Oligomers and polymers based on functionalized Rf-amides were successfully synthesized for the fabrication of hydrophobic surfaces with either linear or network structure. Firstly, new functionalized Rf-amides (RfCONH-, Rf is a perfluoroalkyl segment) were developed in most cases by a one step reaction and a simple work-up procedure. The reaction behaviors of synthesized Rf-amides in polyreactions were well understood. New fluorinated oligoester polyols, blocked IPDI's, and end-hydroxyl terminated oligo(urea urethane)s have been synthesized, the detail structures and properties are well understood. These materials could be suitable components of powder coatings. On the other hand, the end-hydroxyl terminated oligo(urea urethane)s could be used as reactive additives in high solid content and water-borne coatings. Hydrophobic smooth surfaces based on linear polymers, poly(urea urethane)s and alternating MI copolymers, containing fluorinated side groups were successfully constructed. The attachment of fluorinated side groups into polymers can dramatically alter the surfaces of corresponding polymers from more hydrophilic to hydrophobic due to the enrichment of fluorinated side groups on the top of the surface. The backbone configuration, the polarity of backbones, and the thermal treatment on surfaces can influence the surface properties of corresponding materials. Finally, hydrophobic surfaces of cross-linked polyurethanes as model top coatings were constructed under melt condition at high temperature (180 and 190 oC) using the combination of fluorinated oligouretdiones and non-fluorinated oligoester polyols. It was found that the hydrophobicity of resulting cured films is a matter of the competition between the formation of cross-linking network and the segregation of fluoromoieties on the top of the surface.

Le collage direct consiste en la mise en contact de deux surfaces suffisamment lisses et propres pour qu'une adhésion puisse se créer sans ajout de matière à l'interface. Ce procédé réalisable à l'échelle industrielle trouve son intérêt dans l'empilement de structures ou de matériaux pour la microélectronique ou les microtechnologies. Il s'avère alors important de maîtriser ce procédé et cela passe notamment par la compréhension des mécanismes physico-chimique se produisant lors du collage. Le but de ce travail de thèse est donc l'étude des mécanismes mis en jeu dans le collage hydrophobe de silicium et le collage hydrophile d'oxydes de silicium déposés.Dans cette étude, des procédés de collage direct hydrophobe de plaques de silicium (100) reconstruit ont été développés, ainsi que des collages de surfaces hydrophiles d'oxyde de silicium déposés préparées par des activations plasma azote ou oxygène ou par un procédé de polissage mécano-chimique. Le comportement de toutes ces structures a été étudié à plusieurs stades du procédé, en particulier lors des traitements thermiques de consolidation de l'interface de collage. Pour ce faire, différentes techniques de caractérisation ont été mises en oeuvre comme la mesure d'énergie de collage, l'observation de la défectivité par microscopie acoustique, la spectroscopie infrarouge et la réflectivité des rayons X. Cela a ainsi permis de suivre la fermeture de l'interface de collage en température d'un point de vue chimique et mécanique et des mécanismes de collage ont alors pu être proposés pour toutes les structures étudiées. Des recommandations ont également pu être faites pour l'obtention de collages d'oxydes de silicium déposés efficaces et de qualité. / Direct wafer bonding refers to a process by which two mirror-polished wafers are put into contact and held together at room temperature by adhesive force, without any additional material. This technology feasible at an industrial scale generates wide interest for the realization of stacked structures for microelectronics or microtechnologies. In this context, a precise understanding of bonding mechanisms is necessary. Consequently, the aim of this work is to study the bonding mechanisms for hydrophobic silicon reconstructed surfaces and hydrophilic deposited silicon oxides surfacesIn this study, bonding of hydrophobic silicon reconstructed surfaces and bonding of hydrophilic deposited silicon oxides prepared either by plasma activation or chemical-mechanical polishing were analyzed, as a function of post-bonding annealing temperature. For this, several characterization techniques have been used: bonding energy measurement, acoustic microscopy in order to observe defectivity, infrared spectroscopy and X-Ray reflectivity. Thus the bonding interface closure has been analyzed from a chemical and mechanical point of view and bonding mechanisms have been proposed for the studied bonded structures. Finally the study of deposited silicon oxide bonding prepared either by plasma activation or by chemical-mechanical polishing has lead to some recommendations for efficient and high quality deposited silicon oxides bonding.

A corrosão é um fenômeno de interface que deteriora um metal através de reações químicas ou eletroquímicas, sendo caracterizada como um processo espontâneo, onde os materiais são transformados do estado metálico para uma forma combinada, decorrente da interação dos compostos metálicos com as substâncias do meio que estão inseridos. Como os prejuízos oriundos de processos corrosivos são elevados (estimativas mostram que os valores variam em torno de 3% a 4% do PIB de uma nação), estudos que minimizem estes processos são de vital importância econômica. Nos últimos anos, diversas pesquisas foram realizadas com o intuito de estudar superfícies hidrofóbicas e super-hidrofóbicas devido à sua função de autolimpeza, baixa aderência de contaminantes e proteção contra os efeitos corrosivos. Estudos recentes propõem a utilização de ácidos carboxílicos como percussores à formação destas camadas protetoras, sendo que melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando ácidos carboxílicos de cadeias longas (acima de 11 carbonos). O ácido n-tetradecanóico (CH3(CH2)12COOH) pode ser utilizado sobre cobre e, após 10 dias de imersão em solução alcoólica de 0,06 mol/L, uma película super-hidrofóbica é formada sob o substrato, porém as características superficiais do metal são afetadas e uma camada esverdeada de carboxilato de cobre é formada. O presente trabalho, além de comprovar o efeito protetor desta camada superhidrofóbica formada, propôs a utilização do ácido n-tetradecanóico em um tratamento superficial, de forma a atuar como uma película protetora contra processos corrosivos, considerando curtos períodos de imersão em solução de ácido mirístico de forma a preservar as características superficiais do metal utilizado e torná-lo comercialmente e esteticamente mais atrativo. Os metais avaliados foram: cobre, latão e aço carbono. As técnicas eletroquímicas empregadas para a avaliação da película formada foram: curva de polarização, resistência de polarização linear (Rp) e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE). Medidas de ângulo de contato foram realizadas a fim de comprovar a viii hidrofobicidade do filme formado e espectroscopia de infravermelho e Raman, além da difratometria de raios X, a fim de caracterizar sua composição química. Melhores resultados foram obtidos para cobre, onde os ensaios comprovaram um aumento da hidrofobicidade da superfície metálica à medida que se aumentava o tempo de imersão dos corpos-de-prova em solução alcoólica 0,06 mol/L de ácido ntetradecanóico, atingindo valores de 116,1o e 149,8o após, respectivamente, 12 horas e 5 dias de imersão. Além disso, através de medidas de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, também foi avaliado o grau de proteção da película hidrofóbica formada com relação ao substrato puro, sendo observado um aumento na proteção da superfície após 12 horas de imersão. / Corrosion is an interface phenomenon that deteriorates a metal by chemical or electrochemical reactions. It is characterized as a spontaneous process, where materials are transformed from the metallic state to a combined form. As corrosive processes damages are high (estimates show that the values vary around 3% to 4% of a nation GDP), studies that minimize corrosion reactions are of vital economic importance. Recently, several studies were performed in order to study hydrophobic and superhydrophobic layers due to its self-cleaning function, low adherence of contaminants and protection against corrosive effects. Recent studies propose the use of carboxylic acids as precursors to the formation of such protective layers, with best results being obtained using long chain carboxylic acids (up to 11 carbons). Over copper, the usage of n-tetradecanoic acid (CH3(CH2)12COOH) has showed good results after 10 days immersion in 0.06 mol/L ethanolic solution. Experimental results proved that the super hydrophobic surface could improve significantly the corrosion resistance of copper, although the surfaces have been strongly modified and a green oxidation layer (which is a copper carboxylate) has been formed over the etched copper surface. Besides proving the protective effect of the super-hydrophobic layer formed, this work also studied the use of n-tetradecanoic acid as a temporary protective layer, considering short immersion periods. In this way, the metal surface characteristics were preserved. The metals studied were: copper, brass and carbon steel. The electrochemical techniques employed for evaluation of the formed film were: polarization curves, linear polarization resistance (Rp) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Contact angle measurements were performed to prove the hydrophobicity of the film and X-ray diffraction, Raman and Infrared spectroscopy were also utilized to characterize its composition. x Test samples of these metals were immersed, at ambient temperature, in 0.06 mol/L of n-tetradecanoic ethanolic solution, for different immersion periods, in order to monitor the formation of the protective layer and its hydrophobicity. Furthermore, in order to study the formation and persistence of the formed film, electrochemical tests were also performed in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution. The results obtained for copper demonstrate an increase of the metal surface hydrophobicity for longer immersion time in 0.06 mol/L n-tetradecanoic acid solution, reaching values of 116.1o and 149.8o after, respectively, 12 hours and 5 days of immersion. Furthermore, the degree of protection of hydrophobic film was also evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements and the best results were obtained for 12hs of immersion.

Oligomers and polymers based on functionalized Rf-amides were successfully synthesized for the fabrication of hydrophobic surfaces with either linear or network structure. Firstly, new functionalized Rf-amides (RfCONH-, Rf is a perfluoroalkyl segment) were developed in most cases by a one step reaction and a simple work-up procedure. The reaction behaviors of synthesized Rf-amides in polyreactions were well understood. New fluorinated oligoester polyols, blocked IPDI's, and end-hydroxyl terminated oligo(urea urethane)s have been synthesized, the detail structures and properties are well understood. These materials could be suitable components of powder coatings. On the other hand, the end-hydroxyl terminated oligo(urea urethane)s could be used as reactive additives in high solid content and water-borne coatings. Hydrophobic smooth surfaces based on linear polymers, poly(urea urethane)s and alternating MI copolymers, containing fluorinated side groups were successfully constructed. The attachment of fluorinated side groups into polymers can dramatically alter the surfaces of corresponding polymers from more hydrophilic to hydrophobic due to the enrichment of fluorinated side groups on the top of the surface. The backbone configuration, the polarity of backbones, and the thermal treatment on surfaces can influence the surface properties of corresponding materials. Finally, hydrophobic surfaces of cross-linked polyurethanes as model top coatings were constructed under melt condition at high temperature (180 and 190 oC) using the combination of fluorinated oligouretdiones and non-fluorinated oligoester polyols. It was found that the hydrophobicity of resulting cured films is a matter of the competition between the formation of cross-linking network and the segregation of fluoromoieties on the top of the surface.

The first part of this thesis is concerned with thestructure-property relationships in nonionic surfactantsystems. The main aim was to investigate how the surfactantstructure influences the adsorption at interfaces andinteractions between surfactant coated interfaces.Particularly, the effect of the structure of the surfactantheadgroups was investigated. These were sugar-based headgroupwith varying size and flexibility and poly(ethylene oxide)based headgroups with or without an additional amide or estergroup. The hydrophobic part of the surfactant consisted mostlyof straight alkyl chains, except for one type of poly(ethyleneoxide) based surfactant with a dehydroabietic hydrophobe. The main technique that was used is the surface forcetechnique, with which the forces acting between two adsorbedsurfactant layers on hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces can bemeasured. These forces are important for e.g. the stability ofdispersions. The hydrophilic surfaces employed were glass andmica, whereas the hydrophobic surfaces were silanized glass andhydrophobized mica. The adsorption behavior on hydrophilicsurfaces is highly dependent on the type of headgroup andsurface, whereas similar results were obtained on the two typesof hydrophobic surfaces. To better understand how the surfaceforces are affected by the surfactant structure, measurementsof adsorbed amount and theoretical mean-field latticecalculations were carried out. The results show that the sugarsurfactant layers and poly(ethylene oxide) surfactant layersgive rise to very different surface forces, but that the forcesare more similar within each group. The structure-propertyrelationships for many other physical properties have beenstudied as well. These include equilibrium and dynamicadsorption at the liquid-vapor interface, micelle size, micelledynamics, and wetting. The second part in this thesis is about the aggregationbetween cationic polyelectrolytes and an anionic surfactant.The surface force technique was used to study the adsorption ofa low charged cationic polyelectrolyte on mica, and theaggregation between the adsorbed polyelectrolyte with theanionic surfactant. The aggregation in bulk was studied withturbidimetry, small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and smallangle x-ray scattering (SAXS). An internal hexagonal aggregatestructure was found for some of the bulk aggregates. <b>Keywords:</b>nonionic surfactant, sugar surfactant,poly(ethylene oxide), amide, ester, polyelectrolyte, SDS,hydrophobic surface, glass surface, mica, adsorption,aggregation, micelle size, surface forces, wetting, dynamicsurface tension, NMR, TRFQ, SANS, SAXS, mean-field latticecalculations.

<p>The first part of this thesis is concerned with thestructure-property relationships in nonionic surfactantsystems. The main aim was to investigate how the surfactantstructure influences the adsorption at interfaces andinteractions between surfactant coated interfaces.Particularly, the effect of the structure of the surfactantheadgroups was investigated. These were sugar-based headgroupwith varying size and flexibility and poly(ethylene oxide)based headgroups with or without an additional amide or estergroup. The hydrophobic part of the surfactant consisted mostlyof straight alkyl chains, except for one type of poly(ethyleneoxide) based surfactant with a dehydroabietic hydrophobe.</p><p>The main technique that was used is the surface forcetechnique, with which the forces acting between two adsorbedsurfactant layers on hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces can bemeasured. These forces are important for e.g. the stability ofdispersions. The hydrophilic surfaces employed were glass andmica, whereas the hydrophobic surfaces were silanized glass andhydrophobized mica. The adsorption behavior on hydrophilicsurfaces is highly dependent on the type of headgroup andsurface, whereas similar results were obtained on the two typesof hydrophobic surfaces. To better understand how the surfaceforces are affected by the surfactant structure, measurementsof adsorbed amount and theoretical mean-field latticecalculations were carried out. The results show that the sugarsurfactant layers and poly(ethylene oxide) surfactant layersgive rise to very different surface forces, but that the forcesare more similar within each group. The structure-propertyrelationships for many other physical properties have beenstudied as well. These include equilibrium and dynamicadsorption at the liquid-vapor interface, micelle size, micelledynamics, and wetting.</p><p>The second part in this thesis is about the aggregationbetween cationic polyelectrolytes and an anionic surfactant.The surface force technique was used to study the adsorption ofa low charged cationic polyelectrolyte on mica, and theaggregation between the adsorbed polyelectrolyte with theanionic surfactant. The aggregation in bulk was studied withturbidimetry, small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and smallangle x-ray scattering (SAXS). An internal hexagonal aggregatestructure was found for some of the bulk aggregates.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>nonionic surfactant, sugar surfactant,poly(ethylene oxide), amide, ester, polyelectrolyte, SDS,hydrophobic surface, glass surface, mica, adsorption,aggregation, micelle size, surface forces, wetting, dynamicsurface tension, NMR, TRFQ, SANS, SAXS, mean-field latticecalculations.</p>

Ce travail de thèse a porté sur le développement de revêtements organiques/inorganiques photopolymérisables superhydrophobes à partir de procédés d’élaboration simples associés à des produits commerciaux largement diffusés. Pour cela, des revêtements à matrice polyuréthane acrylate (PUA), intrinsèquement hydrophiles, incluant différents composés à base de silicium ont été élaborés par enduction ou pulvérisation. L’objectif a été d’apporter en surface des revêtements une structuration multi-échelle et une chimie à caractère hydrophobe nécessaires pour atteindre la superhydrophobie, c’est-à-dire un angle de contact avec l’eau supérieur à 150° et une hystérésis de mouillage inférieure à 10°. L’introduction de molécules de polysilsesquioxane polyédrique (POSS), présentant un ligand acrylate et sept ligands isobutyle, a apporté une nanostructuration et un comportement hydrophobe aux revêtements PUA à des concentrations très faibles (≤ 1% en masse.). Cependant, la rugosité apportée se révèle trop faible et cette stratégie ne peut aboutir à la superhydrophobie des revêtements. L’introduction de particules de silice pyrogénée, modifiées en surface par des chaînes polydiméthylsiloxane, a permis d’établir une structuration multi-échelle et une chimie à caractère hydrophobe à la surface des revêtements PUA, leur conférant ainsi la superhydrophobie. De plus, le procédé d’élaboration a joué un rôle majeur sur les modifications physico-chimiques de surface des revêtements : la superhydrophobie est obtenue à une concentration relativement élevée de 30 et 60% en masse de silice pyrogénée respectivement par pulvérisation et enduction. Afin de diminuer ces concentrations, la combinaison des deux stratégies précédentes, c’est-à-dire l’introduction simultanée de POSS et de silice pyrogénée, a été considérée. Ceci a permis d’exacerber le caractère hydrophobe des revêtements tout en préservant la rugosité établie par la silice pyrogénée. Cette approche a conduit à la diminution de la concentration de silice nécessaire pour obtenir la superhydrophobie dans le cas des revêtements élaborés par pulvérisation. / This work deals with the development of organic/inorganic superhydrophobic UV-curable coatings manufactured through simple processes and from commercially available products. To achieve this goal, a hydrophilic polyurethane acrylate matrix (PUA) was used, in which several silicon-based compounds were introduced. The coatings were deposited using either bar- or spray-coating. The main objective was to structure the surface thanks to a multiscale roughness, while bringing a hydrophobic character, two properties needed to obtain a superhydrophobic coating (defined by a water contact angle superior to 150° and a water contact angle hysteresis inferior to 10°). The introduction of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane molecules (POSS), presenting one acrylate and seven isobutyl ligands, brought a nanostructuration and a hydrophobic behavior to PUA coatings, even at low concentrations (≤ 1%wt.). However, the roughness obtained was not sufficient to bring the superhydrophobicity to the coatings.The introduction of fumed silica particles, functionalized by PDMS chains, established multiscale roughness and hydrophobic behavior at the surface, leading to superhydrophobic coatings. Moreover, the process had a high influence on physico-chemical modifications at the coatings’surface: superhydrophobicity is obtained for a relatively high concentration of fumed silica, 30%wt. and 60%wt. respectively for spray and bar-coating. In order to decrease these concentrations, we tried the combination of the two previous strategies: introduction of POSS molecules and fumed silica particles. This path raised the hydrophobic behavior of the coatings while keeping intact the roughness brought by fumed silica particles. This approach allowed to decrease the silica concentration needed to obtain superhydrophobicity for spray-coated coatings.