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Mezinárodní rozhodčí řízení / International arbitrationBraborec, Jan January 2015 (has links)
International arbitration The purpose of the thesis is to determine the role of international arbitration in the system of domestic law, discuss the basic aspects of its character and show its relation to the decision-making practice of the European Court of Human Rights and to the Czech law. The methods used in the thesis are mainly legal-analytical, descriptive and comparative. Besides the introduction and conclusion, this work is divided into four main sections, which are further divided into subsections. The first chapter is devoted to alternative dispute resolution and its relation to the arbitration. There we find an explanation of the concept itself, the list of reasons for the exclusion or inclusion of arbitration into this system, and last but not least, the advantages and disadvantages of this method of dispute resolution, which are described for better clarity on the most frequently used method of alternative dispute resolution in Czech Republic, i.e. mediation. The following chapter focuses on the general specifics of the arbitration proceedings, which are common to the national and international arbitration. First part of this chapter is devoted to the European Convention on Human rights and its Article 6 paragraph 1, which guarantees the right to a fair trial, and to its application on the...
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Legality of the jurisdiction of the ICC over nationals of non-states parties who commit offences within the jurisdiction of the ICC on territories of non-states partiesMaele, Fostino Yankho January 2012 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM / The coming into force of the Rome Statute on the 1st July 2002 signified the birth of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The ICC came into existence as a permanent criminal court for the prosecution of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, War Crimes and Crime of Aggression. There are 121 states-parties to the Rome Statute. This means there are many states that have not ratified the Rome Statute. The ICC would ordinarily not have jurisdiction over the nationals of these states if they committed offences within the jurisdiction of the ICC on the territories of the non-states parties. This paper intends to analyse whether the ICC has jurisdiction over nationals of non-state parties who commit crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC on the territories of non-states parties to the Rome Statute. There are situations and cases that are before the ICC involving nationals of non-state parties that committed crimes on territories of non-states parties. These cases have come before the ICC by way of United Nations Security Council (UNSC) referrals. This paper will therefore examine the legality of UNSC referrals under international law in respect of nationals of non-states parties, who commit crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC, on territories of non-states parties.
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The application of the principle of complementarity in situations referred to the International Criminal Court by the United Nations Security Council and in self-referred situationsZimba, Gamaliel January 2012 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM
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Prövning av tortyr hos FN:s kommitté mot tortyr och Internationella brottmålsdomstolen : Möjligheter och svårigheter för tortyroffer att få sin sak prövad / Consideration of claims of torture at the UN Committee Against Torture and the International Criminal Court : Possibilities and difficulties for victims of torture to get their case triedKårelius, Lovisa January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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Terrorism and International Criminal Court : the issue of subject matter jurisdictionMabtue Kamga, Mireille 25 July 2013 (has links)
Terrorism is not a new threat to the international order but it is a threat that has grown more urgent in the last few years. Terrorism has become a tragic circumstance of everyday live and has caused a remarkable loss of lives. It was only after the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11 2001, that the international community realised it needed to co-operate and take actions against terrorism on an international level. One response has been the adoption of international rules for the suppression and eradication of terrorism and terrorist activities and making accountable the perpetrators of such acts. In fact, the contingent character of ad hoc tribunals encourages states to carry out their idea of establishing a permanent penal jurisdiction. The establishment of the International Criminal Court is considered a crowning achievement for preventing and prosecuting abominable crimes. The jurisdiction of the court shall be limited to the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole; this includes crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and eventually crime of aggression. However disagreement over a definition of what constitutes terrorist activity made it impossible to include within the jurisdiction of the Court such serious crime named terrorism. There have been multiple approaches to the issue, but despite all efforts to pursue individuals who committed human rights violations, the ICC’s subject matter jurisdiction is limited since the international community could not reach to a consensual definition on what should be understood as terrorism. Consequently the Court does not have jurisdiction over international terrorism. There is therefore no standing, permanent international body with criminal jurisdiction over individuals accused of terrorist acts, although such acts may in extreme case fall within the rubric of crime against humanity. The various instruments and international directives dedicated to the eradication and suppression of terrorism have not resolved the impasse of its definition; nor is there any ‘unified’ international law approach to combating terrorism. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Public Law / unrestricted
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Improving performance of sequential code through automatic parallelization / Prestandaförbättring av sekventiell kod genom automatisk parallelliseringSundlöf, Claudius January 2018 (has links)
Automatic parallelization is the conversion of sequential code into multi-threaded code with little or no supervision. An ideal implementation of automatic parallelization would allow programmers to fully utilize available hardware resources to deliver optimal performance when writing code. Automatic parallelization has been studied for a long time, with one result being that modern compilers support vectorization without any input. In the study, contemporary parallelizing compilers are studied in order to determine whether or not they can easily be used in modern software development, and how code generated by them compares to manually parallelized code. Five compilers, ICC, Cetus, autoPar, PLUTO, and TC Optimizing Compiler are included in the study. Benchmarks are used to measure speedup of parallelized code, these benchmarks are executed on three different sets of hardware. The NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB) suite is used for ICC, Cetus, and autoPar, and PolyBench for the previously mentioned compilers in addition to PLUTO and TC Optimizing Compiler. Results show that parallelizing compilers outperform serial code in most cases, with certain coding styles hindering the capability of them to parallelize code. In the NPB suite, manually parallelized code is outperformed by Cetus and ICC for one benchmark. In the PolyBench suite, PLUTO outperforms the other compilers to a great extent, producing code not only optimized for parallel execution, but also for vectorization. Limitations in code generated by Cetus and autoPar prevent them from being used in legacy projects, while PLUTO and TC do not offer fully automated parallelization. ICC was found to offer the most complete automatic parallelization solution, although offered speedups were not as great as ones offered by other tools. / Automatisk parallellisering innebär konvertering av sekventiell kod till multitrådad kod med liten eller ingen tillsyn. En idealisk implementering av automatisk parallellisering skulle låta programmerare utnyttja tillgänglig hårdvara till fullo för att uppnå optimal prestanda när de skriver kod. Automatisk parallellisering har varit ett forskningsområde under en längre tid, och har resulterat i att moderna kompilatorer stöder vektorisering utan någon insats från programmerarens sida. I denna studie studeras samtida parallelliserande kompilatorer för att avgöra huruvida de lätt kan integreras i modern mjukvaruutveckling, samt hur kod som dessa kompilatorer genererar skiljer sig från manuellt parallelliserad kod. Fem kompilatorer, ICC, Cetus, autoPar, PLUTO, och TC Optimizing Compiler inkluderas i studien. Benchmarks används för att mäta speedup av paralleliserad kod. Dessa benchmarks exekveras på tre skiljda hårdvaruuppsättningar. NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB) används som benchmark för ICC, Cetus, och autoPar, och PolyBench för samtliga kompilatorer i studien. Resultat visar att parallelliserande kompilatorer genererar kod som presterar bättre än sekventiell kod i de flesta fallen, samt att vissa kodstilar begränsar deras möjlighet att parallellisera kod. I NPB så presterar kod parallelliserad av Cetus och ICC bättre än manuellt parallelliserad kod för en benchmark. I PolyBench så presterar PLUTO mycket bättre än de andra kompilatorerna och producerar kod som inte endast är optimerad för parallell exekvering, utan också för vektorisering. Begränsningar i kod genererad av Cetus och autoPar förhindrar användningen av dessa redskap i etablerade projekt, medan PLUTO och TC inte är kapabla till fullt automatisk parallellisering. Det framkom att ICC erbjuder den mest kompletta lösningen för automatisk parallellisering, men möjliga speedups var ej på samma nivå som för de andra kompilatorerna.
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Transnationell terrorism och den internationella brottmålsdomstolens jurisdiktionAnehagen, Sanna, Hedström, Jennifer January 2021 (has links)
Den internationella brottmålsdomstolen (ICC) etablerades via Romstadgan för Internationella brottmålsdomstolen 2002. Domstolens uppgift är att döma individer som brutit mot de brott som finns i Romstadgan. Efter attackerna i USA 2001 förändrades synen på den transnationella terrorismen markant. Allt sedan dess har samarbetet ökat mellan staterna för att förebygga, förhindra och bekämpa terrorism, men trots det saknas en internationell domstol som har rätt att döma terroristbrott. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att uppmärksamma problemen att definiera begreppet terrorism samt att utreda möjligheten för ICC att få jurisdiktion vid terroristbrott. Genom den rättsdogmatiska metoden har material studerats av internationell och nationell karaktär. Uppsatsen har visat att det finns två möjligheter för ICC att få jurisdiktion. Det ena är genom ett artikeltillägg i Romstadgan och det andra är att utvidga domstolens tolkning av vissa befintliga artiklar. Det finns problem med båda tillvägagångssätten, inte bara juridiska utan även politiska.
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En undersökning om ARU-certifikatet på reklambyråer i MalmöSandberg, Jenny January 2014 (has links)
För att få lov att vara medlem i Sveriges kommunikationsbyråer är det ett krav att bli ARU-certifierad. Ansvarig reklamutgivare (ARU) är en certifiering som bland annat innebär en utbildning inom svensk marknadsföringsjuridik och en kvalitetsstämpel. De personer som gått ARU-utbildningen känner till de lagar och etiska riktlinjer som styr Sveriges marknadskommunikationer och får den rätta kompetensen för att fatta juridiska beslut i det dagliga arbetet på en reklambyrå. I Malmö finns det cirka 50-70 reklambyråer som arbetar med reklam på ett professionellt sätt. Ändå är det endast tio av dem som är ARU-certifierade.Frågeställningarna som ligger till grund för arbetet är: på vilket sätt kan ARU-certifieringen gynna en reklambyrå i Malmö? Varför är inte fler reklambyråer ARU-certifierade i Malmö? Huvudsyftet med arbetet var att undersöka varför det är endast tio reklambyråer som är ARU-certifierade i Malmö och undersöka om det är bättre att ha ett ARU-certifikat.För att besvara frågeställningarna har en kvalitativ metod genomförts. Genom att intervjua nyckelpersoner från fem olika reklambyråer i Malmö samt två mindre intervjuer från Reklamombudsmannen respektive Sveriges Kommunikationsbyråer har en slutsats kunnat dras. Reklambyråerna valdes ut på grund av dess verksamhetsstorlek så att de skulle vara så lika som möjligt. Det gjordes tre intervjuer med reklambyråer som idag har ett ARU-certifikat samt två intervjuer med reklambyråer som inte är ARU-certifierade. Reklambyråerna som intervjuades har valts av författaren att göras anonyma genom hela arbetet.Arbetet visar att ARU-certifikatet inte är välkänt inom branschen, en del av respondenterna tror till och med att det är ett utdöende koncept. ARU-certifikatet är inte ett kundkrav men resultatet visar att reklambranschen är i ett föränderligt skede och kunder börjar ställa högre krav. Därför finns det flera fördelar med att ha ett ARU-certifikat som kan gynna reklambyråns verksamhet på olika sätt. I och med att ARU-certifikatet ger ett intyg på professionalitet och kompetens kan det bidra till kundnöjdhet och kundlojalitet. Det stora problemet med ARU-certifikatet är att det inte är tillräckligt kommunicerat för både kunder och potentiella medlemmar. / To be a member of Sveriges Kommunikationsbyråer is it a requirement to be ARU-certified. Responsible advertising publisher (ARU) is a certification, which includes an education in Swedish marketing law and a quality assurance. The people who have completed the training know the laws and ethical guidelines that decide the Swedish marketing communication. In Malmö there are 50-70 advertising agencies that works with advertising in a professional way, but only ten are ARU-certified.The thesis is based on the following questions: how can ARU-certification benefit an advertising agency in Malmö? Why are not more advertising agencies ARU-certified in Malmö? The main purpose of the thesis was to examine why it is only ten advertising agencies that are ARU-certified in Malmö and examine if it is better to have an ARU-certification or not in Malmö.To answer the questions a qualitative method has been done. By interviewing key individuals from five different advertising agencies in Malmö and two smaller interviews with Reklamombudsmannen and Sveriges Kommunikationsbyråer, a conclusion could be made. The advertising agencies were selected of its business size so that they would be as equal as possible. There were three interviews with certified agency’s, and two interviews with agencies that were not ARU-certified. The interviewed advertising agencies are anonymous throughout the study.The study shows that the ARU-certificate is not well known in the industry, some of the interviewees even think that it is a dying concept. ARU-certificate is not a requirement of the customer, but the result shows that the advertising industry is in a time of change and customers are beginning to be more demanding. Therefore, there are several advantages of having an ARU-certificate that can benefit the advertising agency in different ways. Because the ARU-certificate provides a certificate of professionalism and expertise, it can contribute to customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The biggest issue with the ARU-certificate is that it has not got enough attention to both customers and potential members.
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Färgstyrning av Kodak Nexpress på Digital Printing NetworkMöller, Jesper January 2009 (has links)
Det här examensarbetet berör ämnet färgstyrning inom digitaltryck. Grundprincipen medfärgstyrning är att få hela den grafiska produktionskedjan att resultera i en förutsägbar och korrektslutprodukt. Den här styrningen sker i huvudsak med hjälp av ICC-profiler.Syftet med arbetet var att hjälpa företaget dpn att ta fram ett väl fungerande arbetsflöde för derastvå Kodak digitalpressar. Företaget ville dels få en så bra färgmatchning mellan de bådatryckpressarna som möjligt, och dels få en så bra matchning mot gällande standardvärden föroffsettryck som möjligt. Dessutom syftade arbetet till att utveckla min egen kunskap kring arbetetmed färgstyrning.Arbetet utfördes genom instudering av relevant teori i ämnet, vilken sedan applicerades på detpraktiska arbetet. Det praktiska arbetet bestod främst i att trycka testkartor som mättes upp och lågtill grund för skapande av ICC-profiler.Arbetet visade sig ge ett positivt resultat. Mätningar gjordes dels innan arbetet påbörjades för attkontrollera hur stor färgavvikelsen var vid det tillfället. Efter skapande och applicering av de nyaprofilerna visade sig färgavvikelsen ha minskat, både sinsemellan de båda tryckpressarna och motgällande standard. Avvikelsen hamnade under de målvärden företaget satt upp på förhand, menlämnade samtidigt utrymme för ytterligare förbättringar på sina ställen.SlutsatserRapporten visar att målsättningen att få de båda tryckpressarna på företaget att trycka med enfärgavvikelse under de på förhand uppsatta värdena kunde uppnås med god marginal. Vidarekonstaterades också att målet att få de båda tryckpressarna att simulera mot standardvärden föroffsettryck kunde uppnås, med undantag för några enstaka färgvärden. / Color management of Kodak Nexpress on Digital Printing NetworkThis thesis concerns the subject of color management in digital printing. The basic principle ofcolor management is to get the entire graphic production to result in a predictable and accurate endproduct. This control is mainly made by the use of ICC profiles.The purpose of this work was to help the company dpn to produce a well-functioning workflow fortheir two Kodak digital presses. The company wanted to get as good color matching between thetwo printing machines as possible, and get a good match with the existing standard values for offsetprinting as possible.The work was carried out by studying of relevant theory on the subject, which then was applied tothe practical work. The practical work consisted mainly of printing test charts, which was measuredand was the basis for the creation of the ICC profiles.The work proved to give a positive result. Measurements were made before the work began tocontrol how much color difference was at the time. After the creation and application of the newprofiles it was shown that color deviation have declined, both between the two printing presses andwith the current standard. Deviation fell below the targets the company had set up in advance, butdid allow for further improvements in their places.ConclusionsThe report shows that the objective of the two Kodak Nexpress to print with a color differenceunder the pre-determined values could be achieved with good margin. Moreover, it was found thatthe objective of the two Kodak Nexpress to simulate the default values for offset printing wasachieved, with the exception of a few color values.
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Mechanisms Underlying Rhythmic Activities of the Gastrointestinal TractPistilli, Marc J. 10 1900 (has links)
<p>The organs of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract display a variety of motor patterns, involved in grinding, mixing, enhancing absorption and propulsion of nutrients and waste products. Specialized motor patterns are generated by unique mechanisms inherent to the GI segment in which they are found. Rhythmic contractions are a feature of most motor patterns. Slow wave driven peristalsis is an acknowledged motor pattern associated with interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) pacemakers, but propulsive motor patterns which are blocked by tetrodotoxin are seen to be exclusively generated by the enteric nervous system (ENS). This has not been proven, however, and the origin of rhythmicity of propulsive motor patterns needs further study, particularly related to a potential role of the pacemaker ICC found throughout the GI tract. The aim of this study was exploring the mechanisms which underlie various GI motor patterns, with particular focus on the origin of rhythmicity of these patterns.</p> <p>I have demonstrated with manometry and spatiotemporal maps that murine rhythmic propulsion requires a myogenic pacemaker which is evoked by acetylcholine and substance P; nitric oxide is not involved. Calcium imaging evidence suggests that the pacemaker is the ICC of the deep muscular plexus, as these cells rhythmically activate to substance P. I observed rhythmic contractility patterns in human antrum, pylorus and duodenum when stimulated with carbachol. The hypothesis emerged that the ENS modifies the pyloric pacemaker into unique rhythmic patterns. Colonic muscle strip contractility from the rat has a low frequency rhythmic pattern which is myogenic. This pattern is augmented by the conditioned media from the probiotic <em>E. coli</em> <em>Nissle 1917</em> through a non-neural mechanism.</p> <p>The current explanation of entirely ENS generated motor patterns is not accurate. The ENS plays an important role in stimulating and regulating GI motor patterns in conjunction with myogenic pacemakers. It is only through acknowledgment of all GI cell types that we can understand the mechanisms governing motility.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)
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