are forming on the sedimentbed, until their volume is limited by the supply-limited sediment condition. Eroded areas thenappear between dunes, in which sediment is protected between the immobile hemispheres. Theanalyze shows that this protection is strongly dependant on the dimensions of the eroded areas.After dunes migrated downstream of the canal, the sheltering effect of the hemispheres isemphasised by measuring the erosion rate of the bed. It appears that the erosion rate is heavilydependant on the level of protrusion of the hemispheres, the erosion suddenly getting weaker forP \sim 50 %. This abrupt change of erosion regime is explained using the results of the previousstudy on local hydrodynamics in a patch of hemispheres.
439

Flow modelling in compound channels : momentum transfer between main channel and prismatic or non-prismatic floodplains

Bousmar, Didier 12 February 2002 (has links)
Flow modelling in a compound channel is a complex matter. Indeed, due to the smaller velocities in the floodplains than in the main channel, shear layers develop at the interfaces between these subsections, and the channel conveyance is affected by a momentum transfer corresponding to this shear layer, but also to possible geometrical changes in a non-prismatic reach. In this work, a one-dimensional approach, the Exchange Discharge Model (EDM), is proposed for such flows. The EDM accounts for the momentum transfer between channel subsections, estimated as proportional to the velocity gradient and to the discharges exchanged through the interface; where two main processes are identified : (1) the turbulent exchange, due to the shear-layer development; and (2) the geometrical transfer, due to cross-sectional changes. The EDM is successfully validated for discharge prediction, but also for water-profile computation, through comparison with existing laboratory and field measurements. The momentum transfer due to turbulent exchanges is then studied experimentally, theoretically and numerically. At first, new experimental data, obtained by using Particle Tracking Velocimetry techniques, are presented : the periodical vortex structures that develop in the shear layer are clearly identified and characterised. Secondly, a hydrodynamic linear stability analysis enables to predict quite successfully the wave length of some observed vortices. Lastly, an Unsteady-RANS numerical method is used to simulate the perturbation development. The estimated vortex wave lengths agree again with the measurements and the theoretical predictions, although vortices merging occurs in the simulation results, which was actually not observed experimentally. The velocity-profile prediction is found improved when the effect of vortices is considered, thanks to the corresponding additional shearing. The geometrical transfer is also investigated experimentally and numerically. Novel experiments are designed, with the measurements of the flow in a compound channel with symmetrically narrowing floodplains. The mass transfer and the evolution of the flow distribution along the channel length are clearly observed. A significant additional head loss due to this transfer is measured, in accordance with the EDM hypothesis. Measured water profiles are finally compared successfully with the EDM predictions. In addition to the EDM development and validation, the so-called Lateral Distribution Method (LDM) is also investigated and the significance of the secondary-currents models proposed by previous authors for this method is discussed. When considering the velocity-profile prediction, the effect of these helical secondary currents is again clearly highlighted, by using dispersion terms in the Saint-Venant equations. However, the actual physical meaning of the related dispersion coefficients remains uncertain. In addition, an extended LDM is also proposed and discussed for non-prismatic flow modelling, using the new narrowing-channel data set./La modélisation des écoulements dans les rivières à plaines inondables est particulièrement complexe. En effet, la vitesse de l'eau étant plus faible sur la plaine d'inondation que dans le lit mineur, une couche de cisaillement se développe à l'interface entre ces sous-sections. La débitance totale de la rivière est dés lors réduite, à cause du transfert de quantité de mouvement qu'occasionne la présence de la couche de cisaillement, mais aussi de part les changements de géométrie qui peuvent se produire dans un lit non-prismatique. La présente thèse propose, pour la représentation de tels écoulements, une nouvelle approche uni-dimensionnelle dénommée Modèle des Débits d'Echange ("Exchange Discharge Model" – EDM). Le transfert de quantité de mouvement entre les soussections de la rivière est pris en compte par l'EDM comme étant proportionnel au gradient de vitesse entre celles-ci et aux débits échangés à travers leur interface. A cette interface, deux phénomènes sont essentiellement présents : (1) un échange turbulent, dû au développement de la couche de cisaillement; et (2) un transfert géométrique, correspondant aux changements de section. L'EDM est validé avec succès pour la prédiction du débit et pour le calcul de lignes d'eau, par comparaison avec des données existantes de laboratoire et de terrain. Le transfert de quantité de mouvement dû à l'échange turbulent est ensuite étudié expérimentalement, théoriquement et numériquement. De nouvelles mesures sont obtenues, au moyen d'une technique de vélocimétrie par suivi de particules. Les structures périodiques qui se développent dans la couche de cisaillement sont clairement identifiées et caractérisées. Deuxièmement, une analyse linéaire de stabilité hydrodynamique permet de prédire théoriquement les longueurs d'onde de quelques tourbillons qui ont été observés expérimentalement, et ce avec succès. Enfin, un modèle numérique, de type "Unsteady-RANS", est utilisé pour simuler la croissance des tourbillons dans la couche de cisaillement. Encore une fois, les longueurs d'onde obtenues correspondent relativement bien avec les valeurs mesurées et prédites théoriquement; bien que les coalescences de tourbillons qui se produisent numériquement n'aient pas été observées expérimentalement. La prédiction des profils de vitesse est améliorée, lorsque l'effet des tourbillons est considéré, grâce à la contrainte de cisaillement additionnelle que ceux-ci génèrent. Les transferts géométriques sont également explorés expérimentalement et numériquement. Une nouvelle campagne expérimentale a été réalisée, en considérant l'écoulement dans un lit composé symétrique, dont les plaines d'inondation se rétrécissent progressivement. Le transfert de masse entre sous-sections et la redistribution des débits qui lui est associée sont clairement observés au long du canal. Une importante perte de charge additionnelle due à ce transfert est mesurée, en concordance avec les hypothèses de l'EDM. Finalement, les lignes d'eau mesurées sont reproduites avec succès par un calcul utilisant l'EDM. En complément au développement et à la validation de l'EDM, la "Lateral Distribution Method" (LDM) est également utilisée, avec pour objectif la clarification du rôle des termes de courants secondaires proposés par différents auteurs. Par rapport à la prédiction du profil de vitesse, l'effet de ces courants secondaires est très marqué. Il est ici reproduit en utilisant des termes de dispersion dans les équations de Saint-Venant. Cependant, le sens physique des valeurs des coefficients de dispersion qui doivent être utilisés est discutable. Par ailleurs, une LDM étendue, pour les écoulement en lits nonprismatiques, est proposée et commentée, en utilisant le nouveau jeu de données pour le canal convergent.
440

Quasi-Static Hydraulic Control Systems and Energy Savings Potential Using Independent Metering Four-Valve Assembly Configuration

Shenouda, Amir 06 July 2006 (has links)
In this research, the four valve independent metering configuration is to be investigated. The Independent metering concept will be emphasized and compared to spool valve coupled metering conventional technologies. Research focuses on the energy savings potential of the four valve independent metering configuration in addition to improving performance. The basic model of interest in this research is an actuator that is controlled by the four valve independent metering configuration to move beam like members of mobile hydraulic equipment such as tractor loader backhoes, excavators, and telehandlers. Five distinct (or discrete) metering modes that exist in the literature are initially studied: Powered Extension, High Side Regeneration Extension, Low Side Regeneration Extension, Powered Retraction, and Low Side Regeneration Retraction. The energy saving potential of these modes is studied and comparisons between this system and a conventional spool valve controlled actuator are conducted. The problem of switching between these five modes is treated as an optimal control problem of a switched dynamic system. Before solving the optimal control problem, a dynamic model for the system of interest is first derived. The model is experimentally validated. General theory for the optimal control problem is derived and then applied to the hydraulic system of interest. The results are then interpreted and explained by looking into the force-speed capability of modes. The effect of mode switching on system performance is studied as well. The basic mechanical system used for this analysis is a continuous rotating beam that undergoes structural vibrations due to mode switching in the driving hydraulic actuator. A fully coupled actuator-beam model is investigated. A non-dimensional analysis is pursued to generalize the study results. The optimal switching analysis and the vibrational study lead to the idea of Continuously Variable Modes (CVMs). Instead of having five distinct modes that determines the flow path by opening two of the four valves in the assembly, three Continuously Variable Modes are presented as an alternative way of controlling the four-valve configuration. These three CVMs combine the distinct modes and use three of the four valves to provide the fluid flow path. The five distinct modes become a special case of these three CVMs. It is going to be shown that CVMs have more force-speed capabilities than the distinct modes and provide for better velocity and vibrational performance by virtue of always offering a continuous flow path. The theory behind CVMs is presented and experimental validation follows.

Page generated in 0.0367 seconds