This research aims to analyze the relationship between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC). To understand the making of the ICC and the role of NGOs in its making is the intention behind this research project. It is for this reason that this thesis begins with a detailed examination of the emerging roles of NGOs in international relations. Subsequently, the background of ICC’s making is mentioned. It is divided into two parts, including participation of states and participation of NGOs. Regarding participation of NGOs in the making of the ICC, NGO Coalition for the ICC (CICC) plays a crucial role in this campaign. In summary, the lessons learned from CICC can be concluded as follows: - setting and controlling the international political agenda - gathering and analyzing information quickly - using the media as a means of dissemination - increasing communications with States - coordinating information and strategy - reducing coalition-building costs - monitoring and implementing international law The creation of the ICC can be seen as a multilateral mechanism for concerted international human security efforts. If we can apply the lessons that CICC have learned, then many more successful campaigns will be expected soon.

This report discusses the history of culture instruction in the language classroom and the increasing attraction to teaching culture as a process, as championed by Byram's (1997) discussion of objectives for intercultural communicative competence (ICC), rather than as the static facts reflected in traditional “culture capsule” lessons. Although according to Burwitz-Melzer (2001) such objectives left “teachers at a loss as to what to expect from their learners, how to structure their lessons and how to structure their lessons,” (p.31), using the recent outpouring of literature on ICC and its subfield, transcultural literacy, in this report Byram's original goals are adapted into an instructional timeline to guide teachers in encouraging the development of ICC, with evidence contradicting Byram's claims that such a process cannot be represented linearly or generalized to all language learning contexts. These goals are followed by resulting criteria for the selection of texts and supplementary tasks acting as the focal point of integrated language and culture lessons. These criteria are then translated into a rubric to assist instructors in identifying the aspects of a text that naturally encourage ICC development and which aspects require additional support in order to be beneficial for this purpose. Finally, this rubric is used to assess three lesson plans published in peer-reviewed journals for the contexts of English, Spanish, and German as foreign languages at the university level, as well as a text for a secondary EFL classroom with an example lesson plan of efficient language and culture integration, leading to a discussion of the need for future research on the interaction of text and task in cultural instruction. / text

The Rome Statute saw the provision of three statutory rights for victims: the right to participation, protection, and reparations. The addition of these rights is an attempt to incorporate elements of restorative and reparative justice processes into a primarily retributive system. The emerging jurisprudence shows there are competing tensions developing in all areas. The right to participation saw initially broad decisions consistently scaled back by the Appeals Chamber to ensure a more streamlined approach. The right to protection, in contrast, has continued to be upheld by all Court levels resulting in significant trial challenges and delays. While the right to reparations remains untested, it is likely to only partially fulfill restorative aims. This thesis argues that while victim involvement has altered the traditional trial process, restorative aims will remain unmet. However, victim involvement has begun to shed light on the competing purposes of justice within the Rome Statute framework.

外匯資產組合的主要風險通常來自於：貨幣風險、市場風險、信用風險、流動性風險以及操作風險。貨幣風險指的是因為匯率波動所造成的資本市場損失。VaR是最常被用來衡量此種風險的指標。然而，由於VaR的某些特性，使得它在用來衡量資產組合風險時有許多限制。 CVaR則是一較佳的衡量指標。它的好處在於它符合數學的性質。在本文中，我們利用兩階段求解的概念，這使得我們可輕易的將CVaR的概念作更多的延伸。我們導入ICC的概念來計算CVaR，這讓CVaR更為直覺，也因此更易使用。因此，只要確認損失來源，並將隨機變數帶入損失方程式，即可知道該資產組合所需承擔的風險。 最後，我們利用這個模型，從央行的角度來討論台灣的外匯市場。我們利用CVaRMin來進行討論並歸納一些結論以供後續研究使用。 / The main risk of a foreign asset portfolio usually comes from: currency risk, market risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, and operation risk. Currency risk is the risk of capital market losses as a consequence of fluctuations in exchange rate. VaR is the most frequently used concept for measuring market risk and recently is applied to currency risk. However VaR is somewhat restricted when it is used to measure the risk of a portfolio management. CVaR is an alternative. The superiority of CVaR lies in its accordance to mathematical properties. In this study, we apply the concept of two-stage recourse model intuition in management of risk and then easily extend the approach of CVaR. We introduce the ICC. This makes CVaR more straightforward. As long as one can identify the source of losses and substitute the random factors into shortage function, he can easily know the risk he will take. Finally we discuss Taiwan foreign exchange management from a view point of the Central Bank. We conduct this experiment by a solver called CVaRMin and summarize some points for further researches.

Humboldt-Universiẗat, Diss.--Berlin, 2007. / Literaturverz. S. 193 - 208.

Diss. Univ. Newark, 2007. / Hergestellt on demand.

Zugl.: Diss., Humboldt-Universiẗat, Berlin.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:51:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 holdschip_r_me_bauru.pdf: 1478347 bytes, checksum: c8c5db60db1db165db215dfa841a22b3 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Na indústria gráfica, sempre se buscou o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de sistemas de provas com o objetivo de simular as características visuais do impresso final podendo assim prever os resultados. Atualmente, avanços tecnológicos em imagens digitais têm modificado a infra-estrutura da indústria gráfica. Demorados sistemas de provas analógicos tem sido substituído por provas digitais. O surgimento de uma infinidade de diferentes dispositivos como scanners, câmeras digitais, impressoras, aliados a uma variedade de processos de produção, substratos, tintas e a adoção de diferentes especificações, tornam a reprodução exata das cores um tanto quanto difícil. Para solucionar este problema sistemas de gerenciamento das cores baseados em perfis de cor ICC (Consórcio Internacional da Cor) tem se tornado o maior aliado. É neste contexto que esta pesquisa pretende avaliar a influência dos sistemas de gerenciamento de cores em impressoras a jato de tinta na obtenção de cores impressas com valores CIELAB próximos aos descritos pelo perfil de cor ISOcoated_v2_eci utilizado como referência, objetivando sua utilização como prova digital de cor com o intuito de simular as características visuais deste padrão, possibilitando uma verificação das cores do trabalho antes de sua impressão. Problemas de insatisfação com relação às cores entre clientes, agências e gráficas também passam a ser minimizados / The influence of the systems of color management in digital proofs. In the graphical industry, always one searched the development and improvement of systems of proofs with the objective to simulate the visual characteristics of the final printed matter thus being able to foresee the results. Currently, technological advances in digital images have modified the infrastructure of the graphical industry. Delayed analogical systems of proofs he been substituted for digital proofs. The sproutng of a infinity of different devices as scanners, digital, printer cameras, allies to a variety of production processes, substrata, inks and the adoption of different specifications, becomes the accurate reproduction of colors on how much in such a way difficult. To solve this problem systems of color management based on profiles of color ICC (International Color Consortium) if it has become the greater ally. It is in this context that this research intends to evaluate the influence of the systems of management of colors in printers the spurt of ink in the attainment of colors printed with values CIELAB next to the described ones for the profile to color used ISOcoated_v2_eci as reference, objectifying its use as digital test of color with intention to simulate the characteristics appearances of this standard, making possible a verification of the colors of the work before its impression. Problems of insatisfation with relation to the colors between custormers, agencies and graphical also pass to be minimezed

Resumo: Na indústria gráfica, sempre se buscou o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de sistemas de provas com o objetivo de simular as características visuais do impresso final podendo assim prever os resultados. Atualmente, avanços tecnológicos em imagens digitais têm modificado a infra-estrutura da indústria gráfica. Demorados sistemas de provas analógicos tem sido substituído por provas digitais. O surgimento de uma infinidade de diferentes dispositivos como scanners, câmeras digitais, impressoras, aliados a uma variedade de processos de produção, substratos, tintas e a adoção de diferentes especificações, tornam a reprodução exata das cores um tanto quanto difícil. Para solucionar este problema sistemas de gerenciamento das cores baseados em perfis de cor ICC (Consórcio Internacional da Cor) tem se tornado o maior aliado. É neste contexto que esta pesquisa pretende avaliar a influência dos sistemas de gerenciamento de cores em impressoras a jato de tinta na obtenção de cores impressas com valores CIELAB próximos aos descritos pelo perfil de cor ISOcoated_v2_eci utilizado como referência, objetivando sua utilização como prova digital de cor com o intuito de simular as características visuais deste padrão, possibilitando uma verificação das cores do trabalho antes de sua impressão. Problemas de insatisfação com relação às cores entre clientes, agências e gráficas também passam a ser minimizados / Abstract: The influence of the systems of color management in digital proofs. In the graphical industry, always one searched the development and improvement of systems of proofs with the objective to simulate the visual characteristics of the final printed matter thus being able to foresee the results. Currently, technological advances in digital images have modified the infrastructure of the graphical industry. Delayed analogical systems of proofs he been substituted for digital proofs. The sproutng of a infinity of different devices as scanners, digital, printer cameras, allies to a variety of production processes, substrata, inks and the adoption of different specifications, becomes the accurate reproduction of colors on how much in such a way difficult. To solve this problem systems of color management based on profiles of color ICC (International Color Consortium) if it has become the greater ally. It is in this context that this research intends to evaluate the influence of the systems of management of colors in printers the spurt of ink in the attainment of colors printed with values CIELAB next to the described ones for the profile to color used ISOcoated_v2_eci as reference, objectifying its use as digital test of color with intention to simulate the characteristics appearances of this standard, making possible a verification of the colors of the work before its impression. Problems of insatisfation with relation to the colors between custormers, agencies and graphical also pass to be minimezed / Orientador: João Fernando Marar / Coorientador: Marizilda dos Santos Menezes / Banca: Jairo José Drummond Câmara / Banca: Luiz Antonio Vasques Hellmeister / Mestre

Målsättningen med färgåtergivning i katalogproduktion är att färgen på produkten i katalogen ska upplevas samma som färgen på själva produkten. ICSAB (IKEA Catalogue Services) producerar varje år IKEA-katalogen som innehåller ca 15000 olika produktbilder. Att reproducera dessa bilder är ett komplext problem som ställer höga krav på färghanteringssystemet, färgspecificering av produktfärger, färgverifieringsmetoder samt den visuella bedömningen av produktbilderna. Rapporten beskriver produktionsflödet på ICSAB från fotografering av produkterna i fotostudion till utmatning av förprovtryck. Utifrån detta arbetsflöde analyseras de faktorer som påverkar färgreproduktionen. Rapporten ger förslag på hur färghanteringen kan optimeras genom ICC-baserat färghanteringssystem med anpassade profiler för alla olika enheter i produktionen, vilka konverteringsmetoder som bör användas mellan de aktuella färgrymderna samt färghanteringsmodulens inverkan på färgreproduktionen. Rapporten ger även förslag på hur färgerna skall specificeras med uppmätta spektralfördelningar och LAB-värden för respektive produktfärg. Samt verifieras med hjälp av kvantitativa toleransmetoder så som CIELAB och eventuellt även elliptiska toleransmetoden CIE94 eller CIEDE2000. För att förbättra den visuella bedömningen av färgåtergivningen rekommenderas standardiserade betraktningsvillkor. Dessa bör omfatta belysningsvillkor med olika intensitetsnivåer, omgivningsförhållanden, betraktningsgeometri samt hur själva bedömningen bör utföras. De tester som utförts på ICSAB, för att se hur det nuvarande systemet reproducerar ett antal produktfärger, visar att gråtonerna reproduceras med mindre färgdifferens än färgtonerna. För att förbättra färgstyrningen och minska skillnaderna mellan original och reproduktion rekommenderas följande: - Att anpassade profiler för samtliga enheter i produktionen - Ett ICC-baserat färghanteringssystem för ökad kontroll över systemet Standardiserade betraktningsvillkor för den visuella färgbedömningen - Verifieringsmetoder för att kvantitativt kontrollera de reproducerade produktfärgerna