Resumo: A exposição do feto à hiperglicemia materna leva à hiperinsulinemia fetal, podendo causar aumento de células adiposas com posterior obesidade e resistência insulínica infantil. O resultado pode ser o aparecimento do diabete na vida adulta. O excessivo crescimento fetal visto em mães hiperglicêmicas é mediado pela hiperinsulinemia fetal provocada pelo excesso de glicose ou nutrientes que atravessam ou são secretados pela placenta e potencialmente modificado por fatores genéticos. A maioria dos órgãos fetais é afetada pela macrossomia que comumente caracteriza o feto de mulheres hiperglicêmicas, com exceção do cérebro. Esta pesquisa foi planejada para medir o volume renal fetal em gestantes com taxas de glicemia normal e em gestantes com glicemia alterada e verificar se o crescimento renal é afetado pela hiperglicemia materna, através de um estudo longitudinal que realizou e comparou curvas de volume renal, estimados pela equação da elipse, em fetos de 339 gestantes consideradas como normoglicêmicas e de 92 gestantes hiperglicêmicas atendidas no ambulatório de pré-natal do Hospital Geral de Nova Iguaçu. Também teve por objetivo obter equações de referência que pudessem predizer a idade gestacional em função dos volumes renais em gestações normais e sob efeito dos distúrbios hiperglicêmicos. O volume renal dos fetos de gestantes hiperglicêmicas se mostrou estatisticamente maior que o volume renal dos fetos de gestantes normoglicêmicas. O percentil 50 da curva de volume renal fetal das gestantes hiperglicêmicas está acima do percentil 75 da curva de volume renal fetal das gestantes normoglicêmicas, caracterizando organomegalia fetal. Dessa forma, foi possível estabelecer um padrão de crescimento renal para gestantes hiperglicêmicas de acordo com a idade gestacional que pode ser incorporada como modelo para datar idade gestacional após 22 semanas na prática da ultrassonografia. / Abstract: The exposure of the fetus to maternal hyperglycemia leads to fetal hyperinsulinemia, that could cause adipose cells to increase with later childhood obesity and insulin resistance. The result can be the onset of diabetes in adulthood. The excessive fetal growth seen in mothers with hyperglycemia is mediated by fetal hyperinsulinemia caused by excess of glucose or nutrients that traverse or are secreted by placenta and potentially modified by genetic factors. Most fetal organs are affected by macrosomia which commonly characterizes the fetus of maternal hyperglycemia, with the exception of the brain. This research was designed to measure the fetal renal volume in pregnant women with normal levels of blood glucose and in pregnant women with altered glucose and verify whether renal growth is affected by maternal hyperglycaemia, through a longitudinal study that conducted and compared curves of renal volume, estimated by the equation of the ellipse, in fetuses of 339 pregnant women considered normoglycemic and 92 hyperglycemic pregnant women seen at prenatal clinic of the Hospital Geral de Nova Iguaçu (General Hospital of Nova Iguaçu). It also had the objective of obtaining reference equations that could predict gestational age in terms of renal volumes in normal pregnancies and under the effects of hyperglycemic disturbances. The renal volume of fetuses of hyperglycemic pregnant women was statistically greater than the renal volume of the fetuses of normoglycemic pregnant women. The 50th percentile curve of fetal renal volume of hyperglycemic pregnant women is above the 75th percentile curve of fetal renal volume of the pregnant normoglycemic, characterizing fetal organomegaly. Thus, it was possible to establish a pattern of renal growth in hyperglycemic pregnant women according to gestational age that may be incorporated in the practice of ultrasound as a model for dating gestational age after 22 weeks. / Orientador: Adriano Dias / Coorientador: Fabio Sgarbosa / Coorientador: Lino Sieiro Neto / Banca: Roberto Costa / Banca: Adilson Cunha Ferreira / Mestre

Neural crest cells arise during neurulation, a process that occurs during the third week of embryogenesis. These diverse cells then divide into various subtypes including cranial neural crest cells and cardiac neural crest cells. Each of these subtypes gives rise to a wide range of features throughout the fetus. While these cells are extremely diverse, they are also incredibly sensitive to their surrounding environment. Many maternal conditions affect neural crest cell division and migration, but maternal alcohol consumption and hyperglycemia due to gestational diabetes will be discussed in detail, with special attention paid to tissues that derive from cranial neural crest cells. While the initial mechanisms of the pathology vary for both of these conditions, what is remarkable is that they ultimately cause effects in similar ways. Both mechanisms lead to the creation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn trigger apoptotic pathways. Neural crest cell death causes a variety of congenital anomalies in fetuses, including craniofacial defects and cardiac outflow tract defects. Treatment options that have been researched in both conditions also vary, but are based on similar principles. Antioxidant therapies reduce the production of reactive oxygen species, thus reducing the severity of the anomalies affecting the fetus during development. Both maternal alcohol consumption and gestational diabetes are important public health concerns, and their management is of utmost priority in society. By decreasing the rates of women who consume alcohol during pregnancy, and managing gestational diabetes in those at highest risk, the rates of fetal congenital defects could be decreased.

Orientador: Débora Cristina Damasceno / Coorientador: Tiago Rodrigues / Banca: Kleber Eduardo de Campos / Banca: Emilio Herrera / Resumo: Diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma síndrome de etiologia múltipla caracterizada por hiperglicemia crônica. Esta hiperglicemia induz o aumento na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e diminuição das defesas antioxidantes. Devido às complicações causadas pelo diabete, muitos indivíduos optam por terapias alternativas à base de plantas medicinais para amenizar seus efeitos. Sendo assim, nesta revisão de literatura, foram analisados e descritos diversos trabalhos experimentais com a utilização de animais diabéticos para comprovar os efeitos antioxidantes de algumas dessas plantas e verificar se os títulos e resumos disponibilizados nos artigos são compatíveis aos objetivos de nossa busca / Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of multiple etiologies characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. This hyperglycemia induces increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased antioxidant defenses. Due to complications caused by diabetes, many people choose for alternative therapies and herbal medicine to alleviate its effects. Thus, in this literature review, several experimental studies with the use of diabetic animals were analyzed to demonstrate the antioxidant effects of some plants and to verify if the titles and abstracts provided in the articles are compatible to the aims of our search / Mestre

O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença que está associada com aumento da morbidade, mortalidade e custos econômicos. O DM tipo 2 é a forma de diabetes mais comum, acometendo 85%-90% de todos os casos. O mau controle glicêmico é um fator determinante do desenvolvimento e progressão das complicações do DM. A hemoglobina glicada (A1C) se tornou a medida de referência para o controle de DM por mais de duas décadas. Existe um grande incentivo, tanto da perspectiva de saúde pública quanto da clínica, em detectar pessoas com risco futuro de desenvolver DM2, pois este é um forte fator de risco para doença cardiovascular. Também existem evidências que é possível prevenir ou retardar o DM nas pessoas com tolerância a glicose diminuída, desde que estes casos sejam identificados e tratados adequadamente. Os testes disponíveis hoje para o diagnóstico do DM, glicemia de jejum (GJ) e teste oral de tolerância à glicose (TOTG), carecem de sensibilidade e/ou especificidade. Recentes estudos têm evidenciado que a A1C pode ser uma nova ferramenta para diagnóstico do DM, sendo que diversos pontos de corte tem sido estudados. Maiores investigações para a validação do desempenho diagnóstico deste teste na predição do DM são necessárias para podermos utilizar esta ferramenta com segurança na triagem e diagnóstico do DM. / Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease associated with greater mortality and economical costs. Type 2 DM is the commonest form of DM, accounting for 85-90 % of its cases. Glycemic levels are a determinant factor for the development and progression of DM complications. Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) became the reference measure of glycemic control for more than two decades. There is a great incentive in detecting persons with future risk of developing DM, because this is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Also there are evidences that it is possible to prevent or to delay DM in persons with prediabetes, since identified and treated appropriately. Available tests for DM diagnosis, fasting glycemia (FG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), lack sensibility and/or specificity. Recent studies have shown that A1C can be a new tool for DM diagnosis and several cutoff points have been analyzed. However, the validation of this test as diagnostic modality to detect DM might be necessary in order to provide a useful tool for DM diagnosis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-05-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:24:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lemosneto_sv_dr_botfm.pdf: 477046 bytes, checksum: c1ac3956aaa1fcf856c4c9557464c15a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Justificativa e Objetivo: Hiperglicemia perioperatória é um preditor de morbimortalidade. A proposta desta pesquisa foi examinar o efeito da ciclosporina A (CsA) na lesão de isquemia/reperfusão renal durante hiperglicemia transitória. Material e Métodos: Após aprovação do Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa Animal da Instituição os ratos foram randomicamente distribuídos em seis grupos de seis animais cada: HISO (isoflurano =Iso + IRI); HP (Propofol =Prop + IRI); HISO CsA (Iso + IRI + CsA); HP CsA (Prop + IRI + CsA);SISO (Sham - Iso); S P (Sham -Prop );). Os animais receberam 1 mg.kg-1.min-1 (equivalente a 0.16 mg.kg-1.min-1 para humanos) ou propofol (HP, HP CsA and SP) ou isoflurano (HISO, HISO CsA and SISO). Hiperglicemia foi induzida por injeção intraperitoneal de 2.5 g.kg-1 de glicose em todos os grupos. Ciclosporina 5 mg.kg-1 foi injetada i.v. 5 min antes da reperfusão nos grupos HISOCsA and HPCsA. Os dois grupos sham foram submetidos à nefrectomia direita e hiperglicemia somente. Os demais grupos foram submetidos à isquemia renal esquerda por 25 minutos. Os níveis de creatinina sérica foram determinados antes (T1) e após 25 minutos de isquemia (T2). Vinte e quatro horas após (T3) foi colhida nova amostra de sangue e realizada a nefrectomia esquerda para análise histológica, usando a tabela de lesão tubular (0 -5=lesão máxima). As células do rim esquerdo foram avaliadas, por citometria de fluxo (CMF), para apoptose, como percentual de apoptose inicial (APTi), necrose e células viáveis (CV)... / Background and Goal of Study: Perioperative hyperglycaemia is predictors of morbidity and mortality1. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) during and transient hyperglycemia. Materials and Methods: After approved by the institution’s Committee of Animal Research Ethics rats were randomly assigned into six groups of six animals each: HISO (isoflurane =Iso + IRI); HP (Propofol =Prop + IRI); HISO CsA (Iso + IRI + CsA); HP CsA (Prop + IRI + CsA);SISO (Sham - Iso); S P (Sham -Prop );). The animals received 1 mg.kg-1.min-1 (equivalent to 0.16 mg.kg-1.min-1 for humans) of either propofol (HP, HP CsA and SP) or isoflurane (HISO, HISO CsA and SISO). Hyperglycaemia was induced by injecting 2.5 g.kg-1 of glucose solution intraperitoneal for all groups. Cyclosporine 5 mg.kg-1 was injected i.v. 5 min before reperfusion in groups HISO CsA and HP CsA. Both sham groups underwent right nephrectomy and hyperglycaemia induction only. The other groups were submitted to left renal ischemia for 25 minutes. Serum creatinine levels were determined before (T1) and after 25 minutes of ischemia (T2). Twenty four hours after (T3) blood collection and left kidney removal were performed for histological analysis, using a tubular injury score system (0 -5= injury maximum). In addition, cells from the left kidney were evaluated for apoptosis by flow cytometry (FCM) as a % of initial apoptosis (APTi), necrosis and viable cells (VC). Results and Discussion: ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença que está associada com aumento da morbidade, mortalidade e custos econômicos. O DM tipo 2 é a forma de diabetes mais comum, acometendo 85%-90% de todos os casos. O mau controle glicêmico é um fator determinante do desenvolvimento e progressão das complicações do DM. A hemoglobina glicada (A1C) se tornou a medida de referência para o controle de DM por mais de duas décadas. Existe um grande incentivo, tanto da perspectiva de saúde pública quanto da clínica, em detectar pessoas com risco futuro de desenvolver DM2, pois este é um forte fator de risco para doença cardiovascular. Também existem evidências que é possível prevenir ou retardar o DM nas pessoas com tolerância a glicose diminuída, desde que estes casos sejam identificados e tratados adequadamente. Os testes disponíveis hoje para o diagnóstico do DM, glicemia de jejum (GJ) e teste oral de tolerância à glicose (TOTG), carecem de sensibilidade e/ou especificidade. Recentes estudos têm evidenciado que a A1C pode ser uma nova ferramenta para diagnóstico do DM, sendo que diversos pontos de corte tem sido estudados. Maiores investigações para a validação do desempenho diagnóstico deste teste na predição do DM são necessárias para podermos utilizar esta ferramenta com segurança na triagem e diagnóstico do DM. / Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease associated with greater mortality and economical costs. Type 2 DM is the commonest form of DM, accounting for 85-90 % of its cases. Glycemic levels are a determinant factor for the development and progression of DM complications. Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) became the reference measure of glycemic control for more than two decades. There is a great incentive in detecting persons with future risk of developing DM, because this is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Also there are evidences that it is possible to prevent or to delay DM in persons with prediabetes, since identified and treated appropriately. Available tests for DM diagnosis, fasting glycemia (FG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), lack sensibility and/or specificity. Recent studies have shown that A1C can be a new tool for DM diagnosis and several cutoff points have been analyzed. However, the validation of this test as diagnostic modality to detect DM might be necessary in order to provide a useful tool for DM diagnosis.

Orientador: Iracema de Mattos Paranhos Calderon / Resumo: Identificar fatores de risco para a macrossomia fetal na população de gestantes portadoras de diabete ou hiperglicemia diária. Método - Estudo retrospectivo, tipo caso-controle, incluindo 803 pares de mães e recém-nascidos desta população específica, distribuídos em dois grupos - macrossômicos (casos, n = 242) e não-macrossômicos (controles, n = 561). Foram comparadas variáveis relativas à idade, paridade, peso e índice de massa corporal (IMC), ganho de peso (GP), antecedentes de diabete, hipertensão arterial e tabagismo, tipo e classificação do diabete e indicadores do controle glicêmico no terceiro trimestre. As médias foram avaliadas pelo teste F e as variáveis categorizadas foram submetidas à análise univariada, utilizando-se o teste do qui-quadrado (c²). Os resultados significativos foram incluídos no modelo de regressão múltipla, para identificação do risco independente de macrossomia, considerando-se OR, IC95% e valor de p. Para todas as análises foi estabelecido o limite de significância estatística de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados - Observou-se associação significativa entre macrossomia e GP > 16kg, IMC = 25kg/m2, antecedentes pessoais, obstétricos e, especificamente, o de macrossomia, classificação nos grupos de Rudge (IB e IIA + IIB), média glicêmica (MG) ³120mg/dL e média de glicemia pósprandial (MPP) ³ 130mg/dL no terceiro trimestre. Na análise de regressão múltipla, o GP > 16kg (OR = 1,79; IC95% = 1,23 ¾ 1,60), o IMC = 25kg/m² (OR = 1,83; IC95% = 1,27 ¾ 2,64), o antecedente pessoal de diabete (OR = 1,56; IC95% = 1,05 ¾ 2,31) e de macrossomia (OR = 2,37; IC95% = 1,60 ¾ 3,50) e a MG ³120mg/dL no terceiro trimestre (OR = 1,78; IC95% = 1,13 ¾ 2,80) confirmaram risco independente para macrossomia nestas gestações de risco. Conclusão - O GP > 16Kg, o IMC ³ 25Kg/m2, a MG ³ 120mg/dL no terceiro trimestre e a presença... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: To identify risk factors for fetal macrosomia in pregnant women having diabetes or daily hyperglycemia. Method - Retrospective study, control-case, including 803 pairs of mothers and newborns belonging to this specific population, distributed in two groups- macrosomic (cases, n = 242) and non-macrosomic (controls, n = 561). Variables related to age, parity, weight and body mass index (BMI), weight gain (WG), diabetes history, high blood pressure and tabagism, diabetes type and classification and glycemic control indicators in the third trimester were compared. The means were evaluated by the F test and the categorized variables were submitted to univariate analysis using the chi square test (c²). The significative results were included in the multiple regression model for the identification of macrosomia independent risk considering OR, 95% CI and p value. The statistical significance limit of 5% was established for all the analysis. Results - There was significative association between macrosomia and WG > 16kg, BMI = 25kg/m², personal, obstetric and macrosomic history, classification in the Rudge groups (IB and IIA + IIB), glycemic mean (GM) = 120mg/dL and postprandial glycemic mean (PPGM) = 130mg/dL in the third trimester. In the multiple regression analysis, the WG > 16kg (OR= 1,79; 95%CI= 1,23 - 1,60), the BMI ³ 25kg/m² (OR = 1,83; 95% CI = 1,27 - 2,64), the diabetes personal history (OR = 1,56; 95%CI = 1,05 - 2,31), and of macrossomia (OR = 2,37; 95%CI= 1,60- 3,50) and the GM ³ 120mg/dL in the third trimester (OR = 1,78; 95%= 1,13 - 2,80) confirmed independent risk for macrossomia in these risk pregnancies. Conclusion - The WG > 16kg, the BMI ³ 25kg/m², the GM = 120mg/dL in the third trimester and macrosomia and diabetes personal history were identified as risk factors for fetal macrosomia in pregnant women having diabetes or daily hyperglycemia. / Mestre

Thesis (DTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by deficiency in insulin resulting in hyperglycaemia with metabolic alterations in carbohydrate, lipid and protein. DM has been associated with increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators. Many drugs have been designed for its treatment and management; however, limitations persist in the use of anti-hyperglycemic medications due to numerous side effects, high cost, limited action and secondary failure rates. Moringa oleifera (MO) tree is distributed in the tropics and subtropics and has been found to be very nutritious with a variety of applications. This plant has been reported to possess antidiabetic, antioxidant and other medicinal properties which may be helpful in managing diabetes and its associated complications. This study investigated the antioxidant status, antidiabetic, antilipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic properties and phytochemical constituents of the leaf extract of MO (250 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in buffered citrate (0.1, pH 4.5). Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into four (4) groups and treated for six weeks: group one- non-diabetic control (Control), group two- non-diabetic Moringa treated (Moringa), group three- diabetic control (Diabetic) and group four- diabetic Moringa treated (Diabetic + Moringa). Methanol, aqueous and petroleum ether extract of MO leaves were evaluated for its antioxidant and phytochemical contents. Assays for total antioxidant capacity such as trolox equivalence antioxidant capacity (TEAC), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), flavonoids, flavonols and total polyphenols content were analysed. Other parameters analysed include glucose level; glycated haemoglobin level; hepatic biomarkers; endogenous antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx) in the liver; kidney and erythrocytes; inflammatory biomarkers in the serum, liver and kidney; high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol (TC) in serum. Assessment of apoptotic cell death biomarkers (caspase 3, caspase 9, BCL-2, NFKβ, p53) in the liver and kidney were performed. Histopathological analysis was conducted on the liver, kidney and pancreatic sections. In vitro results showed that aqueous and methanol extract of MO demonstrated a high antioxidant capacity, phenolic contents and revealed more chemical constituents than the petroleum ether extract. HPLC analysis of the leaf extract indicated the presence of flavonoids: quercetin, rutin and myricetin and phenolic acids. High levels of polyphenols, flavonols and alkaloids were reported in MO extracts. Treatment with MO in normal and diabetic rats daily for six weeks resulted in significant (p<0.05) decrease in glucose and glycated haemoglobin levels. Liver and kidney size which increased in diabetic rats, decreased significantly (p<0.05) after treatment with MO. Pancreas size showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in diabetic rats and increased significantly (p<0.05) after MO administration. Similarly, serum albumin level increased in non-diabetic and diabetic groups after MO treatment. Also, a significantly increased level of T-bilirubin in diabetic groups relative to normal control rats which reduced greatly after MO administration was observed. Serum lipid profile: LDL and TC levels were increased in rats exposed to STZ. HDL level decreased in diabetic rats when compared to normal control. The activities of MO extracts was shown to lower TC and LDL levels. HDL level also increased after MO administration. Similarly, lipid peroxidation (MDA) level significantly (p<0.05) decreased in the diabetic group following MO treatment. An observable improvement was seen in the antioxidant enzyme system. Activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and concentration of glutathione (GSH) were restored or increased in the homogenate of the liver, kidney, and erythrocytes, indicative of the protective effect of MO in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. The expression of cell death markers (caspase 3, caspase 9, BCL-2, NFKβ, p53) showed remarkable improvement after treatment with MO relative to the non-diabetic control. A significant (p<0.05) reduction in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α) and (chemokine MCP-1 concentrations) were observed in the serum, liver, and kidney of non-diabetic and diabetic treated groups. Histopathological sections of the liver, kidney and pancreas of diabetic rats revealed severe damage which showed significant improvements after MO treatment. Liver, kidney and pancreatic histological sections revealed the protective effect of MO in both non-diabetic and diabetic rats. MO exerted modulatory effects in STZ-induced diabetes by its antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-lipidemic activities and offered protective effects against diabetic-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, but equally improved antioxidant status. The study concluded that MO could play a significant role in the early treatment and management of diabetes that pharmaceutical industry should consider it in the future as a possible therapeutic agent.

Orientador: Pedro Tadeu Galvão Vianna / Banca: Yara Marconde Machado Castiglia / Banca: Eneida Maria Vieira / Banca: Anita Leocárdia de Mattos / Banca: Oscar César Pires / Resumo: Justificativa e Objetivo: Hiperglicemia perioperatória é um preditor de morbimortalidade. A proposta desta pesquisa foi examinar o efeito da ciclosporina A (CsA) na lesão de isquemia/reperfusão renal durante hiperglicemia transitória. Material e Métodos: Após aprovação do Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa Animal da Instituição os ratos foram randomicamente distribuídos em seis grupos de seis animais cada: HISO (isoflurano =Iso + IRI); HP (Propofol =Prop + IRI); HISO CsA (Iso + IRI + CsA); HP CsA (Prop + IRI + CsA);SISO (Sham - Iso); S P (Sham -Prop );). Os animais receberam 1 mg.kg-1.min-1 (equivalente a 0.16 mg.kg-1.min-1 para humanos) ou propofol (HP, HP CsA and SP) ou isoflurano (HISO, HISO CsA and SISO). Hiperglicemia foi induzida por injeção intraperitoneal de 2.5 g.kg-1 de glicose em todos os grupos. Ciclosporina 5 mg.kg-1 foi injetada i.v. 5 min antes da reperfusão nos grupos HISOCsA and HPCsA. Os dois grupos sham foram submetidos à nefrectomia direita e hiperglicemia somente. Os demais grupos foram submetidos à isquemia renal esquerda por 25 minutos. Os níveis de creatinina sérica foram determinados antes (T1) e após 25 minutos de isquemia (T2). Vinte e quatro horas após (T3) foi colhida nova amostra de sangue e realizada a nefrectomia esquerda para análise histológica, usando a tabela de lesão tubular (0 -5=lesão máxima). As células do rim esquerdo foram avaliadas, por citometria de fluxo (CMF), para apoptose, como percentual de apoptose inicial (APTi), necrose e células viáveis (CV)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Background and Goal of Study: Perioperative hyperglycaemia is predictors of morbidity and mortality1. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) during and transient hyperglycemia. Materials and Methods: After approved by the institution's Committee of Animal Research Ethics rats were randomly assigned into six groups of six animals each: HISO (isoflurane =Iso + IRI); HP (Propofol =Prop + IRI); HISO CsA (Iso + IRI + CsA); HP CsA (Prop + IRI + CsA);SISO (Sham - Iso); S P (Sham -Prop );). The animals received 1 mg.kg-1.min-1 (equivalent to 0.16 mg.kg-1.min-1 for humans) of either propofol (HP, HP CsA and SP) or isoflurane (HISO, HISO CsA and SISO). Hyperglycaemia was induced by injecting 2.5 g.kg-1 of glucose solution intraperitoneal for all groups. Cyclosporine 5 mg.kg-1 was injected i.v. 5 min before reperfusion in groups HISO CsA and HP CsA. Both sham groups underwent right nephrectomy and hyperglycaemia induction only. The other groups were submitted to left renal ischemia for 25 minutes. Serum creatinine levels were determined before (T1) and after 25 minutes of ischemia (T2). Twenty four hours after (T3) blood collection and left kidney removal were performed for histological analysis, using a tubular injury score system (0 -5= injury maximum). In addition, cells from the left kidney were evaluated for apoptosis by flow cytometry (FCM) as a % of initial apoptosis (APTi), necrosis and viable cells (VC). Results and Discussion: ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença que está associada com aumento da morbidade, mortalidade e custos econômicos. O DM tipo 2 é a forma de diabetes mais comum, acometendo 85%-90% de todos os casos. O mau controle glicêmico é um fator determinante do desenvolvimento e progressão das complicações do DM. A hemoglobina glicada (A1C) se tornou a medida de referência para o controle de DM por mais de duas décadas. Existe um grande incentivo, tanto da perspectiva de saúde pública quanto da clínica, em detectar pessoas com risco futuro de desenvolver DM2, pois este é um forte fator de risco para doença cardiovascular. Também existem evidências que é possível prevenir ou retardar o DM nas pessoas com tolerância a glicose diminuída, desde que estes casos sejam identificados e tratados adequadamente. Os testes disponíveis hoje para o diagnóstico do DM, glicemia de jejum (GJ) e teste oral de tolerância à glicose (TOTG), carecem de sensibilidade e/ou especificidade. Recentes estudos têm evidenciado que a A1C pode ser uma nova ferramenta para diagnóstico do DM, sendo que diversos pontos de corte tem sido estudados. Maiores investigações para a validação do desempenho diagnóstico deste teste na predição do DM são necessárias para podermos utilizar esta ferramenta com segurança na triagem e diagnóstico do DM. / Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease associated with greater mortality and economical costs. Type 2 DM is the commonest form of DM, accounting for 85-90 % of its cases. Glycemic levels are a determinant factor for the development and progression of DM complications. Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) became the reference measure of glycemic control for more than two decades. There is a great incentive in detecting persons with future risk of developing DM, because this is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Also there are evidences that it is possible to prevent or to delay DM in persons with prediabetes, since identified and treated appropriately. Available tests for DM diagnosis, fasting glycemia (FG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), lack sensibility and/or specificity. Recent studies have shown that A1C can be a new tool for DM diagnosis and several cutoff points have been analyzed. However, the validation of this test as diagnostic modality to detect DM might be necessary in order to provide a useful tool for DM diagnosis.