Le tiers de la population mondiale, vit dans des espaces où les risques potentiels sont liés plus ou moins directement à la nature ; Les inondations, sont responsables de plus de la moitié des risques dommageables. À l’instar le risque inondation affecte les villes marocaines et plus particulièrement celles situées sur les piedmonts dir. Les agglomérations de dir de Béni Mellal sont très menacée par les inondations. Ces catastrophes sont le fait de crues-éclair (flash flood) trouvant leur origine dans la structure des précipitations (intensités remarquables) et une topographie propice à la concentration des écoulements sur de petits bassins versants de forte pente.Ce travail est une contribution opérationnelle à la connaissance du phénomène « crue-éclair » affectant les agglomérations du "dir" de Béni-Mellal dont l’objectif est l’amélioration de la résilience du "dir" de l’Atlas de Béni-Mellal face aux inondations et aux "crues-éclair". À cause de l’absence des stations hydro pluviométriques, est vue la spécificité de dire comme une zone de transition, la démarche élaborée repose sur une étude fine des deux facteurs du risque, l’aléa et la vulnérabilité, sur des bassins versants représentatifs du domaine du dir de Béni Mellal. Notre approche, que l’on peut qualifier "hydrologique intégrée" considère l’aléa comme une solidarité hydrologique entre l’amont et l’aval ou plutôt la dépendance de l’aval vis-à-vis de l’amont. La gestion des risques dans le dir de Béni-Mellal, demande donc l’intégration des techniques hydrologiques modélisatrices et l’association des mesures non structurelles telles que, la conscience du risque, la réduction de la vulnérabilité, la maîtrise de l’occupation du sol, surtout la dynamique urbaine. Les solutions adoptées doivent être cohérentes entre elles. A cet égard, notre méthodologie s’articule sur la valorisation de données multi-sources. Elle s’appuie, d’un côté, sur une approche de l’hydrologie classique, qui consiste en l’étude analytique de « l’aléa historique » et l’étude hydrométrique dont les données hydrométriques et pluviométriques produites, seront utilisées pour la caractérisation de « l’aléa » et des crues torrentielles. Une approche hydrologique modélisatrice où les résultats seront utilisés pour la calibration et la validation d’une modélisation hydraulique et pour la production des cartes de risques. D’un autre côté, elle vise à intégrer le contexte socio-économique et cultuel, le degré d’organisation de l’occupation du sol, et les politiques publiques de la gestion des risques…etc. / One-third of the world's population lives in areas where potential risks are more or less directly related to nature. Floods are responsible for more than half of the damaging risks. Like other countries, the flood risk affects the Moroccan cities and especially those located on the piedmonts. For instance, the agglomerations of Béni Mellal piedmonts are very threatened by floods. These disasters are the result of flash floods originating principally from a changing rainfall pattern (remarkable intensities) and a favorable topography conductive to the concentration of the flows on small watersheds of steep slope.This study is an operational contribution to the knowledge of the "flood-lightning" phenomenon that is affecting the agglomerations of the "piedmont " of Beni-Mellal. Its objective is to identify the resilience of the Atlas “piedmont” of Beni-Mellal in the face of floods and "flash floods".Because of the absence of hydro-rainfall stations, and the specificity of the study area considered as being a transition zone, the approach developed is based on a detailed study taking into account two risk factors, namely the hazard and the vulnerability..Our approach, which can be described as "an integrated hydrological approach" considers the hazard as a hydrological solidarity between upstream and downstream or rather the dependence of downstream towards the upstream. Therefore, risk management in the piedmonts of Béni-Mellalrequires the integration of modeling hydrological techniques and the association of non-structural measures such as, risk awareness, vulnerability reduction, controlof soil occupation, especially urban dynamics. For this reason, the adopted solutions a must be coherent with each other. In this respect, our methodology is based on the valuation of multi-source data. It relie, on one hand, on a classical hydrology approach, which consists of the analytical study of "historical hazard"and the hydrometric study whose hydrometric and rainfall data will be used for the analysis. Characterization of "hazard" and flashfloods events (The results of this modeling hydrological approach will be used for the calibration and validation of hydraulic modeling and for the elaboration of risk maps. On the other hand, it aims at integrating the socio-economic and cultural context, the degree of organization of the occupation of the ground, and the public policies of the risk management ... etc.

Selon le Rapport mondial des risques publié par l'Institut universitaire des Nations Unies pour l'environnement et la sécurité humaine, le Mexique a une vulnérabilité de 46% et un manque de capacité d'adaptation de 76% en termes de risques de catastrophe. Un de ceux est les risques d'inondation en cas de catastrophe qui pose un sérieux défi pour le développement et la vie des habitants du Mexique. Mexico est confronté à des problèmes d'inondation dans certaines zones à l'ONU certaines périodes de l'année, causant des pertes et des dommages importants sur les propriétés et les résidents dont certains blessés. En conséquence, il est important de procéder à une évaluation des risques d'inondation dans le bassin de Mexico et d'estimer les dommages des inondations probables. Cependant, les données limitées de débits observés et des profondeurs d'eau dans les principaux cours d'eau de la ville sont disponibles, et esta distributeur d'un obstacle à la compréhension des inondations dans la ville de Mexico. Pour la raison d'origine, plusieurs études doivent être effectuées intérêt dans le but d'avoir une compréhension claire disponibles du bassin versant, qui impliquent, études hydrauliques, météorologiques et hydrologiques, la répartition des précipitations, l'analyse des eaux de ruissellement, les risques d'inondation et de la vulnérabilité, et des études de esta permettent l'estimation de dommages directs et indirects à l'économie, aux actifs et à la vie humaine / According to the World Risk Report released by the United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security, Mexico has a vulnerability of 46% and a lack of coping capacity of 76% in terms of disaster risk. One of those disaster risks is flooding which poses a serious challenge to the development and the lives of the inhabitants of Mexico. Mexico City is facing problems of flooding in some areas at certain times of the year, causing important losses and damages on properties and residents including some casualties. Therefore, it is important to carry out a flood risk assessment in the catchment of Mexico City and estimate damages of probable flood events. However, limited data of observed discharges and water depths in the main rivers of the city are available, and this represents an obstacle for the understanding of flooding in Mexico City. For these reason, several studies have to be carried out in order to have a clear understanding of the catchment, which involve, meteorological and hydrological/hidraulic studies, rainfall distribution, runoff analysis, flood risk and vulnerability, and this studies allow the estimation of direct and indirect damages to the economy, to assets and to human life. The premise of this study is that with the limited data and resources available, the catchment can be represented to an acceptable degree by the construction of a deterministic hydrological model of the Mexico City basin. The objective of the developed tool is to provide an efficient support to management of the flood processes by predicting the behavior of the catchment for different rainfall events and flood scenarios

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19409号 / 工博第4125号 / 新制||工||1636(附属図書館) / 32434 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 寶 馨, 教授 立川 康人, 准教授 佐山 敬洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19689号 / 工博第4144号 / 新制||工||1639(附属図書館) / 32725 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 寶 馨, 教授 立川 康人, 准教授 佐山 敬洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20681号 / 工博第4378号 / 新制||工||1680(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 角 哲也, 准教授 竹門 康弘, 准教授 Sameh Kantoush / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20920号 / 理博第4372号 / 新制||理||1627(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 松浦 純生, 教授 林 愛明, 准教授 松四 雄騎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Evaluation of an On-Farm Water Storage (OFWS) system as a Best Management Practice (BMP) for nutrient and sediment loading control and irrigation in East Mississippi has shown that the system can effectively reduce sediment and nutrient loading as it was able to capture 46 tons of sediment and 558 kg of phosphorus over the monitoring period. The system was also able to decrease nitrogen loading as shown from the nitrogen concentration in the captured storm runoff events although an accurate estimate could not be made using AnnAGNPS because adequate model input data was not available. The system was able to provide about 63 million gallons of water for irrigation as a result of which increased corn and soybean yield was also obtained in irrigated fields when compared to non-irrigated fields. Water from the storage pond used for irrigation did not have adequate nutrient recycling to reduce commercial fertilizer application.

Debris flows occur frequently in remote areas of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee. Rainfall gauges are not adequate for modeling infiltration required for triggering debris flows. Weather radar, providing frequently updated, continuous coverage, is a valuable tool for estimating rainfall intensity, duration, runoff, and infiltration. Daily rainfall from a sole gauge was compared with hourly rainfall from the Digital Precipitation Array weather radar product to model infiltration on August 5, 2012, the day before a debris flow was known to have occurred in the 91-km2West Prong Little Pigeon River watershed. Additionally, both gauge and radar data were used for rainfall-runoff-infiltration modeling for a 42-day period in July and August 2012. Runoff and infiltration were simulated using the conventional semi-distributed hydrological model HEC-HMS. A local bias correction of radar rainfall at the gauge location improved correlation between the radar rainfall and the gauge data. Peak daily rainfall for the August 5 storm was 93 mm (gauge) and 98 mm (radar), whereas average daily rainfall for the 42-day period was 10 mm and 7.75 mm, respectively. Over the study period, simulated daily infiltration declined from 28 mm to 0.5 mm for the gauge and from 15 mm to 0.14 mm for radar, indicating essentially saturated conditions on the day of the debris flow.

Land use/cover has shown significant changes during the past three decades in Ethiopia especially in the highlands of the country. That resulted in changes in streamflows and other hydrological processes. The existing land and water resources system of the area is adversely affected due the rapid growth of population, deforestation, surface erosion and sediment transport. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of land use/cover changes in the hydrology of Beles Basin, Ethiopia. The physically based hydrologic model, SWAT, was developed for the Beles basin, Ethiopia by combining geospatial and climatic data. ArcGIS has been used to process geospatial data which includes the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) which has a resolution of 90 m, land use/cover and soil maps. A simple Interpolation technique has been used to fill in the missing precipitation data. The GIS interface version of SWAT (ArcSWAT) has the capability to utilize ArcGIS to facilitate input data preparation and output data generation. Idrisi Andes in cooperation with ArcGIS 9.2 used to generate landuse/cover maps from Landsat data of three different years. Three SWAT models were set up using the three generated land use/cover maps and used to evaluate the land use/cover change and its impacts on the streamflow of study basin. The primary hydrological model was evaluated through sensitivity analysis, model calibration, and model validation for realistic prediction of the different hydrological components in the basin. Out of twenty six flow parameters sixteen parameters were found to be sensitive. But the most sensitive ten parameters were selected and used for model calibration. The model calibration was carried out using observed streamflow data from 01 January 2001 to 31 December 2002 and a validation period from 01 January 2003 to 31 December 2004. The coefficient of determinations (R2) was 0.74 and the Nash-Sutcliffe simulation efficiency (NSE) was 0.62which indicated that the model was able to predict streamflow with reasonable accuracy. However, the hydrograph of the cumulative hydrographs of the calibration and validation periods showed significant discrepancies between the observed and the simulated data of each period.  The average yearly flow volume of the observed streamflow on the cumulative hydrograph of the calibration period has exceeded the simulated streamflow. On the other hand on the cumulative hydrograph of the validation period the average yearly flow volume of the simulated streamflow was higher than the observed streamflow. The simulated result of the streamflow data from different land use/cover maps revealed that the change in the land use/cover classes of the basin throughout the study periods.