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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Charakterizace FLOTILLINů and HYPERSENSITIVE INDUCED RESPONSE proteinů u Arabidopsis thaliana - dynamika, interakce a funkce / Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana FLOTILLINs and HYPERSENSITIVE INDUCED RESPONSE proteins - dynamics, interactions and functions

Daněk, Michal January 2019 (has links)
This work is a collection of three research articles and one review article focused on flotillins (FLOTs) and hypersensitive induced reaction proteins (HIRs) in Arabidopsis thaliana. FLOTs and HIRs are closely related membrane-associated proteins forming two subfamilies both belonging to SPFH domain superfamily. While FLOTs are present in organisms of all evolutionary lineages HIRs are plant specific proteins. The review article sums up the knowledge gained on FLOTs and HIRs from different organisms in terms of cellular localization, interaction with cellular membranes and with other proteins, and physiological functions. The research articles were targeted at three aspects of AtFLOTs and AtHIRs: involvement in response to exogenous stimuli; determination of protein interactors; and subcellular localization and dynamics. The first aspect was approached by transcription measurement of AtFLOTs and phenotypic screen of single loss-of-function mutants of AtFLOTs upon various treatments covering biotic and abiotic stress and phytohormone application. Although we observed changes in transcription none of the treatments provoked a phenotype manifestation in any of AtFLOT mutants. In the second article we focused on interactome of AtFLOT2 and performed co- immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry...
22

Estudo das alterações da parede celular durante ativação de mecanismos de defesa em Momordica charantia como fator de produção de metabólitos secundários bioativos / Study of cell wall changes during activation of defense mechanisms in Momordica charantia as factor of production of bioactive secondary metabolites

Santos, Vitor Francisco dos 26 September 2014 (has links)
Momordica charantia é uma espécie de planta pertencente à família Cucurbitaceae. No Brasil, é conhecida pelo nome popular de Melão de São Caetano. É encontrada em grande parte do globo terrestre, sendo que no Brasil é observada nas regiões litorâneas e principalmente nas regiões do interior do país. Escolhemos o estudo com Momordica charantia devido suas propriedades terapêuticas conhecidas serem de grande interesse. Ela vem ganhando cada vez mais reconhecimento através de pesquisas científicas realizadas, visto que, já é utilizada a milhares de anos através da cultura popular. Tais pesquisas têm confirmado e entendido cada vez mais as propriedades medicamentosas desta planta e os mecanismos responsáveis por tais funções nesta espécie, sendo as propriedades antidiabéticas, antivirais e anticancerígenas as de maior destaque. Os experimentos realizados em torno da Momordica charantia, na busca destes compostos foram todos realizados utilizando extratos retirados dos próprios tecidos já diferenciados na planta adulta (sementes, folhas, raízes e frutos). Neste trabalho, foi realizado a pesquisa de metabólitos secundários produzidos pela cultura de células em suspensão de Momordica charantia durante a fase de crescimento desta e após a realização de ensaios de elicitação com Ácido Salicílico (AS). Nosso laboratório vem se dedicando aos estudos da composição da parede celular vegetal e suas alterações, bem como dos mecanismos de defesa empregados pelas células em suspensão em condições de estresse biótico e abiótico. O ácido salicílico é um dos hormônios vegetais envolvido em vários mecanismos de respostas que envolve o estresse vegetal e de desenvolvimento da planta tais como o de garantir resistência a patógenos por exemplo. Quando ocorre algum processo de infecção ou lesivo para a planta, ocorre um aumento na concentração de AS no interior da planta. Esse aumento leva a ativação de certas vias metabólicas que culminam na produção de metabólitos secundários e na degradação, fragmentação ou espessamento da parede celular. Como reposta dos ensaios de elicitação realizados podemos comprovar os efeitos do AS mediados na produção de metabólitos secundários que foram aumentados conforme a concentração de AS. Foi utilizado para os ensaios de elicitação AS nas concentrações de 0,5 , 1,0 e 5 mmol/L. Para o monitoramento da cultura e averiguação da efetividade dos ensaios de elicitação foi utilizado a monitoria através da dosagem de proteínas totais, compostos fenólicos totais e açúcares redutores totais tanto liberados para o meio extracelular quanto produzidos no meio intracelular. Foi determinado as variações dos componentes da parede celular durante a fase de crescimento e após os ensaios de elicitação onde foi comprovado que quanto maior a concentração de AS, maiores são os fragmentos de açúcares fragmentados da parede celular. Foi evidenciado também a presença de triterpenos na cultura celular (em comparação com os padrões isolados da planta), tanto na fase de crescimento e também após a indução com os ensaios de elicitação com AS. / Momordica charantia is a plant from the Cucurbitaceae family. In Brazil, it is known by the popular name of Melão de São Caetano. It is found across the whole world, and in Brazil it can be found in coastal and interior regions of the country. The aim to study Momordica charantia is due to its known therapeutic properties that are already used for thousands of years through popular culture. The studies have confirmed and understood various drug-like properties of this plant and the mechanisms responsible for such functions in this species, such as antidiabetic, antiviral and anticancer properties. The researches with Momordica charantia were all performed using extracts obtained from seeds, leaves, roots and fruit. In this work, the isolation and characterization of metabolites as standards from leaves and stems of Momordica charantia was performed. The research of secondary metabolites produced in cell culture suspension of Momordica charantia without elicitor or after elicitation with salicylic acid (SA) was conducted. Salicylic acid is a plant hormone involved in various mechanisms of responses. When the plant suffers an infection or injury, it is followed by an increase in AS concentration. This increase leads to activation of certain metabolic pathways that culminate in the production of secondary metabolites and degradation, fragmentation or cell wall thickening. AS was utilized for the elicitation experiments at 0.5, 1.0 and 5 mmol/L. For the monitoring of plant cell culture, it was determinate the total protein, phenolic compounds and reducing sugars content, into the extra and intra cellular medium. Where it was verified that AS modulates the production of these molecules in culture. After this, we determined the variation in the oligosaccharides in the extracellular medium obtained in the presence or absence of AS. It was observed the degree of polymerization of oligosaccharides higher when increase AS concentration in the medium. In conclusion, this study can demonstrate the effects of SA on the production of secondary metabolites in plant cell culture, which were increased as the concentration of AS increased. The presence of triterpenes in cell culture was confirmed to compare the molecules obtained from culture with that isolated from plant standards.
23

Estudo do efeito de respostas de hipersensibilidade sobre a parede celular em cultura de células de amora-preta (Rubus fruticosus) / study of the effects of hypersensitive response on cell wall in blackberry-black cell culture (Rubus fruticosus)

Souza, Fernando Aparecido Mariano de 23 February 2007 (has links)
Como os outros organismos, as plantas têm a habilidade de se defenderem através do reconhecimento de patógenos (resposta de hipersensibilidade - RH), causando a morte imediata das células no sítio primário da infecção, desta maneira oferecendo resistência ao seu crescimento. A RH é caracterizada pela necrose dos tecidos neste local, através de muitos sinais ainda não completamente elucidados, como a formação de radicais livres, incluindo o peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), e o reforço da parede celular. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a relação entre esses sinais em cultura de células de amora-preta (Rubus fruticosus). As condições experimentais para a análise da parede celular, das espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e do H2O2 foram padronizadas. O polissacarídeo ácido (ramnoglucuronogalactana, F-I), o ácido salicílico (AS), e o metil jasmonato (MeJA), bem estabelecidos efetores da resposta da defesa, foram usados como elicitores. A produção das EROs e do H2O2 foram ativadas por F-I e pelo AS, seguidos da liberação de fragmentos de dissacarídeos da parede celular, aparentemente devido a sua degradação. Por outro lado, uma produção pequena de EROs e de H2O2 foram observadas na presença de MeJA, assim como um aumento de fragmentos de massa molecular mais elevada, que podem funcionar como sinais para o reforço da parede celular, indução de enzimas e para a produção de outra moléculas de defesa. Quando da elicitação, concomitante, com dois elicitores, AS + MeJA, houve a inibição da produção de EROs causada pelo MeJA e foi mantida a liberação de compostos extracelulares de massa molecular mais elevada. / Like the other organisms, plants have the ability to self-defend through recognition of pathogens (hypersensitive response - HR), causing immediate cell death at the primary infection site, thus offering resistance to their grown. The HR is characterized by necrosis of tissues in this site via many signals still not completely elucidated, like formation of free radicals including H2O2 and reinforcement of cell wall. The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between these signals in blackberry-black cell culture (Rubus fruticosus). The experimental conditions for analysis of cell wall, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2, were established. Acid polysaccharide (rhamnoglucuronogalactan, F-I), salicylic acid (SA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), well established effectors of the defense response, were used as elicitors. ROS and H2O2 production was activated by F-I and SA, followed by release of fragments like disaccharides from the cell wall, apparently due to its degradation. By contrast, a small production of ROS and H2O2 was observed in presence of MeJA, as well as an increase of high molecular weight fragments, that may function as signals for reinforcement of cell wall, enzyme induction and production of others defense molecules. Together, the two elicitors SA and MeJA inhibited the ROS production, caused by MeJA, while sustaining release of the extra cellular compounds of high molecular weight.
24

Estudo das alterações da parede celular durante ativação de mecanismos de defesa em Momordica charantia como fator de produção de metabólitos secundários bioativos / Study of cell wall changes during activation of defense mechanisms in Momordica charantia as factor of production of bioactive secondary metabolites

Vitor Francisco dos Santos 26 September 2014 (has links)
Momordica charantia é uma espécie de planta pertencente à família Cucurbitaceae. No Brasil, é conhecida pelo nome popular de Melão de São Caetano. É encontrada em grande parte do globo terrestre, sendo que no Brasil é observada nas regiões litorâneas e principalmente nas regiões do interior do país. Escolhemos o estudo com Momordica charantia devido suas propriedades terapêuticas conhecidas serem de grande interesse. Ela vem ganhando cada vez mais reconhecimento através de pesquisas científicas realizadas, visto que, já é utilizada a milhares de anos através da cultura popular. Tais pesquisas têm confirmado e entendido cada vez mais as propriedades medicamentosas desta planta e os mecanismos responsáveis por tais funções nesta espécie, sendo as propriedades antidiabéticas, antivirais e anticancerígenas as de maior destaque. Os experimentos realizados em torno da Momordica charantia, na busca destes compostos foram todos realizados utilizando extratos retirados dos próprios tecidos já diferenciados na planta adulta (sementes, folhas, raízes e frutos). Neste trabalho, foi realizado a pesquisa de metabólitos secundários produzidos pela cultura de células em suspensão de Momordica charantia durante a fase de crescimento desta e após a realização de ensaios de elicitação com Ácido Salicílico (AS). Nosso laboratório vem se dedicando aos estudos da composição da parede celular vegetal e suas alterações, bem como dos mecanismos de defesa empregados pelas células em suspensão em condições de estresse biótico e abiótico. O ácido salicílico é um dos hormônios vegetais envolvido em vários mecanismos de respostas que envolve o estresse vegetal e de desenvolvimento da planta tais como o de garantir resistência a patógenos por exemplo. Quando ocorre algum processo de infecção ou lesivo para a planta, ocorre um aumento na concentração de AS no interior da planta. Esse aumento leva a ativação de certas vias metabólicas que culminam na produção de metabólitos secundários e na degradação, fragmentação ou espessamento da parede celular. Como reposta dos ensaios de elicitação realizados podemos comprovar os efeitos do AS mediados na produção de metabólitos secundários que foram aumentados conforme a concentração de AS. Foi utilizado para os ensaios de elicitação AS nas concentrações de 0,5 , 1,0 e 5 mmol/L. Para o monitoramento da cultura e averiguação da efetividade dos ensaios de elicitação foi utilizado a monitoria através da dosagem de proteínas totais, compostos fenólicos totais e açúcares redutores totais tanto liberados para o meio extracelular quanto produzidos no meio intracelular. Foi determinado as variações dos componentes da parede celular durante a fase de crescimento e após os ensaios de elicitação onde foi comprovado que quanto maior a concentração de AS, maiores são os fragmentos de açúcares fragmentados da parede celular. Foi evidenciado também a presença de triterpenos na cultura celular (em comparação com os padrões isolados da planta), tanto na fase de crescimento e também após a indução com os ensaios de elicitação com AS. / Momordica charantia is a plant from the Cucurbitaceae family. In Brazil, it is known by the popular name of Melão de São Caetano. It is found across the whole world, and in Brazil it can be found in coastal and interior regions of the country. The aim to study Momordica charantia is due to its known therapeutic properties that are already used for thousands of years through popular culture. The studies have confirmed and understood various drug-like properties of this plant and the mechanisms responsible for such functions in this species, such as antidiabetic, antiviral and anticancer properties. The researches with Momordica charantia were all performed using extracts obtained from seeds, leaves, roots and fruit. In this work, the isolation and characterization of metabolites as standards from leaves and stems of Momordica charantia was performed. The research of secondary metabolites produced in cell culture suspension of Momordica charantia without elicitor or after elicitation with salicylic acid (SA) was conducted. Salicylic acid is a plant hormone involved in various mechanisms of responses. When the plant suffers an infection or injury, it is followed by an increase in AS concentration. This increase leads to activation of certain metabolic pathways that culminate in the production of secondary metabolites and degradation, fragmentation or cell wall thickening. AS was utilized for the elicitation experiments at 0.5, 1.0 and 5 mmol/L. For the monitoring of plant cell culture, it was determinate the total protein, phenolic compounds and reducing sugars content, into the extra and intra cellular medium. Where it was verified that AS modulates the production of these molecules in culture. After this, we determined the variation in the oligosaccharides in the extracellular medium obtained in the presence or absence of AS. It was observed the degree of polymerization of oligosaccharides higher when increase AS concentration in the medium. In conclusion, this study can demonstrate the effects of SA on the production of secondary metabolites in plant cell culture, which were increased as the concentration of AS increased. The presence of triterpenes in cell culture was confirmed to compare the molecules obtained from culture with that isolated from plant standards.
25

Estudo do efeito de respostas de hipersensibilidade sobre a parede celular em cultura de células de amora-preta (Rubus fruticosus) / study of the effects of hypersensitive response on cell wall in blackberry-black cell culture (Rubus fruticosus)

Fernando Aparecido Mariano de Souza 23 February 2007 (has links)
Como os outros organismos, as plantas têm a habilidade de se defenderem através do reconhecimento de patógenos (resposta de hipersensibilidade - RH), causando a morte imediata das células no sítio primário da infecção, desta maneira oferecendo resistência ao seu crescimento. A RH é caracterizada pela necrose dos tecidos neste local, através de muitos sinais ainda não completamente elucidados, como a formação de radicais livres, incluindo o peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), e o reforço da parede celular. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a relação entre esses sinais em cultura de células de amora-preta (Rubus fruticosus). As condições experimentais para a análise da parede celular, das espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e do H2O2 foram padronizadas. O polissacarídeo ácido (ramnoglucuronogalactana, F-I), o ácido salicílico (AS), e o metil jasmonato (MeJA), bem estabelecidos efetores da resposta da defesa, foram usados como elicitores. A produção das EROs e do H2O2 foram ativadas por F-I e pelo AS, seguidos da liberação de fragmentos de dissacarídeos da parede celular, aparentemente devido a sua degradação. Por outro lado, uma produção pequena de EROs e de H2O2 foram observadas na presença de MeJA, assim como um aumento de fragmentos de massa molecular mais elevada, que podem funcionar como sinais para o reforço da parede celular, indução de enzimas e para a produção de outra moléculas de defesa. Quando da elicitação, concomitante, com dois elicitores, AS + MeJA, houve a inibição da produção de EROs causada pelo MeJA e foi mantida a liberação de compostos extracelulares de massa molecular mais elevada. / Like the other organisms, plants have the ability to self-defend through recognition of pathogens (hypersensitive response - HR), causing immediate cell death at the primary infection site, thus offering resistance to their grown. The HR is characterized by necrosis of tissues in this site via many signals still not completely elucidated, like formation of free radicals including H2O2 and reinforcement of cell wall. The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between these signals in blackberry-black cell culture (Rubus fruticosus). The experimental conditions for analysis of cell wall, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2, were established. Acid polysaccharide (rhamnoglucuronogalactan, F-I), salicylic acid (SA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), well established effectors of the defense response, were used as elicitors. ROS and H2O2 production was activated by F-I and SA, followed by release of fragments like disaccharides from the cell wall, apparently due to its degradation. By contrast, a small production of ROS and H2O2 was observed in presence of MeJA, as well as an increase of high molecular weight fragments, that may function as signals for reinforcement of cell wall, enzyme induction and production of others defense molecules. Together, the two elicitors SA and MeJA inhibited the ROS production, caused by MeJA, while sustaining release of the extra cellular compounds of high molecular weight.
26

Molecular biology and biochemistry of regulation of Hrp/type III secretion genes in the corn pathogen Pantoea stewartii pv. stewartii

Merighi, Massimo 27 April 2004 (has links)
No description available.
27

Religion – evolutionens missfoster eller kärleksbarn? : Kognitionsvetenskaplig religionsforskning och dess relevans för religiösa trosföreställningars rationalitet

Knutsson Bråkenhielm, Lotta January 2016 (has links)
This thesis is on Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR) and its relevance for the rationality of religious beliefs. An epistemical model for rationality is developed according to which: a person (or group of persons) is rational to hold a certain belief a) if this belief can be assumed to have been generated by one or more reliable cognitive mechanisms, b) applies whether or not she is aware of what these mechanisms are, but c) only as long as it does not exist or arise some reasons (defeaters) to question the belief; if they occur, she must d) reflect on it and find other reasons or grounds to hold the belief in question.      Two different positions are examined, namely: 1) negative relevance: the findings and theories in CSR undermines the rationality of religious beliefs; 2) positive relevance: religious beliefs need not be irrational in the light of CSR, in fact CSR may actually support the rationality of religious beliefs.      Two lines of argument can be distinguished among those who argue for a negative relevance: a) the natural explanations that are provided by CSR are preferable; and b) religious beliefs are irrational because they are caused by unreliable cognitive mechanisms.      Among those who argue for positive relevance two arguments can be distinguised: a) religious beliefs seem to come naturally to humans and therefore are probably true; and b) CSR confirms empirically that we are equipped with a "divine mechanism" that there are reasons to believe is reliable.      The conclusions are: CSR has negative relevance to beliefs in "finite supernatural agency", but not for the faith of "infinite supernatural agency". First, the first type of beliefs is easier to explain by being generated by unreliable cognitive mechanisms; secondly they are difficult to integrate with what we otherwise know about the world. A category that falls outside the scope of CSR and thus not even potentially can be affected, is beliefs in "supernatural non-agency". / The Impact of Religion – Challenges for Society, Law and Democracy
28

Les histones déacétylases de type 2 dans le contrôle de la mort cellulaire induite par la cryptogéine, un éliciteur des réactions de défense chez le tabac / Type-2 histones deacetylases and cryptogein-induced cell death in tabacco

Dutartre, Agnès 19 December 2011 (has links)
La cryptogéine, sécrétée par l’oomycète Phytophthora cryptogea, est un éliciteur protéique des réactions de défense qui active chez le tabac un ensemble d’événements de signalisation conduisant à la mise en place d’une mort cellulaire de type réponse hypersensible et d’une résistance systémique acquise. La caractérisation de la modulation de l’activité de kinases cytosoliques, dont SIPK et WIPK, par des événements de phosphorylation en réponse à la cryptogéine, traduit la place majeure que tiennent les modifications post-traductionnelles dans la cascade de signalisation induite dans les cellules de tabac en réponse à la cryptogéine. Il s’avère que la signalisation cellulaire induite par la cryptogéine, et impliquant ces protéines kinases, converge entre autre vers le noyau à travers la modulation de l’activité d’éléments nucléaires par phosphorylation. Dans ce contexte, d’importants travaux de purification/séquencage, visant à identifier les protéines nucléaires cibles de ces activités kinases, ont permis d’identifier deux isoformes redondantes d’histones désacétylases de type 2 nommés NtHD2a et NtHD2b qui sont rapidement phosphorylées en réponse à la cryptogéine dans les cellules de tabac.Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans l’étude du rôle de NtHD2a/b dans l’établissement du processus de mort cellulaire des cellules de tabac et de la RH in planta en réponse à la cryptogéine. Par des approches de pharmacologie ainsi que des approches de surexpression ou d’invalidation de l’expression de NtHD2a/b chez le tabac, nous avons d’une part confirmé l’implication de NtHD2a/b en tant que régulateurs négatifs de la mort cellulaire induite par la cryptogéine ou d’autres élicitines, et d’autre part mieux appréhendé les événements de la cascade de signalisation prépondérants dans l’établissement de cette mort cellulaire. Les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à la mise en place de la mort cellulaire apparaissent complexes et semblent notamment impliquer la modulation de l’expression de gènes de défense, la synthèse de novo de protéines ainsi que l’activation de protéines kinases, dont notamment WIPK et SIPK.Des travaux relatifs à l’étude des événements de (dé)/acétylation dans les cellules de tabac traitées par la cryptogéine et invalidées dans l’expression de NtHD2a/b suggèrent le concours de modifications post-traductionnelles de protéines nucléaires telles que l’acétylation dans la mise en place de la mort cellulaire induite par la cryptogéine chez le tabac. / Cryptogein, which is secreted by the oomycete Phytophthora cryptogea, is a proteinaceous elicitor of plant defense reactions that activates a set of signaling events leading to the hypersensitive response and to systemic acquired resistance. Although the early cytosolic signaling events induced by cryptogein are well described, the only nuclear events characterized to date are the variations in free calcium concentrations and defense-related gene expression. The characterization of the activation of cytosolic protein kinases, including WIPK and SIPK, by phosphorylation in response to cryptogein highlights the key-role played by posttranslational modifications in cryptogein-induced signaling events in tobacco cells. In this context, purification/sequencing approaches revealed that two redundant isoforms of type-2 nuclear histone deacetylases, NtHD2a and NtHD2b, were rapidly phosphorylated in cryptogein-treated tobacco cells.This thesis work is part of a comprehensive study of the role of NtHD2a/b in the establishment of the cell death process in tobacco cells and of the hypersensitive response in planta, in response to cryptogein. By using a pharmacological approach and overexpression and RNA interference-based approaches, we confirmed the involvement of NtHD2a/b as negative regulators of elicitin-induced cell death and we achieved a better understanding of cell death signaling events. The molecular events that underly the cell death process appear particularly complex and seem to involve the modulation of defense-related gene expression, de novo protein synthesis and protein kinase activation such as WIPK and SIPK.The study of (de)/acetylation events in tobacco cells treated by cryptogein and invalidated in NtHD2a/b expression suggests a role for posttranslational modifications in cryptogein-induced cell death.
29

Detection And Characterization Of Plant Genes Involved In Various Biotic And Abiotic Stress Conditions Using Ddrt-pcr And Isolation Of Interacting Proteins

Unver, Turgay 01 August 2008 (has links) (PDF)
The main objective of this thesis dissertation is functionally characterizing the genes involved in biotic and abiotic stresses of plants at molecular level. Previously, upon pathogen attack Rad6 gene expression was found to be changed in wheat and barley plants. To functionally characterize the Rad6 gene, VIGS (Virus induced gene silencing) system was used. HR (Hypersensitive response) like symptoms was detected in every silenced barley and wheat plants. To figure out, transcriptomes and proteomes of Rad6 silenced plants were analyzed. 2-D PAGE analysis was also performed on silenced and control wheat plants. No pathogen growth was observed in Rad6 silenced barley lines. Additionally, the susceptible wild type Arabidopsis plants showed resistant phenotype when any of the Rad6 gene copies is mutated. This suggests that Rad6 gene has a negative regulatory role in plant disease resistance which was proved for the first time. Yeast two hybrid protein interaction study suggests that RAD6 carrying out its function by interacting with SGT1 protein and regulating resistance related genes. It has been first time reported in this thesis that E2 (Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme) takes role in plant disease resistance. Boron which is the other consideration in the scope of thesis as an abiotic stress factor at a very limited amount is necessary for the normal development of plants. This study is conducted on highly boron tolerant Gypsophila perfoliata L. collected from a location in the boron mining area. The plant samples were tested in the presence of high boron (35 mg/kg) concentrations. The transcriptomes of the plant samples treated with the excess levels of boron to that of the samples grown under normal concentration were compared using differential display PCR method. Thirty bands showing differential expression levels at varying time points were analyzed. 18 of them were confirmed via qRT-PCR.
30

Resistência induzida em Bauhinia brevipes Vog. (fabaceae) e interações com insetos de diferentes guildas / Induced resistance on Bauhinia brevipes Vog. (Fabaceae) and interactions with insects from different guilds

Andrade, Janete Ferreira 23 February 2016 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Interações como a herbivoria há o consumo de partes de tecidos vegetais por insetos herbívoros que promovem impactos no desempenho vegetativo e reprodutivo de plantas hospedeiras. Mecanismos de defesas induzidas como respostas de hipersensibilidade (RH) são observadas em diversas espécies e têm relação direta com a especificidade entre inseto herbívoro e planta hospedeira. No entanto, a capacidade de desenvolver RH varia de acordo com o genótipo e fenótipos de plantas hospedeiras e com distúrbios ambientais como o fogo. Assim, o objetivo geral do nosso estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de Bauhinia brevipes, a capacidade de desenvolver defesas induzidas contra o inseto galhador Schizomyia macrocapillata e as taxas de herbivoria por insetos de vida livre. Avaliamos essas interações no contexto das variações fenotípicas em desenvolver respostas de hipersensibilidade, e de distúrbios ambientais como o fogo. Assim, no primeiro capítulo, avaliamos o desempenho de plantas adultas e da progênie de acordo com os fenótipos de resistência (resistente e susceptível) aos ataques de S. macrocapillata. Para tal, avaliamos o desempenho vegetativo como arquitetura e o desempenho reprodutivo como número de sementes (componente feminino), o número de frutos formados (componente masculino) e a qualidade nutricional (macro e micronutrientes) em indivíduos resistentes e susceptíveis. Além disso, avaliamos o desempenho da prole em três estágios de desenvolvimento: sementes, plântulas e juvenis. Não houve diferenças nos desempenhos vegetativo e reprodutivo das plantas adultas, bem como na relação entre macro e micronutrientes e o fator resistência entre os fenótipos. Além disso, as taxas de germinação e investimentos em porção aérea e subterrânea na prole dos diferentes fenótipos foram similares. Acreditamos que a baixa incidência de S. macrocapillata sobre a população de B. brevipes contribuiu para o desempenho similar entre os fenótipos. Além disso, estratégias como tolerância à herbivoria devem ser analisadas nesse sistema inseto galhador / planta hospedeira. No segundo capítulo, avaliamos como as interações entre herbívoros e plantas hospedeiras, no contexto das defesas induzidas, como RH e defesas mecânicas como o acúmulo de silício em plantas com diferentes respostas ao fogo. Verificamos os indivíduos da população de B. brevipes apresentaram diferentes características quanto à incidência de fogo. As plantas que não rebrotaram apresentaram maiores taxas de herbivoria por insetos mastigadores e menores conteúdos de silício em relação às rebrotas. Por outro lado, as rebrotas foram mais atacadas por S. macrocapillata, mas exibiram maiores quantidades RH que àquelas plantas que não rebrotaram e em relação à estação anterior. Acreditamos que rebrotas de B. brevipes podem ser mais bem defendidas uma vez que alocam mais nutrientes, como nitrogênio para o crescimento e silício que reduz o desempenho de insetos mastigadores. As RH também podem ser aumentadas pela alocação de recursos pós-fogo o que levou às maiores taxas de defesas entre as rebrotas. Este estudo forneceu evidencias sobre o papel do fogo nas interações entre plantas hospedeiras e insetos de diferentes guildas e possíveis alterações no comportamento de insetos mastigadores. / In interactions such as herbivory the consumption of plant tissue by herbivore insects promotes several impacts on vegetative and reproductive performance of host plants. Defense mechanisms induced as hypersensitive response (HR) are observed in several species and is directly related to the specificity of herbivore insects and host plants. However, the ability to develop HR varies according to genotype and phenotype of plant hosts and with environmental disturbances such as fire. Thus, we aimed evaluate the performance of Bauhinia brevipes, the ability to evolve induced defenses against gall insect Schizomyia macrocapillata and herbivory rates by free-living insects. We analyzed these interactions in the context of phenotypic variation of resistance and environmental disturbances as fire. Then, in the first chapter, we evaluated the performance of mature plants and offspring according to the phenotypic resistance (resistant and susceptible) to S. macrocapillata attacks. Thus, we evaluate vegetative performance as architecture and reproductive performance as number of seeds (female component), the number of fruits (male component) and the nutritional quality (macro and micronutrients in leaves) on resistant and susceptible individuals. In addition, we evaluated the performance of the offspring in three stages of development: seeds, seedlings and juveniles. There were no differences in vegetative and reproductive performances of mature plants from resistant and susceptible phenotypes. Besides, there was no relationship between macro and micronutrients and the resistance factor. Germination rates and investments in shoot and root portion in the offspring of different phenotypes were similar. We believe that the low incidence of S. macrocapillata on the population of B. brevipes contributed to the similar performance between phenotypes. Moreover, strategies such as tolerance to herbivory should be analyzed in this gall insect / plant host system. In the second chapter, we evaluate the differences in responses to fire effects in relation to interactions between herbivore insects and host plants in and induced defenses (HR and silicon content). We detected an individual variation in response to fire as resprouting and non-resprouting plants in the population of B. brevipes. Non-resprouting plants showed higher rates of herbivory by chewing insects and lower silicon content in relation to resprouting. Contrasting, resprouting presented greater attack rate by S. macrocapillata, but exhibited larger amounts of HR than non- resprouting. We believe that resprouting of B. brevipes can be better defended, since allocate more nutrients such as nitrogen for growth and silicon which reduces the performance of chewing insects. HR can also be increased by the allocation of resources post-fire, which lead to the greatest defenses rates among resprouting plants. This study provided evidences about the role of fire in the interactions between host plants and insects of different guilds and possible changes in the behavior of chewing insects. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

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