O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ação do ácido indol-3-acético (AIA) combinado com a peroxidase de raiz forte (HRP), formando um sistema gerador de espécies reativas de oxigênio, sobre a viabilidade de Staphylococcus aureus. Para tal, avaliou-se a viabilidade do S. aureus através da contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias após crescimento em ágar manitol, potencial e integridade de membrana por citometria de fluxo e integridade do DNA através de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. Para realização dos ensaios foram utilizadas cepas de S. aureus recuperadas de casos de mastites clínicas. As cepas foram cultivadas em meio BHI (brain-heart-infusion) a 37ºC \"overnight\". Nos ensaios, o microrganismo foi incubado na ausência (controle) e presença de AIA (1 mmol/L)/HRP (1 µmol/L) em diferentes tempos (0, 1,5, 3 e 6 horas) a 37ºC. Foram realizados também ensaios contendo o microrganismo incubado na presença de AIA ou de HRP. O sistema AIA/HRP inibiu em 96%, 98%, 99% a formação de colônias do microrganismo para os tempos de 1,5, 3 e 6 horas, respectivamente, em relação ao controle em cada tempo. Ocorreu uma redução na polarização da membrana do microrganismo em 38, 69 e 99% nos tempos 1,5, 3 e 6 horas, respectivamente e uma diminuição significativa do número de microrganismos com membrana integra de 17 e 22% quando estes foram incubados por 3 e 6 horas, respectivamente em relação ao controle nos respectivos tempos. A adição das enzimas antioxidantes catalase ou superóxido dismutase ao meio de incubação não alterou o efeito deletério promovido pelo sistema AIA/HRP avaliado pelas unidades formadoras de colônias, despolarização e integridade de membrana. O sistema AIA/HRP não induziu a fragmentação do DNA do S. aureus após 3 e 6 horas de incubação. No presente estudo, foi possível verificar que a oxidação do AIA pela HRP produz uma resposta citotóxica potente capaz de promover a inibição do crescimento de S. aureus em ágar manitol, provocar a despolarização e a perda da integridade da membrana do microrganismo, sugerindo a possibilidade da utilização do sistema AIA/HRP como uma possível terapia alternativa contra bactérias. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in combination with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), forming a system generator of reactive oxygen species, on the viability of Staphylococcus aureus. To this end, was evaluated the of viability of S. aureus through the counting of the colony forming units after growth in mannitol agar, membrane potential and membrane integrity by flow cytometry and integrity of the DNA through the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. For the tests were used strains of S. aureus recovered from cases of clinical mastitis. The strains were grown in BHI medium (brain-heart-infusion) at 37°C overnight. In the tests, the microorganism was incubated in the absence (control) and presence of IAA (1 mmol/L)/HRP (1 µmol/L) at different times (0, 1.5, 3 and 6 hours) at 37°C. There were also conducted tests containing the microorganism incubated in the presence of IAA or HRP. The system IAA/HRP inhibited at 96%, 98%, 99% colony formation of microorganism to the times of 1.5, 3 and 6 hours, respectively, in relation to the control in every time. There was a decrease in polarization of the membrane of the microorganism on 38, 69 and 99% at times 1.5, 3 and 6 hours, respectively, and a significant decrease in the number of microorganisms with membrane integrity, 17 and 22% when they were incubated for 3 and 6 hours, respectively, in relation to the control in their time. The addition of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase in incubation medium did not alter the deleterious effect promoted by the system IAA/HRP assessed by colony forming units, membrane potential and membrane integrity. The system IAA/HRP did not induce the DNA fragmentation of S. aureus after 3 and 6 hours of incubation. In the present study, it was possible to verify that the oxidation of the IAA by HRP produces a potent cytotoxic response capable of promoting the inhibition of growth of S. aureus in mannitol agar, causing depolarization and the loss of integrity of the membrane of the microorganism, suggesting the possibility of using the system IAA/HRP as a possible alternative therapy against bacteria.

No description available.

Orientador: Patricia Maria Contente Moraes-Valenti / Resumo: O experimento inicial teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho produtivo do tambaqui, camarão-da-amazônia, e curimbatá em sistema integrado. Foram avaliados os parâmetros zootécnicos e limnológicos dos sistemas de cultivo com tambaqui e camarão-da-amazônia e com tambaqui, camarão-da-amazônia e curimbatá. Após o período de cultivo dos animais foram feitos plantios de hortaliças no sedimento dos viveiros que é rico em nutrientes resultantes do cultivo anterior. O objetivo do segundo experimento, foi determinar o desempenho produtivo das culturas de alface, almeirão, espinafre e rúcula em sistema de integração agricultura – aquicultura (IAA), visando a produção em pequena escala. Os resultados observados no primeiro experimento não mostraram diferença entre os tratamentos, mas indicaram que o cultivo de tambaqui, camarão-da-amazônia e curimbatá é tecnicamente viável para a fase inicial de engorda (recria). Assim, o cultivo com três espécies favorece a produtividade e melhor eficiência do sistema de cultivo. Já nos resultados do segundo experimento, a rúcula apresentou maior produtividade entre as hortaliças cultivadas, apresentando diferença significativa entre os tratamentos realizados. Assim, os dados de produtividade mostraram a possibilidade do cultivo de hortaliças em viveiros de aquicultura utilizando o sedimento como substrato. / Abstract: The initial experiment had as objective to evaluate the productive performance of tambaqui, Amazon river prawn, and curimbatá in an integrated system. The zootechnical and limnological parameters of the cultivation systems with tambaqui and Amazon river prawn and tambaqui, Amazon river prawn and curimbatá were evaluated. After the period of cultivation of the animals were planted of vegetables in the sediment of the nurseries that is rich in nutrient resulting from the previous cultivation. The objective of the second experiment was to determine the productive performance of lettuce, endive, spinach and arugula cultures in an agriculture - aquaculture integration system (IAA), aiming at small - scale production. The results observed in the first experiment showed no difference between the treatments, but indicated that the cultivation of tambaqui, Amazon river prawn and curimbatá is technically feasible for the initial fattening phase. Thus, the cultivation with three species favors the productivity and better efficiency of the cultivation system. In the results of the second experiment, to date, there were significant differences between treatments, with arugula being the most productive species. The productivity data showed the possibility of growing vegetables in aquaculture nurseries using the sediment as a substrate. / Mestre

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is regarded as an autoimmune disease. Beta cells, which produces insulin in pancreas are attacked by islet cell antibodies (ICA). This leads to gradual destruction of the beta cell, which in turn cause high level of glucose in the blood because the regulator "insulin" has disappeared. In that case the patient needs to be treated lifelong with insulin. It has been shown that the ICA reactivity consisting of reactivities against different autoantigens such as: insulin autoantigen (IAA), glutamic acid autoantigen (GAD), insulinoma antigen-2 autoantigen (IA-2) and most likely also zinc transporter autoantigen (ZnT8). Determination of ICA in serum samples is important for the classification of diabetes, prediction of T1D and the development of autoimmune therapies. Nowadays screening of ICA is performed with ”Medipan ICA screen” which is a commercial enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positives samples are further analysed by ELISA with the indirect immunofluorescence method (IF) to ensure a final positive answer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare a new commercial ELISA kit ”RSR 2screen” with the Medipan ICA screen for use it in routine analysis to evalute if it has the same / higher specificity and sensitivity, and lower price compared with Medipan ICA screen. Serum samples from a control group (n = 199) and a patient’s group diagnosed with T1D (n = 100 were analyzed with both ELISA methods. The results were statistically evaluated to set a threshold value for positivity and to evaluate the method's sensitivity and specificity. The result showed that both ELISA- methods gave the same sensitivity (93%) and specificity (97.5%) and a high concordance (98.7%) was achieved. Analytical price per sample for the RSR 2screen was 4.2% lower than for the Medipan ICA screen. RSR 2screen can be used instead of Medipan ICA screen.

O presente trabalho pretende investigar a evolução do setor agroindustrial canavieiro paulista a partir de 1933, com a criação do Instituto do Açúcar e do Álcool (IAA), até o ano de 2010. Procura dimensionar a expansão da agroindústria canavieira em São Paulo, relacionando-a com o contexto nacional. Também busca identificar as mudanças e/ou manutenção de suas características estruturais, tendo em vista que, historicamente, o setor é marcado pela integração entre as atividades agrícola e industrial, um fenômeno que está presente em nível regional e nacional. Utilizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica referenciada que contemplou autores como Szmrecsányi (1976), Ramos (1999), Vian (2003), Baccarin (2005), Meira (2007) entre outros. Com isso realizou-se uma análise com perspectiva histórica para chegar à exposição das bases que condicionaram a dinâmica agroindustrial canavieira e identificar como ela se encontrou estruturada até final da década de 2000. Contudo, constatou-se que no decorrer do período estudado o setor paulista apresentou algumas importantes modificações, porém, manteve a secular característica estrutural, qual seja, a integração produtiva entre a unidade industrial e o cultivo da cana. / The present work intends to investigate the evolution of the São Paulo sugarcane agroindustrial sector from 1933, with the creation of the Sugar and Alcohol Institute (IAA), until 2010. It seeks to scale the expansion of sugar cane agroindustry in São Paulo, with the national context. It also seeks to identify the changes and / or maintenance of its structural characteristics, given that, historically, the sector is marked by the integration between agricultural and industrial activities, a phenomenon that is present at the regional and national levels. We used a bibliographical review that included authors such as Szmrecsányi (1976), Ramos (1999), Vian (2003), Baccarin (2005), Meira (2007) and others. With this, an analysis with a historical perspective was carried out to arrive at the exposition of the bases that conditioned the agro-industrial dynamics of sugarcane and to identify how it was structured until the end of the decade of 2000. However, it was verified that during the studied period the São Paulo sector presented some important changes, but it maintained the secular structural characteristic, that is, the productive integration between the industrial unit and the cane cultivation.

Les interactions entre l’auxine et l’éthylène sont complexes et contrôlent divers processus de développement des plantes tels que l’élongation racinaire ou la différentiation des racines secondaires. Mais, il existe peu d’études montrant le rôle des interactions entre ces deux hormones au cours du développement et de la maturation des fruits. Le changement de couleur des fruits chez la tomate est une caractéristique de la maturation qui est associée à la fois à la dégradation des chlorophylles et à l’accumulation des caroténoïdes. Dans ce travail, l’application exogène d’auxine et d’éthylène a montré l’impact de ces deux hormones sur la maturation de la tomate et en particulier sur le changement de couleur des fruits. Nous avons montré que l’acide indol-acétique (IAA) retarde la transition du vert à l’orange/rouge, alors que l’éthylène, apporté sous la forme d’acide 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylique (ACC), son précurseur, accélère la coloration des fruits. Par contre, l’inhibition de l’auxine par le PCIB, un antagoniste de l’auxine, provoque les mêmes effets que l’éthylène. L’analyse des caroténoïdes montre que l’ACC comme le PCIB augmente la teneur en lycopène et diminue la teneur en carotène alors que l’IAA provoque l’effet inverse. L’étude de l’accumulation des ARNs messagers de plusieurs gènes clés de la voie de biosynthèse des caroténoïdes a montré que le gène β-lcy codant pour la lycopène cyclase joue un rôle clé dans le contrôle de la biosynthèse et de l’accumulation des pigments et que son expression est fortement dépendante de l’équilibre auxine-éthylène. D’autre part, nos résultats ont montré que le gène rin joue un rôle important dans le contrôle de l’expression des gènes clés de la voie de biosynthèse des caroténoïdes. Pour avoir une meilleure vision des gènes différentiellement exprimés par l’auxine et l’éthylène au cours de la maturation, l’analyse du transcriptome des fruits traités par de l’ACC et de l’IAA a été réalisée par RNA-Seq au laboratoire. Parmi les facteurs de transcriptions étudiés, le gène Sl-IAA17, un membre de la famille des AUX/IAA, est fortement affecté par l’auxine et l’éthylène. La caractérisation fonctionnelle du gène Sl-IAA17 pendant le développement du fruit a été réalisée en créant des lignées transgéniques sous exprimant ce gène en mettant en œuvre la stratégie des ARNs interférents. Ces lignées présentent un phénotype caractéristique produisant des fruits de plus gros calibre que celui des fruits sauvages. Les analyses histologiques des tissus des fruits ont montré que ce phénotype est associé à un péricarpe plus épais. En microscopie, nous avons constaté que l’augmentation de l’épaisseur du péricarpe dans les lignées transgéniques n’était pas due à un plus grand nombre de cellules mais à l’augmentation de la taille des cellules. Enfin, nous avons observé que l’expansion des cellules dans les fruits transgéniques est étroitement couplée avec des niveaux de ploïdie plus élevés que dans les fruits sauvages, ce qui suggère une stimulation du processus endoréduplication. Ces résultats démontrent très clairement l’existence d’une étroite relation entre la signalisation de l’auxine, le contrôle de la taille du volume cellulaire et le processus d’endoréduplication. En conclusion, les résultats présentés fournissent des connaissances nouvelles sur les interactions entre l’auxine et l’éthylène au cours du développement du fruit et en particulier au cours de la transition fruit immature - fruit mature. De plus, ils apportent des éléments nouveaux sur la connaissance du rôle de la voie de signalisation de l’auxine dans le contrôle du développement des fruits charnus et en particulier sur la fonction de certains membres des AUX/IAA sur la détermination du volume et du poids des fruits. / The interaction between auxin and ethylene are complex and control various processes of plant development, such as root elongation or differentiation of secondary roots. But there are few studies showing the role of interactions between these two hormones during development and maturation of the fruit. The color change in the tomato fruit is a feature of the maturation that is associated with the degradation of the chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation. In this work, the application of exogenous auxin and ethylene showed the impact of these two hormones in the tomato ripening and in particular the change of fruit color. We have shown that indole-acetic acid (IAA) delays the transition from green to orange / red, while ethylene, supplied as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid form (ACC), its precursor, accelerated this transition. However the auxin inhibition by p-chlorophenoxy isobutyic acid (PCIB), an auxin antagonist, caused the same effects similar to ethylene. The carotenoid analysis showed that the ACC and PCIB increase the lycopene content and reduced the carotene content while IAA causes the opposite effect. The study of the accumulation of mRNAs for several key genes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway has shown that the gene β-lcy encoding lycopene cyclase plays a key role in the control of biosynthesis and accumulation of pigments and that its expression is highly dependent on the auxin-ethylene balance. In addition, our results showed that the rin gene plays an important role in controlling the expression of the key carotenoid biosynthetic pathway genes. To get a better view of differentially expressed genes by auxin and ethylene during ripening, transcriptome analysis of fruits treated with ACC and IAA was performed by a preliminary RNA-Seq approach. Among the transcription factors studied in the laboratory, the gene Sl-IAA17, a member of the family of Aux/IAA was affected by auxin and ethylene. Functional characterization of Sl-IAA17 gene during fruit development was performed by creating transgenic lines under-expressing this gene by RNAi. These lines display a phenotype producing bigger fruit than wild type. Histological analysis of the tissues showed that fruit phenotype is associated with a thicker pericarp. By microscopy, we observed that increasing the thickness of the pericarp in the transgenic lines was not due to a greater number of cells but to the increase in cell size. Finally, we observed that cell expansion in transgenic fruit is tightly coupled with higher ploidy levels than wild fruits, suggesting a stimulation of the endoreduplication process. These results clearly demonstrate the existence of a close relationship between the auxin signal, the control cell size, fruit volume and the endoreduplication process. In conclusion, the results provide new insights into the interactions between auxin and ethylene during fruit development and in particular during the transition immature fruit, mature fruit. In addition, they provide new information on the understanding of the role of the signaling pathway of auxin in controlling the development of fleshy fruits and in particular on the basis of certain members of the AUX/IAA on regulating volume and fruit weight.

O ácido indol-3-acético (AIA) é um produto do metabolismo do triptofano encontrado nos organismos animais, vegetais e em microrganismos. Destacam-se os trabalhos que atribuíram ao AIA efeitos tanto antioxidantes quanto proxidantes em diferentes sistemas biológicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar os efeitos da administração do AIA no metabolismo muscular e cerebral e na atividade elétrica cerebral de ratos. Foram realizados dois grupos de experimentos. No primeiro grupo foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: taxa glicêmica e o ganho de peso corporal de animais tratados por 14 dias com AIA (40 mg/Kg de peso vivo, via intragástrica); atividade das enzimas antioxidantes glutationa redutase (GR), catalase (CAT) e superóxido dismutase (SOD) e das enzimas do metabolismo da glicose hexoquinase (HQ), lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase (G6PDH) nos músculos sóleo e gastrocnêmio e a atividade da enzimas antioxidantes GR, CAT e SOD e a quantificação dos produtos resultantes da peroxidação lipídica (TBARs) no cérebro de ratos tratados por 14 dias com diferentes doses de AIA (1, 18 e 40 mg/Kg de peso animal, via intragástrica). Os respectivos controles de todas essas análises foram obtidos de ratos que receberam 1 mL de tampão fosfato pH 7,4 via intragástrica sob as mesmas condições experimentais. No segundo grupo de experimentos foi obtido o eletroencefalograma (EEG) dos animais. O EEG obtido foi filtrado nas bandas de freqüências delta (0,3-4 Hz), teta (4-8 Hz), alfa (8-12 Hz) e beta (12-30 Hz) e em cada banda calculou-se a energia do sinal. Foram avaliados o EEG de animais tratados com AIA (40 mg/Kg de peso vivo) e tratados com triptofano (40 mg/Kg de peso animal), ambos por via intragástrica. Os controles para esses tratamentos foram o EEG coletado 1 hora antes e 1 hora depois da administração de 1mL de tampão fosfato por via intragástrica no mesmo animal que recebeu o tratamento. Os resultados foram analisados por ANOVA com significância de 0,05 usando o teste de Tuckey e os estimadores foram validados usando-se bootstrap. A adminitração de AIA (40mg/Kg de peso vivo) não alterou a taxa glicêmica e evolução de peso corporal dos animais, em relação ao controle. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os resultados obtidos de amostras de animais tratados com AIA (todas as doses) em relação aos respectivos controles para: atividade das enzimas antioxidantes muscular e cerebral; enzimas envolvidas com o metabolismo da glicose muscular; conteúdo de peroxidação lipídica (TBARs) cerebral. O método não invasivo de aquisição de EEG desenvolvido para ratos permitiu adquirir e analisar o sinal elétrico cerebral. Não foram observadas alterações no padrão do EEG após a administração de tampão fosfato. No entanto, o AIA na dose de 40 mg/Kg de peso vivo alterou o padrão do EEG do animal, pois, a energia das freqüências de ondas alfa (8-12 Hz) e beta (12-30 Hz) foi maior em relação ao estado normal e após administração de tampão fosfato. Já o triptofano na dose de 40 mg/Kg de peso vivo aumentou a energia da onda delta (0,3-4 Hz) e diminuiu na energia da onda beta (12-30 Hz) em relação ao estado normal. O método não invasivo de EEG para rato desenvolvido neste trabalho foi sensível para detectar a atividade elétrica encefálica dos animais e o triptofano serviu como parâmetro de referência, pois promoveu diferentes alterações no padrão do EEG daquelas observadas nos animais tratados com AIA. Conclui-se que o AIA não interferiu nos parâmetros metabólicos oxidativos e energéticos dos músculos e do cérebro dos animais estudados, mas promoveu alterações fisiológicas que desencadearam as mudanças observadas na energia do sinal de EEG dos animais. / Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a tryptophan metabolic found in animals organisms, microorganisms and vegetables. It is remarkable the work done to IAA antioxidants and proxidants effects in several biological systems. The main purpose of these studies was to evaluate the effects of intragastric IAA administration in brain and in muscle metabolism and electrical brain activities in rat. The experiments were done in two groups. The first one, were evaluated the following parameters: glycemic rate and corporal gain weight to those animals treated14 days with IAA (40 mg/Kg of body weight); activity of antioxidants enzymes as glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD); activities of hexokinase (HQ), lactate dehidrogenase (LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehidrogenase (G6PDH) on soleus and gastrocnemic muscle; antioxidants enzymes activities and level of tiobarbituric reactives subtances (TBARs) in brain from rats treated during 14 days with doses of IAA (1,18 and 40 Kg/kg body of weight). All those analyses controls were obtained from rat that was given 1 mL of phosphate buffered saline, pH 7 (PBS), under the same experiments conditions as the group treated with IAA. On the second group of experiments was evaluated EEG pattern obtained from fixed electrodes on the animal skin surface were not sedated, and shown at delta frequency (0.3-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (12-30 Hz) and the energy of those band frequency was calculated using a developed algorithm software MATLAB®. EEG was evaluated from animals treated with IAA (40 mg/Kg body weight) and treated with tryptophan (40 mg/Kg body weight), both intragastric. The management control for those treatments were EEG collected 1 hour before and 1 hour after the intragstric administration of 1mL PBS at the same animal that received the treatment. The results were analysed by ANOVA with great significance of 0.05 using the Tukey test and were evaluated by bootstrap. The IAA administration (40 mg/Kg body weight) did not change the glycaemia rate and the animal weight evolution, to compare with the control. Were not observed any significant differences among results from animals treated with IAA (all doses) relating to respective controls to: a) brain and muscles antioxidants enzymes activity; b) activities of enzymes with muscular glucose metabolism; c) brain lipid peroxidation contents by TBARs level. No invasive EEG colleting methods developed for rat allowed to collect and analyse electric brain signal. After an administration of PBS, were not observed any changes at EEG pattern. IAA dose of 40 mg/Kg body weight did change the animal EEG standard, the frequency energy of alpha wave to (8-12 Hz) and beta (12-30 Hz) was higher then normal after administration of PBS. On the other side, tryptophan dose of 40 mg/Kg body weight increased the delta wave energy to (0,3-4 Hz) and decreased the beta wave energy to (12-30 Hz), to compare withfthe normal standard. Non invasion EEG colleting methods for rat developed in this studies was sensible in order to detect an animals electric encephalic activity and the tryptophan became as reference parameter, due to several changes on pattern EEG to those animals treated with IAA. Concluding that, IAA did not interfere on oxidative metabolic parameters, neither to the brain and muscles of the studied animals, but promoted physiological changes that was possible to observe on animals electroencephalogram.

"Fungal infections have large implications in agriculture and medicine, and there are few interventions available in the form of antifungal agents due to their toxicity to the host. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent model for pathogenic fungi because it is a well-studied, tractable organism and shares some traits with pathogenic fungi. Like most pathogenic fungi, S. cerevisiae is dimorphic and transitions from the benign yeast form to a filamentous form in which it produces psuedohyphae. Finding novel routes of suppressing dimorphic transition in a model like S. cerevisiae could lead to the discovery of new antifungal agents. Recently, quorum-sensing mechanisms have been under investigation as new avenues for microbial control. Quorum sensing is a signaling phenomenon that is well described in bacteria. It is the regulation of gene expression in response to cell density via the accumulation of small signaling molecules in the immediate environment. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) demonstrates some of the criteria for being a quorum-sensing molecule in S. cerevisiae. The purpose of this thesis was to further explore IAA as a quorum-sensing molecule in S. cerevisiae by demonstrating IAA production by the organism in culture. Radio-labeled tryptophan incorporation experiments followed by Thin Layer Chromatograph (TLC) analysis demonstrated that IAA is produced in culture by S. cerevisiae. A screen of a commercially available gene deletion library using the radio-labeled trypophan incorporation assay identified genes implicated in the IAA biosynthetic pathway. Some of these genes are homologous to those in an IAA pathway in the fungus Ustilago maydis. Further investigation of deletion strains of these candidate genes shows that Ald2 and Ald3, two aldehyde dehydrogenases, are involved in IAA production. The double mutant, ald2∆ald3∆, makes less IAA than wild type and is unable to demonstrate haploid invasive growth. This supports the idea that IAA biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae is necessary for morphological transition and that IAA could serve as a quorum-sensing molecule in S. cerevisiae with dimorphic transition as the quorum-sensing phenotype."

Introdução: As doenças cerebrovasculares são consideradas atualmente a segunda principal causa de óbito no mundo e a terceira causa de anos de vida perdidos por mortalidade1,2. A aterosclerose de grandes artérias é uma das principais condições subjacentes associadas ao AVC isquêmico (AVCi) e correlaciona-se com maiores taxas de recorrência. A detecção e a estratificação da estenose extracraniana podem ser feitas através do Doppler, da angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC), da angiorressonância magnética (ARM) e da angiografia intra-arterial digital (AIA), sendo esta última considerada o método padrão-ouro. Objetivo: Avaliar a acurácia diagnóstica e a concordância entre os métodos de ATC, ARM com contraste (AM CC) e AIA na análise da estenose extracraniana. Determinar a frequência e caracterizar a estenose extracraniana em população brasileira sintomática. Metodologia: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente os exames AIA, ATC e ARM, de pacientes adultos sintomáticos admitidos na Unidade de Emergência do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (UE HCFMRP) no período 03/2014-03/2015, para detecção e estratificação da estenose extracraniana. Foram coletados ainda dados demográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais desses pacientes. Resultados: Observou-se alta acurácia da ATC e da ARM na avaliação de segmentos carotídeos, com sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade variando entre 78% e 100% para estenoses >=50%. Para segmentos vertebrais, observou-se menor acurácia dos métodos, sobretudo da ARM, com valores de sensibilidade e especificidade variando entre 60%-85% e 33-62%, respectivamente, para estenoses >=50%. A prevalência de estenose extracraniana >=50% em nossa população foi de 38,6% e de 23,4% para estenoses >=70%. O segmento vascular mais acometido foi a origem das artérias vertebrais. Os fatores de risco associados a estenose extracraniana foram: sexo masculino, idade avançada, tabagismo e elevada pressão arterial sistólica na admissão. Conclusão: A ATC e ARM representam métodos adequados para investigação de estenoses extracranianas, sobretudo carotídeas. Ambos os métodos, sobretudo a ARM, têm acurácia limitada na avaliação dos óstios vertebrais. / Introduction: Cerebrovascular diseases are considered the second cause of death worldwide and the third cause of years of life lost (YLL)1,2. Large arteries atherosclerosis is one of the main conditions associated with stroke and correlates with higher recurrence rates. Imaging methods such as Doppler, computed tomography angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and intra-arterial angiography (IAA) are available for extra cranial vascular study. Intra-arterial angiography remains the gold standard. Objectives: Evaluate diagnostic accuracy and concordance between CTA, MRA (contrast enhanced) and IAA for extracranial stenosis analysis. Determine frequency and distribution of extra cranial stenosis in a brazilian symptomatic population. Methods: IAA, CTA and MRA exams from adult symptomatic patients admitted between 03/2014 and 03/3015 at the Emergency Unit of Clinics Hospital of Ribeirão Preto\'s School of Medicine were retrospectively reviewed for detection and grading of extra cranial stenosis. Clinical and laboratorial information from patients was obtained. Results: Both CTA and MRA showed high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (78%-100%) in the evaluation of carotid vessels for stenosis >=50%. However, lower sensitivity (60-85%) and specificity (33-62%) were obtained for vertebral segments, Extra cranial stenosis prevalence was 38,6% for stenosis >=50% and 23,4% for stenosis >=70% among our patients. Vertebral artery origins were the most affected segments. Risk factors identified for extra cranial stenosis were: male gender, age, smoking and high systolic blood pressure on admission. Conclusions: CTA and MRA are considered adequate methods for extra cranial stenosis, specially for carotid segments. Both methods have lower accuracy in the investigation of vertebral artery origins.

Nos avaliamos o efeito da adubação (orgânica e convencional) sobre a fisiologia de rizobactérias da cana-de-açúcar. Para isto, selecionamos cinco gêneros (Beijerinckia, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella e Pseudomonas) prevalentes em canaviais. As bactérias foram isoladas e identificadas e os parâmetros investigados foram: redução de acetileno, produção de AIA, etileno, solubilização de fosfato, excreção de aminoácidos, e antagonismo a fungos. As linhagens do gênero Burkholderia se destacaram para a solubilização de PO4 e antagonismo a fungos. As Pseudomonas se destacaram na produção de etileno e as linhagens de Beijerinckia na redução do acetileno, evidenciando capacidade de fixação de N2. Os gêneros Enterobacter, Klebsiella e Pseudomonas foram os melhores produtores de AIA. In vitro não detectamos a influência da adubação (tratamento de origem), exceto para a solubilização de PO4 inorgânico, pois nossos resultados mostraram que as bactérias oriundas do tratamento orgânico onde o P era abundante não evidenciaram potencial para solubilização de P inorgânico. / We evaluated the fertilization effect (organic and conventional) on the sugarcane rhizobacteria physiology. We isolated and identified bacteria of five genera (Beijerinckia, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas) prevalent in sugarcane crops. The parameters investigated were: acetylene reduction, IAA and ethylene production, phosphate solubilization, amino acid release, and antifungal activity. Burkholderia strains showed the better results in phosphate solubilization and antifungal activity. The Pseudomonas were prominent in the production of ethylene and Beijerinckia strains showed a greater N2 fixation capacity. The strains from Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas were the better IAA producers. In vitro, our results showed that bacteria isolated from plants submitted to organic treatment with an excess of phosphate, did not show potential for inorganic phosphate solubilization.